Gay men and other men who have sex with men in West Africa: evidence from the field

This paper presents a synthesis of lessons learned from field experiences in HIV prevention, treatment and care services for men who have sex with men in the four contiguous West African countries of the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea-Conakry and Senegal. Service provision for men who have sex with men in these countries is contextualised by the epidemiology of HIV, as well as the socio-political environment. These countries share notable commonalities in terms of social structures and culture, though past approaches to the needs of men who have sex with men have varied greatly. This synthesis includes three distinct components. The first focuses on what is known about HIV epidemiology among men who have sex with men in these countries and provides an overview of the data gaps affecting the quality of service provision. The second aspect describes the HIV prevention and treatment services currently available and how organisations and strategies have evolved in their approach to working with men who have sex with men. Finally, an examination of the political and cultural climate highlights socio-cultural factors that enable or impede HIV prevention and treatment efforts for men who have sex with men. The review concludes with a series of recommendations for impactful research, advocacy and service provision to improve the health and human rights context for men who have sex with men in West Africa.     

携手共享七彩天空--昆明男男性行为者性病艾滋病综合防治

[目的]提高男男性行为者的性病艾滋病预防意识,促进安全性行为的实施,控制艾滋病在此类人群中传播。[方法]建立适应项目工作的环境,开展多种形式的服务。[结果]建立了稳定的志愿者队伍,提高了男男性行为者的性病艾滋病预防知识,促进了安全套的使用率。[结论]在昆明男男性行为者人群中开展性病艾滋病防治工作取得预期的效果,其成功的经验为下一步的工作奠定了基础。     

广州和成都市男男性行为兼异性性行为者的HIV感染状况及性行为特征

目的 了解中国男男性行为兼异性性行为者(MSMW)的HIV感染状况及其与男性和女性的性行为特征.方法 采用“滚雪球”方法在广州和成都市各招募300名MSMW为研究对象,进行问卷调查(社会人口学特征、最近6个月男性性伴种类和特征、男男性行为及安全套使用状况、最近12个月异性性伴种类和特征、异性性行为及安全套使用状况)和HIV抗体检测.结果 共600名MSMW接受问卷调查和HIV检测,HIV感染率和检出率分别为26.2％和8.5％;最近6个月有28.0％的调查对象拥有≥5名男性性伴,肛交行为时每次使用安全套者占44.2％,最近3次和最近1次男男肛交性行为使用安全套者分别为52.3％和63.0％;最近12个月有86.0％的调查对象与女性发生性行为,其中配偶、婚前女友、婚外情人、女性偶然性伴和女性商业性伴的比例分别为65.0％、27.2％、1.5％、12.7％和4.5％,约1/3的调查对象异性性行为时坚持每次使用安全套,36.5％在最近3次异性性行为时均不使用安全套.最近6、12个月成都市MSMW男男性行为时每次使用安全套分别为55.7％和38.3％,均高于广州市(32.7％和25.3％).HIV阳性者中,与男性发生肛交性行为者为91.1％,最近6个月与男性发生肛交行为时每次使用安全套者为49.7％,最近3次和最近1次男男肛交性行为使用安全套者分别为60.5％和69.4％;最近12个月有82.8％阳性调查者与异性发生过性行为,42.0％每次性行为坚持使用安全套,最近3次性行为使用安全套者占47.8％.最近6、12个月,既往检测HIV阳性MSMW从不使用安全套同性和异性性行为的比例(分别为4.3％和12.9％)均低于本次检测HIV阳性MSMW(22.0％和46.3％).结论 MSMW人群的HIV感染率已经处于较高水平,并存在较高比例的无保护男性肛交性行为和女性阴道性交行为,该人群在HIV跨性别传播中的桥梁作用可能加快HIV在普通人群中的蔓延.     

深圳市男男性行为者HIV和梅毒感染及行为调查

目的了解广东省深圳市男男性行为者(MSM)人类免疫缺陷病毒(H IV)和梅毒感染状况及高危行为,为今后针对该人群进行有效的干预工作提供经验和依据。方法通过招募MSM志愿者,采用滚雪球的方法,对深圳市450名近6个月有过男男性行为的MSM进行匿名自填问卷调查并抽血检测。结果 6个月深圳市MSM男性性伴数平均为(5.02±1.23)个,18.67%的人有过异性性行为,5.35%和7.26%的人分别有向男性购买和贩卖性行为;46.21%的人在与男性发生肛交性行为能坚持每次使用安全套,4种不同性伴性行为安全套使用频率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=34.1484,P<0.0001);H IV和梅毒感染率分别为5.56%和18.44%;经多因素Logistic回归分析表明,月收入越低(OR=1.415,P=0.0039),感染H IV的危险越大;年龄越高(OR=1.713,P=0.0073),月收入越低(OR=1.185,P=0.0419),感染梅毒的危险越大。结论深圳市MSM安全套使用频率较低,大多存在多性伴和异性性行为,H IV和梅毒感染率较高,应加大该人群的干预力度,以有效控制艾滋病性病的传播和流行。     

年轻MSM性行为及HIV、梅毒感染分析

目的了解中国城市年轻男男性行为人群(MSM)人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)和梅毒感染状况、艾滋病知识水平及安全套使用频率,为探索针对MSM人群有效的性病艾滋病预防干预措施提供依据。方法采用滚雪球的方法在北京、哈尔滨、郑州和成都市各招募150名年轻MSM进行问卷调查,采集静脉血进行HIV和梅毒抗体血清学检测。结果在所调查的600名年轻MSM中,HIV和梅毒感染率分别为6.7%,8.3%,HIV和梅毒合并感染率为1.5%;肛交时为插入者,被插入者和双重角色的调查对象HIV感染率分别为4.5%,6.3%和8.1%,梅毒感染率分别为11.2%,10.2%和7.8%;不同肛交行为对象艾滋病知识水平、安全套使用、HIV和梅毒感染率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);HIV阳性调查对象近6个月无保护插入性肛交、被插入性肛交、口交和阴道性交的报告率分别为52.5%,45.0%,87.5%和22.5%,HIV阴性调查对象的报告率分别为31.1%,37.7%,72.9%和14.3%。结论年轻MSM人群HIV和梅毒感染水平较高,感染HIV和梅毒的危险在不同肛交行为中普遍存在。     

Public health challenges of the emerging HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in China

A large-scale national survey was conducted in 2008 across 61 cities throughout China, covering over 18,000 men who have sex with men (MSM). The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was 4.9% and incidence ranged from 2.6 to 5.4 per 100 person-years. The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases ranged from 2.0% to 29.9% among MSM in different parts of China. Syphilis status, recruitment of sexual partners mainly from gay saunas, duration of MSM experience, and unprotected sex with regular male sex partners and multiple male sex partners predicted HIV seroconversion. The prevalence of consistent condom use was low during anal sex, ranging from 29.4% to 37.3%. Within this context, this paper considers the factors surrounding HIV prevention activity, and identifies a number of public health challenges which need to be considered if optimum outcomes are to be achieved. HIV prevention targeting MSM is a delayed response. The high risk associated with gay saunas and the need for steady condom supply at these venues needs urgent consideration. In addition, approximately one-third of MSM in China reported bisexual behavior, which may be attributed to sociocultural reasons and stigma against MSM. Female sex partners of MSM are seldom aware of their exposure to high risk of HIV transmission. Finally, the primitive nature of non-government organizations for HIV prevention and issues around their sustainability pose another serious challenge for the future of HIV prevention campaigns targeting MSM in China.     

重庆市男男性行为者艾滋病高危行为调查

目的了解重庆市男男性行为者(MSM)艾滋病高危行为,为制定针对性干预措施提供依据。方法采用滚雪球法招募MSM 945人,进行面对面问卷调查,应用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计分析。结果调查对象平均年龄为(26.9±7.4)岁;艾滋病知识知晓率为89.0%;最近6个月有多个同性性伴的(≥2个)占56.0%;最近1次与男性发生肛交时安全套使用率为64.4%,最近6个月与男性发生肛交时每次都使用安全套的为35.2%;多因素回归分析显示,保护性肛交性行为影响因素有年龄(≥31岁年龄段OR=0.67)、文化程度(OR=1.82)、最近1年进行过HIV咨询检测(OR=1.75)、最近1年接受过干预服务(OR=1.85)。结论MSM人群艾滋病高危行为普遍存在,干预和咨询检测对MSM安全套使用有促进作用。     

基于男性社交平台男男性行为人群HIV检测率及HIV自我检测率变化趋势分析

目的:了解我国MSM的HIV检测率尤其是HIV自我检测（自检）率的变化趋势,初步评估HIV自检在扩大MSM的HIV检测方面的作用。方法:通过Blued男性社交平台在全国范围内招募研究对象,调查内容包括社会人口学特征、性行为、既往HIV检测与自检等,并对历年数据进行趋势性分析。结果:2013-2016、2018年,分别招...     

Unhealthy environments,unhealthy consequences: Experienced homonegativity and HIV infection risk among young men who have sex with men

Unfavourable social environments can negatively affect the health of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM). We described how experienced homonegativity – negative perceptions and treatment that MSM encounter due to their sexual orientations – can increase HIV vulnerability among young MSM. Participants (n?=?44) were young MSM diagnosed with HIV infection during January 2006–June 2009. All participants completed questionnaires that assessed experienced homonegativity and related factors (e.g. internalised homonegativity). We focus this analysis on qualitative interviews in which a subset of participants (n?=?28) described factors that they perceived to have placed them at risk for HIV infection. Inductive content analysis identified themes within qualitative interviews, and we determined the prevalence of homonegativity and related factors using questionnaires. In qualitative interviews, participants reported that young MSM commonly experienced homonegativity. They described how homonegativity generated internalised homonegativity, HIV stigma, silence around homosexuality, and forced housing displacement. These factors could promote HIV risk. Homonegative experiences were more common among young Black (vs. non-Black) MSM who completed questionnaires. Results illustrate multiple pathways through which experienced homonegativity may increase HIV vulnerability among young MSM. Interventions that target homonegativity might help to reduce the burden of HIV within this population.     

A social network typology and sexual risk-taking among men who have sex with men in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth,South Africa

Despite the high prevalence of HIV among men who have sex with men in South Africa, very little is known about their lived realities, including their social and sexual networks. Given the influence of social network structure on sexual risk behaviours, a better understanding of the social contexts of men who have sex with men is essential for informing the design of HIV programming and messaging. This study explored social network connectivity, an understudied network attribute, examining self-reported connectivity between friends, family and sex partners. Data were collected in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth, South Africa, from 78 men who have sex with men who participated in in-depth interviews that included a social network mapping component. Five social network types emerged from the content analysis of these social network maps based on the level of connectivity between family, friends and sex partners, and ranged from disconnected to densely connected networks. The ways in which participants reported sexual risk-taking differed across the five network types, revealing diversity in social network profiles. HIV programming and messaging for this population can greatly benefit from recognising the diversity in lived realities and social connections between men who have sex with men.     

北京市MSM人群HIV抗体检测及影响因素分析

目的 了解北京市男男性行为者( men who have sex with men,MSM)近一年HIV抗体检测情况及其影响因素.方法于2009年8-12月对北京市962名MSM进行问卷调查,了解其社会人口学特征、艾滋病相关知识、近6个月性行为、性病史、吸毒史等情况,并采集血样进行血清学检测.结果共调查962名MSM,近1年51.4％( 494/962)的MSM进行过HIV抗体检测,其中HIV感染者61例,感染率为6.3％;梅毒血清学阳性170例,感染率为17.7％;多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,自我认同是同性恋(OR=1.41,95％CI=1.04～1.90)、8个HIV相关知识都回答正确(OR=2.22,95％ CI= 1.67～ 2.95)、近1年接受过艾滋病预防服务(OR= 10.01,95％ CI =6.22 ～ 16.11)、在公园或浴池寻找性伴(OR =0.63,95％ CI =0.46～0.86)和近6个月与男性发生过无保护性行为(OR= 1.65,95％ CI= 1.24～2.18)与近1年进行过HIV抗体检测的关系有统计学意义.结论近1年北京MSM的HIV检测比例不高,需开展艾滋病宣传和预防服务以提高其检测比例,尤其应针对在公园或浴池寻找性伴者.     

男男性行为者配偶艾滋病易感性及防治策略

随着中国艾滋病流行特点的转变,男男性行为者（MSM）逐渐受到公共卫生、社会学界等社会各界的关注。与此同时,另一个群体--“男男性行为者的异性配偶（简称同妻）”也逐渐引起相关学者的关注。由于MSM人群构成比增加迅猛,艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染率逐年上升,加之MSM人群与同妻的不安全性行为发生率高。因此,同妻极可能成为HIV潜在易感人群,但学术界对此说法尚存在争议,目前也未检索到有关同妻HIV易感性的实证研究报告。本文通过查阅2005-2016年国内外关于同妻的文献,对同妻HIV易感的原因、同妻艾滋病防治策略的最新进展做一综述。     

山东省男男性行为人群单性性行为者与双性性行为者特征及HIV感染相关因素

目的 分析山东省MSM单性性行为者（单性MSM）和双性性行为者（双性MSM）的特征及HIV感染相关因素,为艾滋病防治对策和干预措施提供依据。方法 2018年4-7月在山东省9个MSM哨点监测点,收集当地MSM特征、相关行为信息,采集血样做HIV和梅毒检测。结果 共调查MSM 3 474人,年龄（31.66±9.01）岁,为已婚/同居者1 218人（35.06%）,大专及以上文化程度1 755人（50.52%）,同性恋和双性恋者分别为2 783人（80.11%）和494人（14.22%）;最近6个月与异性发生性行为有586人（16.87%）;吸毒行为有365人（10.51%）;HIV阳性率为2.99%（104/3 474）,梅毒阳性率为2.76%（96/3 474）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥ 35岁、山东省户籍、性取向为异性恋/双性恋/不确定者、最近6个月有商业性行为、最近6个月发生无保护肛交、较少通过互联网/交友软件寻找男性性伴、无吸毒行为的MSM中,双性MSM的比例更高。单性和双性MSM,在最近1周性伴数、最近6个月商业性行为使用安全套、HIV感染、梅毒感染、最近1年患性传播疾病史的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。MSM的HIV感染相关因素包括年龄≥ 45岁、外省户籍、通过浴池、公园/公厕或者互联网/交友软件寻找男性性伴、最近6个月无保护性肛交、有吸毒行为、梅毒感染。结论 山东省MSM中,双性性行为比例较高,广泛存在危险性行为,存在较高HIV感染风险,应针对不同特征MSM加强监测和干预。     

男男性行为者艾滋病病毒及梅毒感染状况调查

目的 了解江苏省常州市男男性行为者(MSM)的人口学和行为学特征、艾滋病病毒(HIV)和梅毒感染情况及其影响因素.方法 通过问卷调查收集人口学、相关健康服务及行为学等信息,并采集血液和尿样标本分别进行HIV和梅毒抗体、及淋球菌和生殖道沙眼衣原体检测.结果 共有效调查593名MSM,HIV和梅毒感染率分别为13.7%(81/593)和31.2%(185/593),同时感染HIV和梅毒者占7.1%(42/593);5.7%(34/592)曾经发生过性虐待;在近6个月,63.9%(379/592)与男性发生过肛交行为,76.0%(288/379)在最近1次肛交中使用安全套,47.2%(280/592)与女性发生过性行为,53.2%(149/280)在最近1次与女性发生性行为时使用安全套;非条件多元logistic回归分析结果显示,感染HIV的危险因素为年龄偏大、学生、有过性虐待、梅毒抗体阳性;梅毒感染的危险因素为HIV抗体阳性、有过性虐待出血.结论 常州市MSM人群普遍存在高危性行为,其HIV和梅毒感染率已达较高水平;应采取HIV和性传播感染(STI)筛查及性病规范诊疗等综合防治措施.     

Stigma matters: HIV and HIV risk perception among men who have sex with men in Serbia; a qualitative study

As a social determinant of health, stigma is a major barrier to health care access, illness management and completing the treatment. It is attributed both to HIV as a health condition and to the populations at risk of being infected with it. In Serbia, HIV is associated with men who have sex with men (MSM), with a noticeable stigma towards them. Drawing upon a qualitative cross-sectional study, conducted in three Serbian cities, we explore the MSM’s perception of HIV in the context of that social stigma. Using a respondent-driven sampling approach, 62 targeted MSM respondents participated in focus groups discussions and in-depth interviews. We found that the participants’ understandings of the HIV infection, risks and prevention are shaped by stigma. Those MSM who resisted stigma relativised the HIV risk, associating it with the general population and HIV-positive MSMs, believing that HIV, perceived as a chronical illness, was unjustly related to MSM. As one of the main preventive measures, serosorting was based on alleged HIV-positive statuses of potential sexual partners. HIV-negative participants described perceiving HIV-positive MSM as the ones responsible for spreading the virus, since they were concealing their positive status. As a response to stigma, MSM tended to challenge the HIV discourse, shifting it away from MSM onto the general (male) population and HIV positive MSM. Our analysis suggests that stigma resistance may make MSM more susceptible to taking risks. HIV prevention programmes should take the social context of MSM into account and target MSM-related stigma.     

Contributions of an intensive HIV prevention programme in increasing HIV testing among men who have sex with men in Andhra Pradesh,India

The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with uptake of HIV testing and to assess their relative contributions in increasing HIV testing. Data are drawn from two rounds of cross-sectional Integrated Behavioural and Biological Assessment (IBBA) surveys of self-identified men who have sex with men (MSM) from Andhra Pradesh, India, recruited through probability-based sampling in 2005–2006 and 2009–2010 (IBBA1, n = 1621; IBBA2, n = 1608, respectively). Logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics, sexual behaviours, programme exposure and HIV testing. Significant factors were further parsed using decomposition analysis to examine the contribution of different components of that factor towards the change in HIV testing. There was a significant increase in the proportion of MSM reporting HIV testing from IBBA1 to IBBA2. Higher literacy levels, being 25–34 years old, being a kothi (predominantly receptive), engaging in both commercial and non-commercial sexual relationships and intervention programme exposure contributed the most to the increase in HIV testing.     

我国男男性行为人群HIV自我检测及相关因素研究进展

HIV检测是艾滋病防控工作的第一步, 我国MSM的HIV感染率高, 检测率低。HIV自我检测(HIV自检)为MSM提供了一个新的选择, 对扩大HIV检测在该人群中的覆盖面具有重要作用。本文综述了我国MSM的HIV自检及相关因素, 为HIV自检在该人群中的推广提供依据。     

重庆市男男性行为者中异性性行为和HIV感染情况及其影响因素分析

/茶吧(AOR=1.6,95%CI∶1.0～2.6)、首次性行为年龄大(AOR=0.6,95%CI∶0.4～0.8)、未卖性(AOR=0.5,95%CI∶0.3～1.0)以及HIV感染(AOR=1.7,95%CI∶1.1～2.7).结论 重庆市MSM/W人群HIV感染率较高,存在高危行为,该人群可能在MSM和异性性伴之间起着传播HIV的潜在桥梁作用,可能使HIV从高危人群向一般人群扩散.     

两种HIV自我检测模式在促进男男性行为人群HIV检测中的作用

目的:评价两种不同HIV自我检测（自检）模式在促进MSM HIV检测中的作用。方法:采用两种HIV自检模式,一是以性健康促进网络平台为主体的线上HIV自检模式（常规自检模式）;二是鼓励申请者申请多份自检试剂并将其传递给身边朋友的HIV自检模式（自检二次传递模式）。比较两种自检模式中,申请者与受赠者在人口学特征、使用数、...     

男男性行为人群艾滋病及梅毒感染状况调查

摘要：目的　了解北京市东城区男男性行为者（ｍｅｎｗｈｏｈａｖｅｓｅｘｗｉｔｈｍｅｎ,ＭＳＭ）ＨＩＶ 感染状况、相关
因素及流行趋势,为制定适合本地区的防治策略和干预措施提供依据。方法　对２０１０－２０１２年参加北京市
东城区艾滋病自愿咨询检测（ｖｏｌｕｎｔａｒｙｃｏｕｎｓｅｌｉｎｇａｎｄｔｅｓｔ,ＶＣＴ）门诊的ＭＳＭ 人群进行问卷调查,内容
包括一般人口学信息、既往检测情况、高危性行为史,并采集静脉血进行人类免疫缺陷病毒（ＨＩＶ） 及梅
毒检测。问卷录入国家《艾滋病综合管理信息系统》离线数据库,应用ＳＰＳＳ１７．０进行统计分析。结果　
共调查４０２名ＭＳＭ,小于３０岁者占６９．４０％ （２７９／４０２）;未婚者占７６．３７％ （３０７／４０２）;高中及以下学历
者占６７．９１％ （２７３／４０２）;外省户籍占９１．５４％ （３６８／４０２）;近６ 个月发生性行为时全程使用安全套者占
３０．１０％ （１２１／４０２）;既往ＨＩＶ 检测率为５８．９６％ （２３７／４０２）;共检出ＨＩＶ 抗体阳性５２ 例、梅毒阳性７１
例,阳性检出率分别是１２．９４％ （５２／４０２） 和１７．６６％ （７１／４０２）;高危性行为是主要求询原因;文化程度
越低ＨＩＶ 和梅毒感染率越高,差异有统计学意义（χ
２＝７．２６５,犘＝０．０２６;χ
２＝１６．３２８,犘＜０．０１）。结论　
近年来,主动到北京市东城区ＶＣＴ 门诊咨询检测的ＭＳＭ 人群以年青人、未婚、流动人口、高中及以下学历
为主;梅毒感染率高,ＨＩＶ 感染率呈上升趋势。应考虑在现有干预工作的基础上增加针对性有效干预措施。
关键词：男男性行为人群;艾滋病病毒感染者;梅毒
中图分类号：Ｒ５１２．９１　　文献标识码：Ａ　　文章编号：１００９ ６６３９ （２０１４）０３ ０２５３ ０３