维持性血液透析病人的营养状况评价

目的:应用主观全面评定法(SGA)对维持性血液透析(MHD)病人的营养状况进行评价.方法:采用SGA结合有关生化指标,人体测量指标和饮食评估,对127例MHD病人的营养状况进行综合评价.结果:127例病人中营养良好者75例,轻中度营养不良39例,重度营养不良13例,总营养不良发生率为40.9%.各营养状况组之间血清ALB、PA、肌酐、肱三头肌皮皱厚度、饮食蛋白摄入量和蛋白质分解率差异显著,而三组间Kt/V无显著差异.结论:血液透析病人营养不良的发生率较高,与蛋白质摄入不足、炎症、血液透析过程本身等因素有关.     

营养不良炎症评分法在血液透析病人中的应用

目的:评价营养不良炎症评分法(MIS)对血液透析病人营养状态的评估作用. 方法:对80例维持性血液透析病人应用MIS法进行营养评估,同时测定血清清蛋白(ALB) 、转铁蛋白(TF) 、血红蛋白(Hb) 、血钙(Ca)、血磷(P)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)及透析前后血肌酐(Scr)和血尿素氮(BUN).计算透析充分性指标:尿素清除率(Kt/v)、尿素减少率(URR)和蛋白分解率(PCR).并用生物电阻抗法测量透析后人体组成指标:体重(WT)、体质指数(BMI) 、全身水量(TBW )、脂肪组织(FAT MASS)和非脂肪组织(FFM)等. 结果:蛋白质营养不良(ALB＜35 g/L)、贫血(Hb＜110 g/L)和高磷血症(P＞1.8 mmol/L)发生率分别为47.5%、73.8%和70.0%.所有病人的MIS评分均属于轻、中度营养不良.MIS评分与WT、BMI、FAT MASS、ALB、TRF、Hb、CRP和透析前Scr相关,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001,P＜0.05).Kt/v与URR、PCR呈正相关(P＜0.001,P＜0.05),与WT、BMI、FAT MASS、FFM、TBW呈负相关(P＜0.001,P＜0.005,P＜0.05). 结论:低蛋白血症、贫血、高磷血症是血液透析病人的主要营养问题.MIS法对血液透析病人有良好的营养评价作用,是一种有效的早期营养不良筛选方法.     

国产整蛋白型肠内营养对食管癌手术病人营养状况和胃肠道耐受性的影响

目的:研究国产整蛋白型肠内营养(EN)支持治疗对食管癌围手术期病人胃肠道耐受性和营养状况的影响。方法:本研究为双盲、随机对照,采用随机数表法将166例接受食管手术的病人分为研究组和对照组,每组83例。两组病人热量和营养供给根据Harris-Benedict公式测算基础能量消耗(BEE),再乘以校正系数1.1,氮量0.24 g/(kg·d)。研究组病人给予整蛋白型EN(力存),对照组给予标准配方整蛋白型EN(能全力),研究时间为10 d。于术前和术后第10天观察病人的体重(kg),体重指数(BMI),肝、肾和胃肠道功能等营养代谢指标。结果:两种整蛋白型EN均同等地改善食管癌围手术期病人营养不良,术后第10天,两组病人血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)高于术前。研究组和对照组病人腹泻发生率分别为36.0%、24.0%,差异有显著性意义(P0.05),而腹胀、恶心、呕吐、误吸、便秘等症状无显著性差异。两组病人在体重,BMI,营养风险评分、术后EN开始时间,血清肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)各参数组间比较差异均无显著性意义。结论:力存能较好地改善食管癌围手术期病人的营养状况,胃肠道耐受性较好,是一种较安全的国产整蛋白型EN制剂。     

综合性营养评估法在维持性血液透析患者中的应用

目的 对血液透析患者的几项营养指标进行评估.方法 对142例维持性血液透析(MHD)患者进行主观综合性营养评估(SGA)、膳食调查、生化参数的测定.结果 依据SGA评分,在营养良好、轻中度营养不良及重度营养不良三组间进行以下指标比较:平均每日每公斤体重能量(DEI)和蛋白质摄入(DPI)、血白蛋白(ALb),均有显著性差异(P＜0.001～0.05).但营养良好组的DEI和DPI异常率高达46.0%、49.0%,重度营养不良组中各指标异常率均在80%以上.血前白蛋白(PA)与血ALb有显著相关(P＜0.01),与DPI、DEI均无相关.结论 SGA是评价MHD患者营养状况的简便方法,但还需其它反映营养状况不同侧面指标的补充,如DEI、DPI、血ALb、血PA.     

高支链氨基酸肠内营养对术后肝功能不全病人影响的临床观察

目的:观察高支链氨基酸肠内营养(EN)制剂对术后肝功能不全病人肝功能及营养代谢疗效和安全性. 方法:选择术后肝功不全伴低蛋白血症的病人50例,随机分为两组,观察组28例病人用高支链氨基酸EN制剂治疗,对照组22例病人用整蛋白全营养型EN支持治疗.分别于治疗第7和第14天,观察肝功能、营养状况的变化. 结果:两组病人营养支持治疗后的血清总蛋白、清蛋白、前清蛋白、转铁蛋白均显著高于EN支持治疗前(P＜0.01).观察组病人营养支持第14天前清蛋白显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).两组病人应用营养支持治疗后肝功能各项指标均有显著改善(P＜0.05). 结论:高支链氨基酸能有效地改善术后肝功能不全病人的营养状况和肝功能.     

酒精性肝硬化和病毒性肝硬化病人营养状况调查和分析

目的:对比分析酒精性肝硬化和病毒性肝硬化病人的营养状况,为营养支持提供针对性依据。方法:选择酒精性肝硬化病人95例,病毒性肝硬化病人260例,入院后48 h内采用欧洲营养风险筛查2002(NRS2002)和主观整体评估(SGA)法对病人进行评估,记录病人的性别、年龄、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)和血红蛋白(Hb)指标,测量病人身高、体重,计算体重指数(BMI)。结果:酒精性肝硬化和病毒性肝硬化病人的NRS 2002营养风险发生率分别为76.80%和65.00%,SGA评估的营养不良发生率分别为67.40%和61.90%。两组病人的性别、Child-Pugh A级、ALB、PA、Hb、NRS 2002筛查等结果差异均有显著性统计学意义。而年龄、Child-Pugh B级、Child-Pugh C级、BMI、SGA评估等结果则无显著性差异。结论:两种类型肝硬化病人普遍存在营养问题,酒精性肝硬化病人的营养风险发生率、贫血程度显著高于病毒性肝硬化病人。     

蛋白强化的肠内营养改善急性胰腺炎肥胖病人的体脂分布

目的:观察蛋白强化的EN对肥胖的急性胰腺炎(AP)病人体脂分布和蛋白质代谢的影响. 方法:选择符合AP标准,体质量指数(BMI)≥26 kg/m2的病人,前瞻、随机分为对照组(24例)和试验组(29例).分别应用蛋白强化EN和标准EN.记录病人体质量、BMI的变化;测量脂肪群、腹部脂肪比率、肌肉群和蛋白质等指标的改变;检测总蛋白(TP)、ALB、PA、纤维连接蛋白(FN)、TF的变化. 结果:两组病人在EN支持后,体质量、BMI、脂肪群和腹部脂肪比率较营养支持前有所下降,并且试验组下降明显.血清蛋白质较营养支持前均有升高,达到正常水平,试验组病人的PA和FN增加明显. 结论:蛋白强化的EN不仅能改善AP病人的肥胖和脂肪分布异常,而且还能减轻并发症,改善预后.     

胃肠道肿瘤病人术后早期应用不同肠内营养制剂的比较研究

目的:比较研究两种不同肠内营养(EN)制剂在胃肠道肿瘤手术病人术后早期EN支持中的应用效果. 方法:将68例胃肠道手术病人随机分为康全甘组(n=34)和能全素组(n=34),术后48 h起即给予EN支持,分别于术前和术后第7天测定血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)和转铁蛋白(TF)水平,并计算病人体质指数(BMI)...     

综合性营养评估法在维持性血液透析患者中的应用

目的对血液透析患者的几项营养指标进行评估。方法对142例维持性血液透析（MHD）患者进行主观综合性营养评估（SGA）、膳食调查、生化参数的测定。结果依据SGA评分,在营养良好、轻中度营养不良及重度营养不良三组间进行以下指标比较：平均每日每公斤体重能量（DEI）和蛋白质摄入（DPI）、血白蛋白（ALb）,均有显著性差异（P〈0.001～0.05）。但营养良好组的DEI和DPI异常率高达46.0%、49.0%,重度营养不良组中各指标异常率均在80%以上。血前白蛋白（PA）与血ALb有显著相关（P〈0.01）,与DPI、DEI均无相关。结论SGA是评价MHD患者营养状况的简便方法,但还需其它反映营养状况不同侧面指标的补充,如DEI、DPI、血ALb、血PA。     

肝硬化病人营养指标评估的临床意义

目的 :通过对肝硬化病人的某些营养参数进行评估 ,为临床医师及早发现和治疗营养不良提供证据。　方法 :对 4 3例肝硬化病人进行主观综合性营养评估 (SGA)、直接人体测量和生化参数测定。　结果 :依据SGA ,肝硬化病人分为营养良好、轻～中度及重度营养不良 ,3组间体重指数 (BMI)、三头肌皮皱厚度 (TSF)、上臂肌围 (AMC)、肌酐身高指数 (CHI)及转铁蛋白 (TRF)均有显著差异。其中TRF和CHI对重度营养不良的识别率高达 90 %～1 0 0 %。　结论 :SGA可用于肝硬化营养状况评价 ,CHI及TRF是评估此类病人营养状况的良好指标     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.