红细胞聚集的生理及临床意义

红细胞聚集是血液流变学的重要特性之一，是一种常见的生理病理过程，与血流动力学有很大关系。本文就其对血液宏观流变特性、体内血液流动特性及静脉病理等方面的影响作了较详细的论述。     

磁流体微泵研究进展及其关键问题

磁流体（magnetohydrodynamics,MHD）微泵没有机械部件,但能够产生连续的流动,是当前电磁生物的研究热点之一。本文在详细阐述MHD微泵的工作原理、介绍交流磁流体（ACMHD）微泵和直流磁流体（DCMHD）微泵典型样机的基础上,着重分析了MHD微泵的电化学反应、微尺度下的电磁流体动力学以及微加工技术和材料等关键科学技术问题。     

红细胞非惯性升力对血液流动的影响

目的为准确模拟血流,研究红细胞变形性对血液流动的影响。方法基于血液流变特性和红细胞力学特性分析,对现有血液两相流流动模型进行改进,改进模型中考虑了易变形红细胞受剪切流场或血管壁面作用而产生的非惯性升力的影响。利用改进模型对多个不同直径血管内的血液流动进行模拟。结果由红细胞所受非惯性升力导致的径向运动对血管内红细胞体积分数、运动速度分布有明显影响;当血管直径为0.1~3.0 mm时,用改进模型得到的血液相对黏度的模拟值与测量值接近。结论非惯性升力是血流呈现Fahraeus-Lindqvist效应的主要原因之一。考虑非惯性升力的改进模型可以准确模拟血液流动,为循环系统诊疗机制和细胞分选等过程的模拟提供更为准确的方法。     

红细胞非惯性升力对血液流动的影响

目的 为准确模拟血流,研究红细胞变形性对血液流动的影响。方法 基于血液流变特性和红细胞力学特性分析,对现有血液两相流流动模型进行改进,改进模型中考虑了易变形红细胞受剪切流场或血管壁面作用而产生的非惯性升力的影响。利用改进模型对多个不同直径血管内的血液流动进行模拟。结果 由红细胞所受非惯性升力导致的径向运动对血管内红细胞体积分数、运动速度分布有明显影响;当血管直径为0.1~3.0 mm时,用改进模型得到的血液相对黏度的模拟值与测量值接近。结论 非惯性升力是血流呈现Fahraeus-Lindqvist效应的主要原因之一。考虑非惯性升力的改进模型可以准确模拟血液流动,为循环系统诊疗机制和细胞分选等过程的模拟提供更为准确的方法。     

红细胞非惯性升力对血液流动的影响

目的 为准确模拟血流,研究红细胞变形性对血液流动的影响。方法 基于血液流变特性和红细胞力学特性分析,对现有血液两相流流动模型进行改进,改进模型中考虑了易变形红细胞受剪切流场或血管壁面作用而产生的非惯性升力的影响。利用改进模型对多个不同直径血管内的血液流动进行模拟。结果 由红细胞所受非惯性升力导致的径向运动对血管内红细胞体积分数、运动速度分布有明显影响;当血管直径为0.1~3.0 mm时,用改进模型得到的血液相对黏度的模拟值与测量值接近。结论 非惯性升力是血流呈现Fahraeus-Lindqvist效应的主要原因之一。考虑非惯性升力的改进模型可以准确模拟血液流动,为循环系统诊疗机制和细胞分选等过程的模拟提供更为准确的方法。     

人体真实形状手指内的血液流动和温度分布的有限元分析

本研究的目的是要考察人体末梢的血流变化及温度调节特性. 分别对上肢大血管内血液流动及手指的传热特性进行分析并建立了数学模型.采用一维非线性脉动流体力学模型模拟大血管内的血液流动,采用描述多孔介质内流体流动的Darcy模型模拟组织内血液流动, 而用多孔介质内的能量方程描述组织内的传热特性.同时利用基于图像的建模方法,由手指的MRI系列图像建立了中指的计算机模型并生成了有限元网格.通过分析,得到人体真实形状手指内的血液流动和温度分布,并与由红外热像仪测得的结果进行了比较.比较结果显示,手指的皮肤温度变化趋势与实测结果相同,说明该模拟分析系统能够较好地分析上肢血流及末梢的传热特性.     

基于CT重建颅内动脉瘤非稳态血流分析

选择Navier-Stokes方程作为颅内动脉瘤三维重建模型的不可压缩血液流动的数学模型,使用计算流体力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的方法对颅内动脉瘤模型进行非牛顿(non-Newtonian fluid)模型的非定常流的数值模拟。计算3个心跳脉动周期的数值,认为第三个心跳脉动周期为稳定周期并选择第三个周期为研究对象。分析了稳定周期内不同时刻血液动力学特性参数分布情况对颅内动脉瘤的形成、生长和破裂的影响。并将此结果与牛顿(Newtonian fluid)血液模型的流线、壁面剪切力、壁面压力分布特性进行对比。结果显示,非牛顿流体血液模型比牛顿血液模型更有可信度,比较符合真实血液的流动特性,在血液流动的心跳脉动周期内,非牛顿流体的(速度、压力、壁面剪切力等)分布更加平滑。过高的壁面剪切力会直接造成动脉瘤区域处破裂,过低的壁面剪切力会使血液的营养成为和代谢物遗留在血管区域导致血液粥样化的形成。     

利用电磁治疗肿瘤方法的比较

比较了利用电磁手段治疗肿瘤的不同方法,其中包括利用电磁场的生物学效应和非电离电磁波的热效应来治疗肿瘤.结合国内外的相关实验和设备进展,对不同方法的优缺点作了详细阐述.有利于在临床上根据实际情况选择合适的治疗方法.最后对肿瘤的电磁治疗前景进行了展望.     

电磁场影响血液粘度的理论分析

本文通过对影响血液粘度主要因素的介绍,根据物理学原理和血液流变学理论,分析了电磁场的作用影响血液粘度大小的物理机理,指出电磁场的作用是降低血液粘度、改善血液循环的重要物理因素之一。     

外磁驱动轴流式血泵磁场分布及红细胞电磁特性分析

外磁驱动轴流式血泵较强的磁场强度会对血液及周围组织细胞产生影响,因此对血泵及其周围红细胞进行电磁场理论计算和仿真分析。利用ANSYS Electronics Desktop中3D瞬态磁场模块对血泵进行瞬态磁场仿真,用理论方法建立细胞膜磁场分布模型,综合利用3D瞬态电场和磁场模块对红细胞膜及其内外电磁场进行研究。给出了血泵稳定状态时的3D和2D磁感应强度分布云图,得到了细胞膜受到的最大磁感应强度值;通过最大磁感应强度值和血泵工况特点得到红细胞膜电场时域上的分布规律和幅值;综合细胞膜静息电位得到细胞膜电场耦合分布规律;基于以上条件求得细胞膜上感应磁场分布及细胞膜所受最大磁场力。尽管钕铁硼材料剩余磁感应强度很大,但血液和红细胞所受最大磁感应强度值仅为812 mT。由此得到的各项红细胞电磁特性参数值可为红细胞受驱动磁场影响下受到的电磁损伤和血泵的临床应用以及优化设计提供理论基础。     

A theoretical comparison of electric and magnetic stimulation of the brain

We present a theoretical comparison of the electric field produced in the brain by three modalities of transcranial stimulation of the cortex: magnetic stimulation, bifocal electric stimulation, and unifocal electric stimulation. The primary focus of this comparison is the focality and direction of the electric fields produced. A three-sphere model is used to represent the scalp, skull, and brain. All electric fields are calculated numerically. For magnetic stimulation we consider only a figure-of-eight coil. We find that magnetic stimulation produces the most focal field, while unifocal electric produces the least. Fields produced during magnetic stimulation are parallel to the head surface, while fields produced during electric stimulation have components both parallel and perpendicular to the head surface. The electric field produced by magnetic stimulation is shown to be insensitive to the skull conductivity, while that produced by electric stimulation is very sensitive to it.     

Short-term effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields after physical exercise are dependent on autonomic tone before exposure

The therapeutic application of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) can accelerate healing after bone fractures and also alleviate pain according to several studies. However, no objective criteria have been available to ensure appropriate magnetic field strength or type of electromagnetic field. Moreover, few studies so far have investigated the physical principles responsible for the impact of electromagnetic fields on the human body. Existing studies have shown that PEMFs influence cell activity, the autonomic nervous system and the blood flow. The aim of this study is to examine the instantaneous and short-term effects of a PEMF therapy and to measure the impact of different electromagnetic field strengths on a range of physiological parameters, especially the autonomic nervous systems, determined by heart rate variability (HRV) as well as their influence on subjects' general feeling of well-being. The study comprised experimental, double-blind laboratory tests during which 32 healthy male adults (age: 38.4+/-6.5 years) underwent four physical stress tests at standardised times followed by exposure to pulsed magnetic fields of varying intensity [HPM, High Performance magnetic field; Leotec; pulsed signal; mean intensity increase: zero (placebo), 0.005, 0.03 and 0.09 T/s]. Exposure to electromagnetic fields after standardised physical effort significantly affected the very low frequency power spectral components of HRV (VLF; an indicator for sympathetically controlled blood flow rhythms). Compared to placebo treatment, exposure to 0.005 T/s resulted in accelerated recovery after physical strain. Subjects with lower baseline VLF power recovered more quickly than subjects with higher VLF when exposed to higher magnetic field strengths. The application of electromagnetic fields had no effect on subjects' general feeling of well-being. Once the magnetic field exposure was stopped, the described effects quickly subsided. PEMF exposure has a short-term dosage-dependent impact on healthy subjects. Exposure to PEMF for 20 min resulted in more rapid recovery of heart rate variability, especially in the very low frequency range after physical strain. The study also showed the moderating influence of the subjects' constitutional VLF power on their response to PEMF treatment. These findings have since been replicated in a clinical study and should be taken into consideration when PEMF treatment is chosen.     

Electric fields induced in the human body by time-varying magnetic field gradients in MRI: numerical calculations and correlation analysis

The spatial distributions of the electric fields induced in the human body by switched magnetic field gradients in MRI have been calculated numerically using the commercial software package, MAFIA, and the three-dimensional, HUGO body model that comprises 31 different tissue types. The variation of |J|, |E| and |B| resulting from exposure of the body model to magnetic fields generated by typical whole-body x-, y- and z-gradient coils has been analysed for three different body positions (head-, heart- and hips-centred). The magnetic field varied at 1 kHz, so as to produce a rate of change of gradient of 100 T m(-1) s(-1) at the centre of each coil. A highly heterogeneous pattern of induced electric field and current density was found to result from the smoothly varying magnetic field in all cases, with the largest induced electric fields resulting from application of the y-gradient, in agreement with previous studies. By applying simple statistical analysis to electromagnetic quantities within axial planes of the body model, it is shown that the induced electric field is strongly correlated to the local value of resistivity, and the induced current density exhibits even stronger correlation with the local conductivity. The local values of the switched magnetic field are however shown to bear little relation to the local values of the induced electric field or current density.     

用于微循环实验的交变磁场的三维有限元仿真研究

目的:为深入了解螺线管型交变电磁场磁感应强度的时间和空间分布,本文研究了这种微循环实验中常用的医用磁场的三维有限元模型的建立及分析过程.方法:根据经典电磁场理论,应用Comsol Multiphysics多物理场耦合软件进行计算机辅助设计并赋予模型边界条件后进行网格划分,最后得到该模型的数值解.结果:成功拟合出螺线管型交变电磁场磁感应强度的轴向和径向衰减曲线.拟合结果与实际情况近似,并算出交变电磁场的时空分布.结论:本研究首次系统的建立了螺线管型交变电磁场的三维有限元模型,能够较精确的模拟该磁场磁感应强度分布,为进一步进行的磁场影响微循环系统的实验中磁场的定位问题提供了理论依据,并为进行血流在不同磁场中的血液动力学研究建立了仿真平台.     

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of thermofluidic transport phenomena in a DC magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) micropump

A comprehensive non-isothermal Lattice Boltzmann (LB) algorithm is proposed in this article to simulate the thermofluidic transport phenomena encountered in a direct-current (DC) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) micropump. Inside the pump, an electrically conducting fluid is transported through the microchannel by the action of an electromagnetic Lorentz force evolved out as a consequence of the interaction between applied electric and magnetic fields. The fluid flow and thermal characteristics of the MHD micropump depend on several factors such as the channel geometry, electromagnetic field strength and electrical property of the conducting fluid. An involved analysis is carried out following the LB technique to understand the significant influences of the aforementioned controlling parameters on the overall transport phenomena. In the LB framework, the hydrodynamics is simulated by a distribution function, which obeys a single scalar kinetic equation associated with an externally imposed electromagnetic force field. The thermal history is monitored by a separate temperature distribution function through another scalar kinetic equation incorporating the Joule heating effect. Agreement with analytical, experimental and other available numerical results is found to be quantitative.     

Volume conductor effects on the spatial resolution of magnetic fields and electric potentials from gastrointestinal electrical activity

An analysis of the relative capabilities of methods for magnetic and electric detection of gastrointestinal electrical activity is presented. The model employed is the first volume conductor model for magnetic fields from GEA to appear in the literature. A mathematical model is introduced for the electric potential and magnetic field from intestinal electrical activity in terms of the spatial filters that relate the bioelectric sources with the external magnetic fields and potentials. The forward spatial filters are low-pass functions of spatial frequency, so more superficial external fields and potentials contain less spatial information than fields and potentials near the source. Inverse spatial filters, which are reciprocals of the forward filters, are high-pass functions and must be regularised by windowing. Because of the conductivity discontinuities introduced by low-conductivity fat layers in the abdomen, the electric potentials recorded outside these layers required more regularisation than the magnetic fields, and thus, the spatial resolution of the magnetic fields from intestinal electrical activity is higher than the spatial resolution of the external potentials. In this study, two smooth muscle sources separated by 5 cm were adequately resolved magnetically, but not resolved electrically. Thus, sources are more accurately localized and imaged using magnetic measurements than using measurements of electric potential.     

Solution of the quadrature field equations in the electromagnetic blood flowmeter

The differential equations governing the eddy-current distribution in the flow field of the electromagnetic blood flowmeter yield two solutions. The first is that of the flow-induced current and the second relates to the ‘quadrature’ current which is caused by time-changing magnetic fields. The quadrature current equations are solved for a flow tube of cylindrical geometry with a transverse uniform cylindrical magnetic field. These results form the basis of a more general solution in which the magnetic field is allowed to vary in the direction of the lumen axis. Experimental results demonstrate the accuracy of the theory developed as a means for describing and calculating the quadrature currents which are the primary cause of baseline drift in electromagnetic flowmeters.     

经颅磁刺激中大鼠真实头模型感应电场分布的研究

经颅磁刺激是一种利用时变磁场产生的感应电流刺激大脑的技术,现在已经广泛地应用于精神疾病的治疗及脑功能的研究.本文建立了经颅磁刺激中大鼠真实头模型,并利用有限元方法计算了模型中感应电场的空间分布情况.该模型可用于动物实验方案的设计和实验结果的解释.     

磁场对人体三维分叉颈动脉血液流动的影响规律

目的 通过CT影像重构三维血管模型,研究外加均匀磁场对血液动力学行为的影响规律。方法 采用计算流体动力学理论和磁流体力学方法,建立体外均匀磁场对血液流动影响的数学模型,运用多物理场耦合模拟软件COMSOL Multiphysics进行仿真模拟,探究磁场强度对血液流动速度、压力和剪切应力的影响。结果 随着磁场强度的增加,血管中心处的流速受到了更加显著的抑制。壁面压力随着磁场强度的增加而减小,且磁场在血流分叉前对壁面处压力的影响明显,而在血流分叉后对壁面压力的影响减弱。血流进入分支血管后,壁面切应力显著增加,同时磁场对切应力的影响也显著增强。结论 人体血液具有磁流体力学特性,一定强度范围的磁场对血液流动产生了明显的影响。研究结果为设计人造强磁场设备、评估人造磁场环境对人体血液动力学的影响以及诊断人造磁场环境产生的疾病提供理论依据。