10例肺隐球菌病的临床分析

摘要：目的 总结分析10例原发性肺隐球菌病患者的临床特点,提高对肺隐球菌病的诊治水平。方法 分析广东省佛山市第四人民医院2006-2010年间10例原发性肺隐球菌病患者的临床、影像学表现、实验室检查、病理及确诊方法、疗效等。 结果 （1）10例原发性肺隐球菌病,有基础疾病者5例,有临床症状者8例,主要表现为咳嗽、发热、咯血,影像学表现不典型,呈多样性,7例经皮肺穿刺病理检查确诊,3例经手术病理确诊。（2）治疗采用氟康唑治疗。3例行手术切除后口服氟康唑,另7例均行氟康唑治疗,治愈7例,好转2例,疗程6～12个月不等。结论 原发性肺隐球菌病临床和影像学表现不典型,呈多样性,应积极行肺活检以明确诊断,肺隐球菌病单用氟康唑抗真菌治疗效果良好。     

肺隐球菌病的临床特点及诊治分析

目的分析肺隐球菌病的临床特点、诊断、治疗及预后。方法回顾分析23例确诊肺隐球菌病患者的高危因素、临床表现、影像学特点、确诊方法及治疗转归。结果原发性肺隐球菌病21例（91．3％）,继发性2例（8．7％）,合并基础疾病5例（21．7％）。主要症状为咳嗽13例（56．5％）和胸痛9例（39．1％）。影像学主要表现为单发或多发结节／肿块18例（78．3％）,主要分布在肺下叶（12例）。10例经皮穿刺肺活检确诊,12例经外科手术组织病理学确诊。行氟康唑治疗20例中（外科切除病灶10例）,18例痊愈。结论原发性肺隐球菌病较为常见,影像学特点对诊断有一定的提示意义。经皮穿刺肺活检是经济、安全、有效的确诊措施,氟康唑治疗疗效较好。     

原发性肺隐球菌病10例临床分析

目的总结分析10例原发性肺隐球菌病患者的临床特点。方法分析我院10例原发性肺隐球菌病患者的临床、影像学表现、实验室检查、病理及确诊方法、疗效等。结果①10例原发性肺隐球菌病,男6例,女4例,有基础疾病者2例,有临床症状者8例,主要表现为胸痛、咳嗽、咳痰、痰中带血、发热,影像学表现为结节肿块型1例,肺炎型4例,混合病变型5例,全部病例均经病理确诊。②治疗采用手术切除病灶和(或)氟康唑治疗。1例行手术切除后口服氟康唑,另9例均行氟康唑治疗,治愈6例,好转4例,有效率100%,疗程1～12月不等。结论原发性肺隐球菌病临床和影像学表现不典型,呈多样性,应积极行肺活检以协助诊断,肺隐球菌病单用氟康唑抗真菌治疗效果良好。     

21例原发性肺隐球菌病诊治体会

目的通过回顾性分析21例原发性肺隐球菌病例,提高肺隐球菌病的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析2005年1月-2012年12月期间收治的21例肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料。结果 21例患者临床表现均缺乏特异性;肺部CT表现:61.9%表现为单发或多发结节、肿块影,23.8%表现为肺部浸润实变影,15.7%为混合病灶。所有患者血清乳胶凝集试验均呈阳性。确诊患者11例,其中开胸手术确诊2例,TBLB确诊1例,CT引导肺穿刺活检确诊7例,穿刺液培养阳性1例;临床诊断10例。所有患者均未合并隐球菌脑膜炎。在接受氟康唑和氟胞嘧啶治疗3月后,所有患者肺部病灶均明显吸收。结论原发性肺隐球菌病临床表现无特异性,确诊主要依靠病理,应优先考虑采用CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术获取病理组织;血清乳胶凝集试验对诊断具有重要价值,结合患者的影像学表现和治疗反应可进行临床诊断。     

21 例原发性肺隐球菌病诊治体会简

目的 通过回顾性分析21例原发性肺隐球菌病例,提高肺隐球菌病的诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月-2012年12月期间收治的21例肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料.结果 21例患者临床表现均缺乏特异性;肺部CT表现：61.9%表现为单发或多发结节、肿块影,23.8%表现为肺部浸润实变影,15.7%为混合病灶.所有患者血清乳胶凝集试验均呈阳性.确诊患者11例,其中开胸手术确诊2例,TBLB确诊1例,CT引导肺穿刺活检确诊7例,穿刺液培养阳性1例;临床诊断10例.所有患者均未合并隐球菌脑膜炎.在接受氟康唑和氟胞嘧啶治疗3月后,所有患者肺部病灶均明显吸收.结论 原发性肺隐球菌病临床表现无特异性,确诊主要依靠病理,应优先考虑采用CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术获取病理组织;血清乳胶凝集试验对诊断具有重要价值,结合患者的影像学表现和治疗反应可进行临床诊断.     

肺隐球菌病17例临床分析

目的 提高对肺隐球菌病的临床诊疗水平.方法 回顾分析上海瑞金医院2009年1月至2011年10月收治的17例肺隐球菌病病例的临床资料,对其临床特点、影像学表现、实验室检查、治疗方法进行综合分析.结果 本组肺隐球菌病患者中,有临床症状者14例,主要表现为咳嗽、咳痰、发热、胸痛、气急.其余3例体检发现.影像学主要表现为肿块结节型或片状渗出影.所有患者血清乳胶凝集试验均为阳性.17例患者均经病理确诊为肺隐球菌病,其中14例经CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检证实.所有患者均接受抗真菌治疗,疗程2至6月,15例患者治愈或显效.结论 肺隐球菌病临床表现缺乏特异性,血清乳胶凝集试验对本病的诊断价值较高.本病确诊依靠病理,同时应优先考虑CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检获得病理组织.药物治疗需要足够疗程.     

原发性肺隐球菌病2例分析并文献复习

目的了解原发性肺隐球菌病的临床特征、影像学资料、病理，以提高认识水平。方法报告2例原发性肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料，并通过检索系统的文献共70余篇，总结其临床表现、影像学特点、诊断方法及治疗手段。结果肺隐球菌病的临床表现无特异，影像学改变有差异，诊断依赖病理学，治疗尚存在争议。结论肺隐球菌病的发病率逐年增高，经皮肺穿刺活检是一种简单有效的诊断方法。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术对肺隐球菌病的诊断价值

目的探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术（PCNB）对肺隐球菌病的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析本院PCNB诊断肺隐球菌病的4例患者病例资料,所有4例患者均行痰涂片检查、胸X线检查、肺CT检查及纤维支气管镜检查、CT引导下经肺穿刺活检术（PCNB）,检出物送病理检查。结果4例患者痰涂片、纤维支气管镜均为阴性,肺CT及胸X线表现为多发实变或结节状阴影。4例患者均经CT引导下行经肺穿刺活检术（PCNB）,榆出物送病理检查找到隐球菌而确诊。穿刺后无明显并发症。结论对临床难于确诊的肺隐球菌病,CT引导下PCNB是一种安全有效的诊断方法。     

原发性肺隐球菌病12例临床分析

目的探讨免疫功能无异常的原发性肺隐球菌病患者cT征象及CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检在诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院经病理证实的12例原发性肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料。结果（1）12例患者的CT征象均为单肺叶发病,其中单发结节4例,局限性多发混杂的结节和（或）肿块和（或）肺实变8例,此外还可见支气管充气征／小泡征（9例）、空洞（2例）和“晕”征（4例）。（2）9例行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检,其中7例病理学确诊。（3）12例患者中7例行手术切除,术后2例行氟康唑治疗,余5例未用药,其中1例术后5个月发生隐球菌性脑膜炎;另5例用氟康唑治疗。结论免疫功能无异常者时有发生肺隐球菌病的可能;肺隐球菌病的临床症状与影像学表现明显不相称;大多数肺隐球菌病的CT主要征象为局限性多发混杂的结节和（或）肿块和（或）肺实变,如同时有支气管充气征／小泡征、晕征,则具有特征性;尽早采用CT引导下经皮穿刺活检将有助于该病的早期诊断;氟康唑治疗该病效果好,有助于预防严重并发症的发生。     

原发性肺隐球菌病例报告及文献复习

目的:探讨肺隐球菌病的临床及病理特点,提高对肺隐球菌病的认识,以减少误诊。方法:回顾性分析1例原发性肺隐球菌病的诊断和治疗经过,分析总结治疗经验,结合文献复习肺隐球菌病的发病机制、临床表现、诊断与治疗要点。结果:患者男性,56岁,有糖尿病史,胸部影像学检查发现右肺内胸膜下多发性片状或团块状阴影,给予抗生素治疗无效,曾怀疑为肺癌行经皮肺活检提示肺隐球菌病,入我院进一步诊治。病理检查提示肉芽肿形成,可见隐球菌孢子,高碘酸希夫染色(PAS)和六胺银染色均阳性,确诊原发性肺隐球菌病。给予氟康唑400 mg/d,静脉滴注,6 w后病灶明显吸收,改为氟康唑口服出院。结论:肺隐球菌病缺乏特异性的临床和影像学表现,容易误诊、误治。临床医生需要提高对肺隐球菌病的认识,尽可能行病理检查结合特殊染色明确诊断。标本来源以创伤小的经皮肺穿刺为首选,治疗前需全面评估病情。     

Riu's stain in the diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis. Introduction of a new diagnostic method

Pulmonary cryptococcosis is thought to be a rare disease. Clinically, it presents no characteristic symptoms, signs or chest x-ray film findings. Most of the reported cases of pulmonary cryptococcosis were not diagnosed either antemortem or before surgical intervention. A simple diagnostic method, Riu's stain, can be used routinely in bronchoscopic brushing smears, or for needle aspiration cytologic studies, making pulmonary cryptococcosis easy to diagnose.     

肺隐球菌病与肺曲霉菌病临床特点对比分析

目的：探讨肺隐球菌病(pulmonary cryptococcosis,PC)和肺曲霉菌病(pulmonary aspergillosis,PA)的临床特点的差异,为这两种疾病的临床鉴别提供依据,减少误诊或漏诊。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年12月共4年期间广西医科大学第一附属医院经病理分别确诊为PC (29例)、PA (39例)患者的临床资料,从人口学特征、临床表现、影像学资料进行对比分析。结果 PC 组中18例存在宿主因素(3例)和(或)基础疾病(15例),基础疾病中肺外基础疾病占12例;27例出现临床症状,最常见咳嗽、咳痰;影像学表现结节团块型最多,获取组织病理最多的方法为手术肺活检(19例),其次为经皮肺穿刺活检9例。PA 组中32例存在宿主因素(24例)和(或)基础疾病(32例),反复应用抗生素占18例,基础疾病中肺结核等肺部基础疾病占24例;33例出现临床症状,最常见咳嗽、咯血;影像学表现混合型最多,21例伴空洞形成,14例表现为空气新月征;获取病理方法手术肺活检最多。PC 组中结节团块型、伴胸膜增厚、支气管充气征、病灶分布于左肺下叶、行经皮穿刺肺活检的病例数与 PA 组比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);而 PA 组在反复抗生素应用、合并肺结核基础疾病、咯血、伴钙化影、近邻支气管扩张、薄壁不规则空洞、空气新月征与 PC组比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论 PC 和 PA 患者宿主免疫因素及基础疾病有所不同,两组间症状无特异性,PA 出现咯血更常见,PC 影像主要表现为结节团块型及支气管充气征,多伴胸膜增厚,而 PA 以混合型为主,空气新月征和曲霉球为 PA 的特征性表现。     

Case of primary pulmonary cryptococcosis accompanied by severe back pain]

We report a case of primary pulmonary cryptococcosis. A 43-year-old male, without any significant underlying disease or immunological abnormalities, was admitted to our hospital with a complaint of sudden onset of severe back pain. His chest-X-ray and computed tomography revealed infiltrative shadows in the left lower lung without any signs of pleural effusion. Through transbronchial biopsy, cryptococcosis was obtained. Cryptococcal antigen also tested positive, we diagnosed this case as primary pulmonary cryptococcosis. And started anti-fungal therapy (fluconazole) consisting of parenteral and oral fluconazole. As soon as anti-fungal therapy was started, both the chest X-ray findings and cryptococcal antigen showed general improvement. Furthermore, subjective symptoms subsided immediately after treatment, During follow up through the outpatient clinic, his symptomatic complaint and chest roentgenogram shows improvements. This case was noteworthy for two reasons: 1) In cases with chest X-rays showing infiltrative shadows but lacking any underlying diseases, pulmonary cryptococcosis should be considered. 2) Sudden onset of back pain is a rare but a possible primary symptom of pulmonary cryptococcosis.     

Pulmonary cryptococcosis occurring 6 months after cladribine therapy for relapsed follicular lymphoma

We report a case of follicular lymphoma in which pulmonary cryptococcosis occurred with cladribine therapy. The case involved a 72-year-old man. He was diagnosed as having follicular lymphoma, grade 1, clinical stage IVA from a tongue tumor biopsy in January 2003. A total of 6 courses of R-CHOP therapy was performed, but no clear effect was found. A new cervical lesion appeared, so he was treated with a total of 2 courses of R-EPOCH therapy, and the effect was classed as stable disease. We started cladribine therapy (0.09 mg/kg, seven days of continuous infusion) from February 2004, and complete remission was achieved after 4 courses of cladribine therapy. In January 2005, an abnormal nodular shadow in the right S10 area was found on chest CT images which was diagnosed as pulmonary cryptococcosis by serum antigen and a trans-bronchial lung biopsy. We started fluconazole (200 mg a day, initially intravenous drip infusion, followed by oral intake), following which both the pulmonary shadow and serum antigen improved. Afterward, the fifth course of cladribine therapy and local radiation therapy were performed against a relapse of lymphoma, but cryptococcosis did not reappear. The prolonged bone marrow suppression after cladribine therapy was considered to be a severe adverse event. These findings suggest that it is very important to pay attention to any opportunistic infection such as pulmonary cryptococcosis.     

不典型肺脓肿的放射影像学诊断

目的探讨不典型肺脓肿的影像学特点。方法重点分析３０例不典型肺脓肿的Ｘ线、ＣＴ影像表现。结果不典型肺脓肿可分为孤立团块型和不规则浸润型，且两型均具有以下共同影像特点：（１）局限融解或小空洞。（２）局部充血征。（３）边缘粗长索条影。（４）周围局限浸润片影。（５）邻近胸膜增厚粘连。结论明确脓腔的存在和病灶周围的炎症性改变是确定诊断和鉴别的关键     

非免疫缺陷原发性肺隐球菌病21例临床分析

目的总结肺隐球菌病的临床资料,提高其诊疗水平。方法收集确诊的21例原发性肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料,对临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查、病理学检查及治疗进行回顾。结果男性15例,女性6例。有基础疾病4例,无基础疾病17例。肺部症状不典型,有咳嗽、咳痰、发热、咯血、胸痛等;其影像学表现常见结节影、块影、片影等,可伴有空洞、毛刺等;孤立结节影6例,病灶累及双肺15例。初期误诊为肺癌行手术切除7例,误诊为结核4例,误诊为普通肺炎7例。17例抗真菌治疗有效,4例抗真菌治疗后行肺叶切除。结论肺隐球菌病临床及影像学表现不特异,无明显免疫缺陷者也可发病,常误诊为肺癌、肺结核、肺炎,确诊多依赖病理活检。多数患者抗真菌治疗有效,少数需手术治疗。     

A case of secondary pulmonary cryptococcosis showing various radiographic changes during its natural course without antifungal treatment]

A 58-year-old man who had been prescribed corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis in another hospital was admitted to our hospital for examination of an abnormal chest shadow. We obtained a positive result for cryptococcal antigen in the serum, in a measurement done as a screening test for abnormal chest shadows. We diagnosed secondary pulmonary cryptococcosis through a transbronchial biopsy. He showed various radiographic changes, including multiple nodular shadows, cavities and partial resolution during the natural course without antifungal treatment. This case taught us that secondary pulmonary cryptococcosis causes a more varied range of radiographic changes than its primary form, that measurement of cryptococcal antigen in serum is useful as a screening test of pulmonary cryptococcosis, and that it is important to consider whether a particular patient should be treated or not.     

Primary pulmonary cryptococcosis diagnosed by medical examinations in 12 patients]

Primary pulmonary cryptococcosis is thought to be relatively less common than other lung mycoses, but recently there has been an increase in reports of patients with this disease. Our report covers 12 cases of primary pulmonary cryptococcosis in which the diagnosis was based on medical examinations. The patients consisted of 11 men and 1 woman, aged 27 to 58 years. Only 3 exhibited subjective symptoms. Roentgenograms showed cavitating tumor shadows in the lungs of 2 of the patients with subjective symptoms, and nodular shadows with diameters of 1.0 to 2.8 cm in all patients without subjective symptoms, indicating the possibility of lung cancer. The disease was diagnosed in 3 patients on the basis of transbronchial biopsy findings, and in 9 on the basis of needle aspiration biopsy findings. One patient was diabetic, but the others did not exhibit malignancies or other immunocompromised states. Antifungal drugs significantly reduced or eliminated the nodular shadows in 10 patients. Because patients with primary pulmonary cryptococcosis frequently lack subjective symptoms, prompt diagnosis is critical, particularly in view of the need to distinguish the disease from lung cancer.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿并发自发性气胸52例分析

目的 探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿并发自发性气胸的特点。方法 对1993—2002年我院收治的老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿并发自发性气胸52例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 治愈45例(86．5％)．死亡5例(9．6％)。结论 老年慢阻肺并发自发性气胸起病隐匿．进展快．常危及生命，及时诊断和治疗．可降低死亡率。