集束化护理对腹泻患儿双歧杆菌治疗效果与不良反应的影响

目的 探讨集束化护理对腹泻患儿双歧杆菌治疗效果与不良反应的影响.方法 104例腹泻患儿随机分为两组各52例,两组均应用双歧杆菌治疗,对照组给予常规护理,研究组给予集束化护理,比较两组的肠道菌群数量、临床症状改善时间、疗效及不良反应.结果 研究组护理后的乳杆菌、肠球菌、双歧杆菌数量均多于对照组(P＜0.05).研究组的退...     

饮用含乳酸菌/双歧杆菌酸奶对人体肠道菌群的影响

目的了解饮用含乳酸菌/双歧杆菌酸奶对人体肠道菌群的影响。方法于2010年5-6月在湖南省衡阳市募集58例健康成人(其中男性16名,女性42名),随机分为饮用含乳酸菌/双歧杆菌酸奶组及普通酸奶组,连续给予含乳酸菌和双歧杆菌的酸奶及普通酸奶15 d,评价对人体肠道菌群的影响。结果在含乳酸菌及双歧杆菌酸奶组,粪便中乳酸菌、双歧杆菌的数量与其试验前相比增加显著,而肠杆菌、肠球菌和葡萄球菌的数量显著减少,且差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);试验后,饮用普通酸奶组乳酸菌与试验前比较增加显著(P0.05),但饮用含乳酸菌及双歧杆菌酸奶组的双歧杆菌和肠球菌数量显著高于饮用普通酸奶组(P0.05)。结论饮用普通酸奶也可以增加肠道益生菌,并同时降低其他菌群,但是菌群总数基本保持不变;当饮用添加了益生菌的酸奶时,不仅可增加肠道益生菌及菌群总数,而且还可降低其他菌群的数量。     

湿疹患儿肠道菌群与血清硫化氢的变化及相关性分析

目的研究湿疹患儿肠道菌群与血清硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide,H2S)含量的变化,并探讨两者的相关性。方法共收集2012年8月-2013年6月在长沙市第一医院儿科门诊就诊的湿疹患儿41例作为病例组,采取1:1配对,选取同期本院体检健康且与病例组性别、年龄相匹配的41例儿童作为对照组。所有研究对象均测定新鲜粪便中双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、大肠杆菌及肠球菌的数量及血清H2S含量。结果病例组患儿肠道双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量明显低于对照组,而大肠杆菌和肠球菌的数量则显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。病例组患儿血清H2S含量明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。两组患儿肠道双歧杆菌数量与血清H2S均呈正相关关系(r病例组=0.731、r对照组=0.774,P0.05)。结论肠道菌群和H2S均参与了婴幼儿湿疹的发病,两者之间存在一定的相关性。     

炎症性肠病患者肠道菌群结构变化与炎性指标的关系研究

目的研究炎症性肠病(IBD)患者肠道菌群结构变化与炎性指标的关系,为临床治疗提供病原学依据。方法选取2014年10月-2015年10月医院诊治的IBD活动期患者151例为研究对象,其中溃疡性肠炎(UC组)106例,克罗恩病(CD组)45例,根据患者的4项炎性指标检测结果继续划分亚组,将≤1项指标水平高于正常范围者作为炎性对照组,共58例,≥2项指标水平高于正常范围者作为高炎性指标组,共93例,另选同期医院体检的健康志愿者50名作为对照组,对所有受试人员的肠道菌群进行培养分析,研究炎症指标和菌群数目间的相关性;采用SPSS16.0软件进行统计分析。结果 UC组肠球菌属、酵母菌属、拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、消化球菌、乳杆菌属及小梭菌的数目多于对照组,真杆菌的数目少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);CD组肠球菌属、酵母菌属、拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、消化球菌及乳杆菌属的数目显著多于对照组,真杆菌及肠杆菌属的数目显著少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);UC组拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、消化球菌及乳杆菌属的培养阳性率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);CD组酵母菌属、双歧杆菌、消化球菌及乳杆菌属的培养阳性率显著高于对照组,真杆菌的培养阳性率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 IBD患者的肠道内肠球菌、真杆菌等菌群结构变化与之炎性指标之间存在一定程度的相关性,临床治疗时应予以重视。     

双歧杆菌三联活菌对婴儿胆汁淤积性肝病患儿肠道菌群及肝功能的影响

目的探讨双歧杆菌三联活菌在婴儿胆汁淤积性肝病患儿中的治疗效果。方法 72例婴儿胆汁淤积性肝病患儿随机分为两组各36例。对照组予以常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗的基础上予以双歧杆菌三联活菌治疗,比较两组患儿的肠道菌群及肝功能。结果观察组的乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量及B/E均显著高于对照组,大肠杆菌数量显著低于对照组(P <0.05)。治疗后,观察组的直接胆红素(Dbil)、总胆红素(Tbil)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总胆汁酸(TBA)均显著低于对照组,白蛋白(ALB)显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。结论双歧杆菌三联活菌治疗胆汁淤积性肝病患儿,可有效加快肠道菌群的恢复,改善肝功能。     

新加白头翁方治疗溃疡性结肠炎的疗效评价

目的 探究新加白头翁方治疗溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的效果。方法 将2019年6~12月德阳市人民医院收治的84例UC患者以随机数字表法分为对照组(n=42,采用美沙拉嗪)和观察组(n=42,在对照组用药基础上联用新加白头翁方),比较两组疗效、中医证候积分(赤白脓血便、里急后重、腹痛)、肠道菌群(双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肠球菌)及血清炎症因子水平。结果 观察组总有效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后观察组中医证候积分低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后观察组大肠埃希菌数量、肠球菌数量低于对照组,而双歧杆菌数量、乳酸杆菌数量高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后观察组血清炎症因子水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 新加白头翁方治疗UC可表现出显著疗效,有效调节患者肠道菌群,且具备一定安全性,适宜于在临床推广应用。     

结直肠癌患者术后肠道菌群变化及微生态制剂治疗效果研究

目的:探讨结直肠手术对结直肠癌患者肠道菌群的影响及微生态制剂治疗肠道菌群失调的效果.方法:选择50例结直肠癌择期手术患者随机分为微生态组和对照组各25例,术后对照组常规处理,微生态组给予三联活菌制剂口服治疗,采用细菌DNA PCR分析定量肠道细菌量,检测血浆D-乳酸和尿L/M水平,对比手术前后肠道菌群变化和肠道屏障功能.结果:术后10天双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌显著降低,而微生态组显著高于对照组,大肠杆菌、粪肠球菌显著升高,微生态组显著低于对照组,B/E呈显著倒置,对照组倒置更为显著(P值＜0.05);术后60天,微生态组双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、大肠杆菌、粪肠球菌量及B/E基本恢复术前水平,而对照组仍显著低于术前(P值＜0.05).术后1天血浆D-乳酸和尿L/M水平显著升高(P值＜0.05),术后10天两组血浆D-乳酸和尿L/M水平均回落,微生态组回落较对照组显著且显著低于对照组(P值＜0.05).结论:结直肠癌术后患者肠道内双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌等益生菌显著减少,大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌显著增加,肠道菌群严重失调,肠道屏障功能受损,微生态制剂治疗有助重建肠道菌群平衡,恢复肠道屏障功能.     

嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM和乳双歧杆菌HN019联用对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

目的探究嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM和乳双歧杆菌HN019联用对Balb/c小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用。方法使用低、中、高剂量的嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM和乳双歧杆菌HN019混合菌粉灌胃雄性Balb/c小鼠14 d,收集0、7、14 d小鼠粪便,梯度稀释后平板培养计数粪便中双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌的数量以及双歧杆菌与肠杆菌的比值(B/E值)。结果益生菌低剂量组小鼠第7天肠道双歧杆菌、乳杆菌数量显著高于基质对照组(P0.05);低、中剂量组小鼠第7天肠道产气荚膜梭菌数量显著低于干预前(P0.05);高剂量组小鼠肠道B/E值显著高于空白对照组和基质对照组(P0.05)。结论嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM和乳双歧杆菌HN019联用对Balb/c小鼠肠道菌群具有很好的调节作用。     

嗜酸乳杆菌对抗生素诱导小鼠肠道菌群失调的作用

目的:用传统的微生物培养法和无需预先培养的PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)法,分析嗜酸乳杆菌对经头孢曲松处理后的小鼠肠道菌群的效果影响. 方法: SPF级雌性BALB/c小鼠随机饮用头孢曲松水溶液5 d,造成小鼠抗生素相关性菌群失调模型后,自然恢复组灌服等渗盐水;治疗组灌服嗜酸乳杆菌菌液(108CFU/mL),处理7 d后,对各组小鼠进行解剖,并取其盲肠内容物,运用活菌计数和PCR-DGGE技术,分析抗生素对小鼠盲肠内细菌的影响和嗜酸乳杆菌对已失调的肠道菌群的调整作用. 结果: 经头孢曲松处理后,使小鼠肠道内乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量减少,肠球菌异常增殖,与正常对照组比有极显著差异;嗜酸乳杆菌的治疗使乳杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量得到恢复,同时肠球菌数量也降至正常水平;抗生素处理使优势菌群发生改变,菌群多样性减少,与正常对照组相比有极显著差异;灌服嗜酸乳杆菌后,菌群多样性指数回升至正常水平,与抗生素处理组及自然恢复组比较有显著性差异,而与正常对照组比较无显著性差异. 结论: 嗜酸乳杆菌对头孢曲松引起的肠道菌群失调具有调整作用;与传统微生物培养法相比,PCR-DGGE法是一种快速、有效并能直观反映整个微生态动态变化的分子生物学方法.     

肠道微生态制剂在结直肠术后病人中的应用

目的:对结直肠手术后病人应用肠道微生态制剂治疗的效果进行评价. 方法:前瞻性、单盲、随机、对照临床试验.将32例结直肠中等以上手术的病人,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组各16例.试验组病人于术后第3天给予肠内营养 双歧杆菌/嗜酸性乳杆菌/粪链球菌(菌品名:金双歧),每天2次,每次4片,直至出院.对照组只给予肠内营养支持.观察病人术前及术后4～8 d的胃肠道症状、生命体征、粪便性状及量和菌群比例等. 结果:①胃肠道症状:两组病人术后恶心、呕吐、肠鸣音恢复等差异均无显著性意义(P＞0.05),总腹胀天数、总腹痛天数在两组间差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).②腹泻及腹泻评分:两组病人在术后第6天腹泻例数差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05),总腹泻天数、总腹泻人数两组间差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).两组病人腹泻评分在术后第6天有显著性意义.③菌群比例:试验组病人菌群比例(杆菌/球菌)术后3次均比对照组高,术后第2次监测,两组间差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05). 结论:在结直肠术后病人中,应用肠道微生态制剂可改善病人胃肠道症状、减轻腹泻严重程度和纠正肠道菌群失调.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.