白细胞和C反应蛋白及降钙素原对妇科感染的诊断价值

目的探讨白细胞(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)和降钙素原(PCT)对菌血症患者的临床诊断价值。方法按照血培养结果将200例妇科发热患者分成血培养阳性组和阴性组,然后对血培养阳性和阴性各100例妇科发热患者进行WBC、CRP及PCT检测。结果对两组的WBC、CRP和PCT结果进行统计分析,结果显示两组WBC比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组CRP、PCT分别比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其中PCT差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论 PCT对妇科感染菌血症患者有更好的临床诊断价值。     

降钙素原预测血培养阳性的临床价值研究

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)预测血培养阳性的临床应用价值。方法采用回顾性分析研究,以2012年12月-2014年12月同时进行PCT和血培养检测1 164例患者为研究对象,根据血培养结果分为阳性组和阴性组,比较两组间PCT、C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平等实验室指标的差异。结果血培养阳性组PCT、CRP明显高于血培养阴性组,差异有统计学意义(P0.001);单因素logistics回归分析显示,PCT、CRP及体温均为菌血症预测因子,差异有统计学意义(P0.001),多因素logistics回归分析显示,校正年龄、抗菌药物预处理因素后,年龄、PCT、CRP是预测血培养阳性的独立预测因子;血清PCT预测血培养阳性ROC曲线下面积为0.800,当截断点为PCT0.05ng/ml时,PCT预测血培养阳性的敏感性高达96%,与其他临床实验室指标相比,PCT预测血培养阳性诊断价值最高;在PCT0.05ng/ml时,菌血症发生风险低,而PCT0.5ng/ml时,菌血症发生风险高,有利于早期诊断和病情检查,合理使用抗菌药物。结论 PCT预测血培养阳性是非常有意义的,比CRP、WBC计数和其他临床实验室指标均要好,而且血清PCT检测能够减少患者的血培养数量及医疗成本,实施更合理的卫生保健资源分配。     

PCT和hs-CRP检测在重症急性胰腺炎菌血症中的意义

目的研究重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者合并菌血症时,测定血清降钙素原(PCT)和超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的临床意义。方法选取2014年2月-2017年4月汕头大学医学院第二附属医院住院的SAP患者80例,根据血培养结果分为菌血症组(36例)和非菌血症组(44例),同时监测两组患者血清PCT和hs-CRP的水平。两组患者入院后当日即抽取静脉血10~20 ml进行需氧菌和厌氧菌培养鉴定,于次日清晨抽取静脉血3 ml,室温下静置,分离血清,离心取上清液保存待测。结果 PCT水平菌血症组患者较非菌血症组显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);hs-CRP水平两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);ROC曲线分析提示血清PCT诊断SAP伴有菌血症患者的最佳截断值为4.74 ng/ml,灵敏度94.4%,特异性88.6%。结论 PCT可作为SAP患者是否合并菌血症的预测指标,hs-CRP不能作为SAP患者合并感染的依据。     

血清降钙素原在老年尿路感染患者中的应用

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)在老年尿路感染(UTI)患者中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2013年1月—2014年12月某院感染内科114例老年UTI患者,比较血清降钙素原(PCT)异常和正常组患者临床资料,比较血培养阳性和阴性组患者PCT水平,绘制PCT诊断菌血症的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线。结果 114例老年UTI患者,PCT异常组46例,PCT正常组68例。PCT异常组入院24 h内最高体温、血白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Cr)以及伴尿路梗阻疾病比例均高于PCT正常组患者(均P0.05)。42例血培养患者中,阳性组(12例)患者PCT水平为1.93(0.57~8.32)μg/L,高于血培养阴性组(30例)的0.36(0.15~1.01)μg/L(P=0.028)。PCT诊断合并菌血症者ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.72(95%CI:0.54~0.90),在最佳工作位点0.52μg/L时,敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值(PPV)和阴性预测值(NPV)分别为83.3%、63.3%、47.6%和90.5%。结论血清PCT水平可以较好地反映老年UTI患者的病情,对于早期诊断老年UTI患者合并菌血症具有重要的参考价值。     

不同感染性指标对血流感染患者的早期诊断效果

目的对降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞(WBC)计数、中性粒细胞(NEU)绝对数在早期血流感染(BSI)诊断中的效果进行对比,比较不同感染性指标的临床应用价值。方法选取2015年1-12月在医院接受血培养及进行PCT、CRP和血常规检查的BSI疑似患者216例,所选患者均接受一次检验,根据血培养结果分为血培养阴性组184例和血培养阳性组32例,对两组患者PCT、CRP、WBC、NEU和NEU比率等指标进行比较分析,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价各指标的诊断价值。结果血培养阳性患者为32例,所占比例为14.81%,其中革兰阴性菌18例,革兰阳性菌8例,真菌6例;不同科室之间进行血培养阳性检出率差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),其中ICU血培养阳性检出率最高为24.44%;血培养阳性组PCT、CRP、WBC、NEU分别为2.57(19.00)ng/ml、115.02(133.49)mg/L、10.92(9.51)×109/L、9.29(9.93)×109/L高于血培养阴性组0.05(0.03)ng/ml、57.31(50.00)mg/L、8.11(6.32)×109/L、6.03(5.31)×109/L(P0.05);血清PCT敏感性和特异性最高,分别为85.34%和93.51%,WBC敏感性最低为42.68%,CRP特异性最低为52.20%;PCT、CRP、WBC、NEU的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.88、0.73、0.70、0.67,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PCT、CRP、WBC、NEU等感染性指标均能有效诊断检测BSI疾病,其中PCT敏感性、特异性最高,具有良好的辅助诊断价值。CRP缺乏特异性但敏感性较高,能有效检测病毒细菌类型,PCT和CRP能辅助诊断早期BSI疾病。     

降钙素原与C-反应蛋白对患儿血流感染的预测研究

目的探讨降钙素原(PCT)和C-反应蛋白(CRP)对患儿血流感染(BSI)中血培养阳性标本预测的研究,为患儿血流感染的诊断提供参考依据。方法选取2014年7月-2015年7月于医院治疗发热的患儿237例,根据患儿血培养的结果分为阳性组67例和阴性组170例,比较两组患儿PCT和CRP的检测结果。结果阳性组患儿PCT的中位值为4.27ng/ml,CRP的中位值为21.73mg/ml,阴性组患儿的PCT的中位值为0.47ng/ml,CRP的中位值为7.64mg/ml,阳性组患儿PCT和CRP的检测结果明显高于阴性组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PCT的检测结果对预测患儿血流感染血培养为阳性的具有更好的敏感性和特异性,值得推广应用。     

血清降钙素原与血流感染患者的相关性研究

目的:研究血清降钙素原(PCT)与血流感染患者的相关性。方法:选取甘肃省酒泉市人民医院2014年1月~2015年12月份住院患者965例(其患者PCT≥0.05ng/ml),同时进行血培养检测时患者PCT和血培养结果之间进行分析。结果:965例患者血清PCT在0.05~0.50、0.50~2.00、2.00~10.0、10.00~20.00、≥20.00ng/ml 5个不同区间的阳性率分别为3.82%、10.20%、16.38%、28.07、40.17%,其中血培养阳性结果有138例,其PCT水平为(2.56±0.93)ng/ml,血培养阴性结果有827例,其PCT水平为(0.83±0.31)ng/ml,两者差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在138例血培养阳性结果中,革兰阳性球菌有52例,其PCT水平为(1.82±0.65)ng/ml,革兰阴性杆菌有86例,其PCT水平为(5.21±2.12)ng/m L,两者差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:血清PCT与血流感染者具有正相关性,PCT水平越高,血培养阳性率就越高。检测PCT可作为辅助诊断菌血症感染的重要指标,为临床早期使用抗菌药物提供有力的依据。同时,对防止抗菌药物滥用具有重要意义。     

血清降钙素原在危重患者感染诊断中的应用

目的 探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)对危重患者细菌感染的临床意义,分析PCT对患者预后评估价值.方法 选取ICU中69例细菌感染患者,将其分为一般感染组37例、重症感染组32例,并以30例非感染者作为非感染组,应用电化学发光法测定其血清PCT,荧光流式细胞计数法测定外周血白细胞(WBC)计数和透射比浊法测定C反应蛋白(CRP)水平,结果作统计分析.结果 一般感染组PCT、CRP、WBC阳性率分别为89.1％、91.9％、75.7％,明显低于重症感染组的96.9％、100.0％、87.5％(P＜0.05);一般感染组、重症感染组分别与非感染组比较PCT浓度有显著增高(P＜0.05),一般感染组和重症感染组患者的血清PCT水平均显著高于非感染组患者(P＜0.05);重症感染组患者的血清PCT水平显著高于一般感染组患者(P＜0.05);CRP、WBC在重症感染组与一般感染症组之间比较差异均无统计学意义,当感染得到控制后PCT浓度也随之下降.结论 血清PCT检测作为全身细菌感染早期诊断指标,在危重患者细菌感染诊断和预后临床治疗中具有较高的特异性和敏感性.     

117例新生儿感染血清降钙素原检测结果分析

目的 探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)在早期诊断新生儿严重细菌感染性疾病中的临床意义.方法 将我科2012年4月至8月收治的86例新生儿感染患者与同期31例非感染新生儿,分为重症感染、局部感染与非感染组,进行血清PCT测定,并与C反应蛋白(CRP)进行比较.结果 以PCT≥0.5ng/ml为阳性,重症感染组PCT阳性率显著高于局部感染组和非感染组(91.84％ vs 37.84％和16.13％,P均＜0.05);重症感染组CRP阳性率均高于与B、C组(73.47％ vs29.73％和41.94％,P均＜0.01).PCT敏感性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、约登指数高于CRP.结论 PCT可作为新生儿重症细菌感染早期诊断的标志物,并能提示感染的严重程度及预后.     

降钙素原和C反应蛋白在支气管哮喘合并呼吸道感染中的诊断意义

目的 探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)和C反应蛋白(CRP)对支气管哮喘急性发作患儿抗生素应用的诊断价值.方法 选取60例支气管哮喘急性发作的患儿,根据发病诱因分成过敏诱发组18例、病毒感染诱发组14例及细菌感染诱发组28例,采用免疫荧光法定量测定患儿血清PCT水平,酶联免疫吸附试验测定血清CRP水平.结果 细菌感染诱发组患儿血清PCT、CRP水平分别为(25.7±11.2) μg/L和(50.3±17.5) mg/L,明显高于病毒感染诱发组和过敏诱发组[(0.7±0.2)μg/L、(6.1±0.3) mg/L和(0.2±0.1) μg/L、(3.5 ±0.4) mg/L,P＜0.05];病毒感染诱发组患儿血清PCT、CRP水平与过敏诱发组比较轻度增加,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).细菌感染诱发组患儿血清PCT与CRP水平呈正相关(r=3.612,P＜0.05),病毒感染诱发组和过敏诱发组患儿血清PCT与CRP水平无相关性(r=-0.021、-0.103,P＞0.05);以CRP≥10 mg/L,PCT≥0.5μg/L为阳性,细菌感染诱发组患儿血清CRP、PCT阳性率分别为89.3％(25/28)和92.9％(26/28),均高于病毒感染诱发组和过敏诱发组[28.6％(4/14)、64.3％(9/14)和22.2％(4/18)、33.3％(6/18),P＜0.05],且病毒感染诱发组血清PCT、CRP阳性率高于过敏诱发组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 血清PCT、CRP指标能早期正确鉴别细菌感染诱发的支气管哮喘急性发作患儿.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.