动脉瘤破裂出血开颅夹闭术后神经系统并发症的防治策略

目的探讨动脉瘤破裂出血开颅夹闭术后神经系统并发症的防治策略。方法回顾性分析2013-07-2015-07沛县人民医院行开颅夹闭术治疗36例,分析术后并发症发生情况,并针对性提出防治策略。结果术后患者GCS评分较治疗前升高[(12.6±1.4)分比(10.3±1.2)分,P0.05]。术后并发症发生率从高到低依次为:脑血管痉挛14例(38.89%),低钠血症10例(27.78%),低钾血症9例(25.00%),高钠血症7例(19.44%),脑积水、颅内血肿和癫痫分别各2例(5.56%),颅内感染1例(2.78%)。结论开颅夹闭术治疗动脉瘤破裂出血后易发生脑血管痉挛、电解质紊乱、颅内感染、颅内血肿、脑积水及癫痫等并发症,手术操作及术后合理治疗为预防、治疗并发症的重要措施。     

未破裂颅内动脉瘤接受开颅夹闭和血管内介入治疗的预后危险因素分析

目的 探讨开颅夹闭和血管内介入治疗未破裂颅内动脉瘤的预后疗效及影响预后的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析266例未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料,根据不同治疗方式分为开颅夹闭治疗组105例,血管内介入治疗组161例。统计两组的一般资料、预后情况及并发症发生率,分析患者个人史、动脉瘤特征、术后并发症与预后的关系。结果 开颅夹闭和血管内介入治疗未破裂颅内动脉瘤均预后良好(均P> 0.05),开颅夹闭术后脑出血、脑血管痉挛、脑积水、颅内感染、肺部感染发生率更高(均P <0.05)。多因素回归分析显示脑出血、脑血管痉挛、肺部感染是开颅夹闭预后的独立危险因素,后循环动脉瘤、脑梗死及肺部感染是血管内介入预后的独立危险因素(均P <0.05),年龄与两种治疗方式的预后相关性较小(P>0.05)。结论 未破裂颅内动脉瘤接受开颅夹闭和血管内介入治疗均预后良好,开颅夹闭术后脑出血、脑血管痉挛、脑积水、颅内感染、肺部感染发生率高于血管内介入,但两种治疗方式均预后良好。脑出血、脑血管痉挛、肺部感染与开颅夹闭治疗患者的不良预后相关,后循环动脉瘤、脑梗塞、肺部感染与血管内介入治疗患者的不良预后相关...     

前循环动脉瘤性颅内血肿的急诊手术疗效

目的:探讨颅内前循环动脉瘤破裂后形成颅内血肿的急诊手术治疗效果。方法:对前循环动脉瘤破裂后致颅内血肿15例患者均急诊行清除颅内血肿术、责任动脉瘤夹闭术和去骨瓣减压术。术后采用综合治疗,预防并发症,促进患者康复。结果:15例患者均接受急诊手术治疗。术后6例患者出现脑梗死、出现手术相关性血肿2例、急性脑积水1例(行侧脑室外引流治疗)、肺部感染11例、应激性溃疡2例、褥疮1例和慢性脑积水2例。治疗后6个月随访时行RankinScale评分:良好6例,差9例(其中死亡4例)。结论:急诊手术是治疗前循环动脉瘤性颅内血肿患者的有效方法。     

动脉瘤夹闭术后颅内感染临床分析

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后颅内感染相关因素、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析江门市中心医院2015-08—2018-05动脉瘤夹闭术后合并颅内感染25例患者的临床资料,选择同期接受动脉瘤开颅术但未发生颅内感染的92例患者为对照组。结果 24例感染得到治愈,17例合并继发性脑积水,10例行脑室腹腔分流术,1例死亡。结论动脉瘤夹闭术后颅内感染与患者术前状态、急诊手术、手术时间、脑脊液漏、抗生素使用不合理、术后放置外引流等多因素有关,早期、规范的抗感染治疗加上有效脑脊液引流是控制颅内感染的有效方法。     

30例颅内前循环动脉瘤开颅夹闭术体会

目的 总结颅内前循环动脉瘤开颅夹闭术经验。方法 回顾性分析2017年5月至2019年5月收治的30例颅内前循环动脉瘤的临床资料,均采用改良翼点入路或扩大翼点入路开颅夹闭术治疗。结果 30例中,27例夹闭满意,1例大脑中动脉动脉瘤夹闭术后大脑中动脉M2下干闭塞引起偏瘫,1例大脑中动脉动脉瘤夹闭术后3个月后并发脑积水行脑室-腹腔分流,1例死亡。出院时改良Rankin量表评分0~2分27例,3~6分3例。术后6个月,按GOS评分:4~5分26例,3分2例,2分1例,1分1例。结论 对于颅内前循环动脉瘤,良翼点入路或扩大翼点入路,暴露充分、术式成熟、并发症少,术中合理选择动脉瘤夹及血管穿通支的保护尤其重要     

颅内动脉瘤破裂后形成颅内血肿的急诊手术治疗

目的探讨动脉瘤破裂后形成颅内血肿的急诊手术治疗经验.方法回顾性分析30例颅内动脉瘤破裂出血形成颅内血肿病人的临床资料,均急诊行颅内血肿清除术+动脉瘤夹闭术+去骨瓣减压术.结果动脉瘤均满意夹闭.本组死亡5例,失访2例,23例随访3个月,其GOS评分为:5分10例,4分5例,3分6例,2分2例.结论动脉瘤破裂后形成颅内血肿的病人尽早开颅行血肿清除术+夹闭动脉瘤术+去骨瓣减压术,可以取得较好的治疗效果.     

血管内栓塞与开颅夹闭术治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤

目的 对比分析血管内栓塞与开颅夹闭术治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的疗效。方法 回顾性分析60例颅内破裂动脉瘤的临床资料,其中30例接受血管内栓塞治疗（对照组）,30例接受开颅夹闭术治疗（观察组）。术后随访3个月。结果 观察组GOS评分5分11例,4分10例,3分7例,2分2例;对照组GOS评分5分10例,4分12例,3分5例,2分2例,1分1例;两组GOS评分无统计学差异（P>0.05）。观察组术后发生脑积水2例（6.7%）、动脉瘤残留1例（3.3%）、再出血1例（3.3%）、脑血管痉挛9例（30.0%）;对照组术后发生脑积水8例（26.7%）、动脉瘤残留8例（26.7%）、再出血2例（6.7%）、脑血管痉挛1例（3.3%）。观察组血管痉挛发生率明显高于对照组（P<0.05）,但是脑积水发生率、动脉瘤残留发生率均明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组动脉瘤复发率（3.3%,1/30）明显低于对照组（26.7%,8/30;P<0.05）。结论 对于颅内破裂动脉瘤,血管内栓塞能减轻机体损伤,而开颅瘤闭术后并发症较少、复发风险较低,因此临床可根据病人具体病情选取合适的治疗方法。     

动脉瘤外科治疗的临床研究

目的 比较开颅夹闭和介入治疗颅内动脉瘤的临床治疗效果. 方法 哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院神经外科自2008年11月至2010年1月收治颅内动脉瘤患者73例,其中行开颅夹闭治疗30例,行介入治疗43例.回顾性分析2组患者的临床资料并比较并发症、住院时间和预后情况. 结果 脑水肿、脑梗死、颅内出血、脑积水和颅内感染的发生率2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);开颅夹闭组患者住院时间[(17.56±7.57)d]长于介入治疗组[(13.12±7.12)d],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);开颅夹闭组患者出院时预后良好25例,预后不良5例,介入治疗组患者出院时预后良好40例,预后不良3例,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 血管内介入治疗动脉瘤的安全性和有效性并不优于开颅夹闭治疗.     

颅内动脉瘤破裂伴颅内血肿的诊断与显微手术治疗

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂伴发颅内血肿的诊断和显微手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析13例颅内动脉瘤破裂伴发颅内血肿患者的临床资料。术前5例患者进行了DSA检查,3例患者进行了CT血管造影检查,5例进行了头部CT检查（4例经术中证实为动脉瘤,1例术后经DSA证实为动脉瘤）。其中大脑中动脉动脉瘤5例,前交通动脉动脉瘤4例,后交通动脉动脉瘤3例,骈周动脉动脉瘤1例。结果 13例患者中有12例行开颅动脉瘤夹闭及血肿清除术;1例仅行血肿清除术,术后行血管内栓塞治疗。所有患者术后随访3个月,根据GOS分级,Ⅰ级3例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级1例,Ⅴ级2例。结论颅内动脉瘤破裂伴颅内血肿需尽早行DSA或CT血管造影检查明确诊断;治疗方式应首选开颅动脉瘤夹闭＋血肿清除术。     

颅内破裂动脉瘤夹闭术中再破裂原因及处理要点分析

目的探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤夹闭术中不同时期再破裂的原因及处理要点。方法选择自2015年5月至2021年10月于河南大学淮河医院神经外科行显微开颅夹闭术治疗的21例颅内破裂动脉瘤患者为研究对象, 患者均于术中不同时期发生再破裂。回顾性收集患者的临床特征、动脉瘤参数、预后及并发症情况等资料, 并结合相关文献分别总结术中不同时期再破裂的原因及处理要点。结果 21例患者的平均年龄为65岁, 入院时均伴有意识障碍;Hunt-Hess分级Ⅲ级16例、Ⅳ级5例;前交通动脉瘤12例, 后交通动脉瘤6例, 大脑中动脉瘤3例;多子囊动脉瘤17例, 不规则型动脉瘤4例;大型动脉瘤18例, 巨大型动脉瘤3例。3例再破裂发生于夹闭前期(分离动脉瘤前), 最终死亡2例、重残1例;14例发生于夹闭中期(分离载瘤动脉和动脉瘤时), 术后发生脑梗死3例、重残3例;4例发生于夹闭后期(动脉瘤颈夹闭后), 术后发生脑梗死2例、重残2例。结论患者年龄大、病情严重及动脉瘤位置、形状、体积等参数特殊以及术者经验不足、操作不当等均会导致颅内破裂动脉瘤夹闭术中发生再破裂, 术中任何时期的分离夹闭均应精细轻柔, 避免过度牵拉。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.