询问式查对在预防医疗差错中的作用

目的 探讨询问式查对在预防医疗差错中的作用.方法 将1 900例患者随机分为对照组和观察组各950例,在执行各项医疗活动时对照组按常规进行查对,观察组采用询问式查对.结果 观察组在整个医疗活动中发生医疗差错2例次(3.86/10万),对照组为10例次(17.24/10万),两组比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05);且入院≤3 d、20:00～8:00医疗差错显著低于对照组(均P＜0.05).结论 询问式查对能有效地降低医疗差错发生率,提高医疗质量,特别是在夜间及3 d内的新入院患者,更能减少医疗差错的发生.     

血清白细胞介素-1β在急性胰腺炎分型中的价值

目的探讨急性胰腺炎对血清白细胞介素（IL）-1β的影响。方法入选32例急性胰腺炎患者,分重症组15例与轻症组17例。同期入选19例胰腺功能正常者为对照组,采用双抗体夹心ELISA法分别于入院即刻、24h、72h．5d、10d测定血清IL-1β水平。结果轻症组入院即刻血清IL-1β[（62.17±11．29）ng/L]明显高于对照组[（16．53±3．98）ng／L]（P〈0．01）,并于入院24h、72h．5d内呈进行性下降,除入院第5天外均高于对照组（P〈0．01或〈0．05）。重症组入院即刻血清IL-1β[（78．87±11．25）ng／L]明显高于对照组及同期轻症组（P〈0．01或〈0．05）,并于入院24h、72h、5d、10d内呈进行性下降,除入院第10天[（20．32±0．12）ng／L]外均高于同期轻症组（P〈0．05）。结论急性胰腺炎患者血清IL-1β水平明显增高,且重症急性胰腺炎高于轻症急性胰腺炎患者;血清IL-1β水平的动态变化可能参与了急性胰腺炎的病理过程。     

环氧化酶-2抑制剂在膝关节置换围手术期镇痛及功能康复的作用

目的观察膝关节表面置换围手术期应用环氧化酶-2（COX-2）抑制剂序贯镇痛治疗及术后膝关节功能恢复的效果。方法将拟手术的60例膝关节表面置换手术患者随机分成观察和对照组：观察组术前24h、12h给予口服塞来昔布（200mg）,术毕使用镇痛泵2d,术后3h开始使用帕瑞昔布钠（40mg,2次／d）静注,连续使用3d后改为口服塞来昔布（200mg、2次／d）;对照组术前24h、12h给予口服曲马多片（10mg）,术毕使用镇痛泵2d,术后3h开始使用曲马多注射液（100mg,2次／d）静注,连续使用三天后改为口服曲马多片（10mg、2次／d）。分别记录静息、活动时（6、12、24、36、48、72h）视觉模拟评分（VAS）,记录术前、术后7d及末次随访膝关节功能HSS评分。记录不良反应及术后需要止痛药援助情况。结果手术前两组疼痛程度的VAS评分无统计学差别（P〉0．05）;观察组术后静息、活动时（6、12、24、36、48、72h）的视觉模拟评分有差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;手术前两组膝关节功能HSS评分无统计学差别（P〉0．05）,手术后7d及末次随访时膝关节功能HSS评分观察组高于对照组（P〈0．05）;术后需要止痛药援助情况观察组低于对照组（P〈0．05）;消化道不良反应的发生率观察组低于对照组（P〈0．05）;夜间睡眠满意度调查观察组高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论COX-2抑制剂序贯治疗在膝关节表面置换围手术镇痛中效果确切、膝关节功能恢复满意,副作用小、改善手术后膝关节活动范围、加快患肢功能锻炼及改善睡眠状况,适合人工膝关节表面置换的围手术期镇痛。     

双向腔静脉-肺动脉吻合术的手术配合

目的 探讨0．5％甲硝唑、庆太霉素加入0．9％氯化钠溶液膀胱冲洗预防宫颈癌术后留置尿管感染的临床效果。方法 宫颈癌（Ⅰb～Ⅱa期）根治术后留置尿管患者97例，随机分为观察组（49例）和对照组（48例），观察组术后用0．5％碘伏棉球会阴擦洗。2次／d，并于第5天开始每天上午予0．5％甲硝唑0.5g、下午予庆大霉素16万U膀胱冲洗；对照组术后用0．1％苯扎溴铵棉球会阴擦洗，2次／d，并于第5天开始予0．02％呋喃西林250ml膀胱冲洗，2次／d。观察两组惠者置尿管后3、7、10d中段尿培养细菌阳性率。结果 观察组置尿管后3、7、10d尿路感染率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05。P〈0．01）。结论 甲硝唑与庆大霉素膀胱冲洗可以有效预防或减少宫颈癌根治术后留置尿管患者尿路感染的发生。     

心脏穿透伤行心脏修补术患者的急救护理

目的探讨保持患者术前血压、心率平稳的方法。方法将100例择期手术患者随机分为观察组和对照组，各50例。两组均行术前健康教育、观察组在此基础上行放忪训练、即采用深吸静息式全身肌肉放松的方法进行训练。两组均于入院后及手术前1d晚临睡前（术前晚）、入手术室后麻醉前（麻醉前）分别测量其血压和心率。结果两组术前晚血压均有下降（均P〈0．05）、而观察组较对照组更为显著（均P〈0．05）；观察组心率较对照组平稳（P〈0．05）．两组心率麻醉前加快、对照组较观察组更为显著（P〈0．05）。结论知识教育配合放松训练能使术前患者血压、心率平稳。     

术前雾化吸入预防开胸术后老年患者肺部并发症

目的 探讨术前雾化吸入对开胸术后老年患者肺部并发症的预防作用。方法 将106例接受开胸手术的老年患者随机分为观察组与对照组各53例。观察组患者入院后给予雾化吸入至手术前1d．时间为7～10d；术后按常规雾化吸入3d。对照组术后常规雾化吸入3d。结果 观察组术前1d肺功能显著改善（均P〈0．05）．术后肺部并发症发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论 术前雾化吸入可明显减少开胸术后患者肺部并发症发生率。     

血浆可溶性E选择素与急性胰腺炎的临床相关性观察

目的探讨急性胰腺炎对血浆可溶性E选择素（sE-selectin）的影响。方法入选32例急性胰腺炎患者,分为重症组15例与轻症组17例。同期人选19例胰腺功能正常者作为对照组,采用ELISA双抗体夹心法分别于入院即刻、24h、72h及入院5、10d测定血浆sE-selectin水平。结果急性胰腺炎两组血浆sE-selectin水平与对照组[（9．07±3．16）μg／L]比较差异有统计学意义,重症组入院即刻明显升高[（79．89±17．21）μg／L],72h达到峰值[（90．18±18,23）μg／L],于5、10d进行性下降,入院即刻、24h、72h、5d均明显高于对照组及同期轻症组（P〈0．05）,入院10d[（11．60±3．21）μg／L]与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。轻症组于入院即刻时最高[（39．23±9．27）μg／L],此后24、72h呈进行性下降,但均高于对照组（P〈0．05）,入院5d[（9．28±2．97）μg／L]与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论急性胰腺炎患者血浆sE-selectin水平明显增高,且重症者高于轻症者;血浆sE-selectin水平可以作为评价急性胰腺炎严重程度和预后的客观指标。     

非离断式Roux—en—Y吻合在远端胃癌根治术后消化道重建中的应用

目的评价非离断式Roux-en-Y吻合用于远端胃癌根治术后消化道重建的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2005年3月至2008年3月间天津医科大学肿瘤医院行远端胃癌根治术且有完整随访资料的419例患者．根据其不同的消化道重建方式分为：UncutRY组（非离断式Roux-en-Y吻合）127例,BI组（BillrothI式）138例,M—BⅡ组（改良BillrothII式）108例,RY组（Roux—en-Y吻合）46例。结果UncutRY组患者手术时间[（132．6±19．2）min]和术后住院时间[（10．4±1．2）d]较RY组[（142．5±11．7）min和（12．1±3．7）d]缩短（P〈0．05）;术后反流性胃炎发生率（3．2％,4／127）较BI组（24．6％,34／138,P〈0．05）和M．BII组（25．9％,28／108,P〈0．05）下降;吻合口溃疡发生率（0／127）较M—BⅡ组（4．6％,5／108,P〈0．05）下降;Roux-en-Y潴留综合征（RSS）发生率（0／127）较RY组（17．4％,8／46,P〈0．05）下降。结论非离断式Roux．en．Y在保留传统Roux—en—Y术式减少碱性反流优点的同时．克服了RSS的弊病,是胃大部切除术后理想的消化道重建术式。     

结直肠癌患者术前肠道准备方法的改进

目的探讨肠内营养素和复方聚乙二醇电解质散口服应用于结、直肠癌患者术前肠道准备的效果。方法将46例结、直肠癌择期手术患者随机分为观察组和对照组各23例。观察组于术前3d开始口服整蛋白型肠内营养素，并于术前1d15：00后口服复方聚乙二醇电解质散行肠道准备。对照组术前3d行传统的半流质、流质、禁食补液方法，于术前1d15：00后口服甘露醇进行肠道准备。观察并比较两组肠道准备期间不良反应发生情况，大便排空时间，肠道清洁度及肠道准备后的体重、血红蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白及前白蛋白水平。结果两组肠道清洁度及大便排空时间比较，差异无显著性意义（均P〉0．05）。观察组不良反应发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05），肠道准备后的前白蛋白显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论结、直肠癌患者实施改进后的术前肠道准备法可减少不良反应发生，同时改善患者营养状况。     

昏迷患者气管切开术后气管套管的选择

目的探讨昏迷患者气管切开术后应用不同类型气管套管预防肺部感染的效果。方法将102例昏迷气管切开患者按入院时间分为对照组（50例）和观察组（52例），对照组采用不带气囊的金属气管套管；观察组采用一次性低压气囊气管套管，均予气管切开术后常规护理。两组分别在气管切开后第3天、第15天，从气管套管内留取痰标本进行细菌培养。结果两组气管切开术后第15天细菌阳性率比较，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01）；观察组气管切开术后15d总菌株少于对照组（P〈0．01）；第3天与第15天总菌株比较，对照组差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01），观察组差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。观察组肺部感染率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论采用一次性低压气囊气管套管能有效降低昏迷气管切开术患者的肺部感染率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.