体外膜肺氧合对成人急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者预后影响的Meta分析和系统评价

目的 探讨体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者预后的影响.方法 计算机检索和手工检索收集1966-2010年ECMO治疗成人ARDS的英文和中文临床研究,按纳入与排除标准选择文献,提取资料,采用RevMan 5.0软件对数据进行Meta分析,对ECMO临床研究进行系统评价.结果 共纳入3篇随机对照研究,随机效应模型显示ECMO不降低成人重症ARDS患者病死率[RR=0.95(95%CI:0.76-1.18),P=0.64],但按发表时间的累积Meta分析显示ECMO呈现保护性效应;与以往临床研究相比,最近一项观察性临床研究显示ECMO明显降低甲型H1N1流感导致的重症ARDS患者病死率.结论 现有研究尚不能证实ECMO能改善成人ARDS患者预后,但对于病因可逆的重症ARDS患者早期应用ECMO可取得较好临床效益.     

体外膜肺氧合对成人急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者预后影响的Meta分析和系统评价

目的 探讨体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者预后的影响.方法 计算机检索和手工检索收集1966-2010年ECMO治疗成人ARDS的英文和中文临床研究,按纳入与排除标准选择文献,提取资料,采用RevMan 5.0软件对数据进行Meta分析,对ECMO临床研究进行系统评价.结果 共纳入3篇随机对照研究,随机效应模型显示ECMO不降低成人重症ARDS患者病死率[RR=0.95(95%CI:0.76-1.18),P=0.64],但按发表时间的累积Meta分析显示ECMO呈现保护性效应;与以往临床研究相比,最近一项观察性临床研究显示ECMO明显降低甲型H1N1流感导致的重症ARDS患者病死率.结论 现有研究尚不能证实ECMO能改善成人ARDS患者预后,但对于病因可逆的重症ARDS患者早期应用ECMO可取得较好临床效益.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on survival of adult from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Method We searched Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science databases to find relevant literatues on ECMO in treatment of ARDS, which are reported from January 1966 to June 2010. Meta analyses was performed. Results Three papers about randomized controlled trial (RCT) of evaluating ECMO in patients with severe ARDS were enrolled for analyses. Meta-analysis of the three randomized controlled trials revealed ECMO did not decrease the mortality of ARDS patients. However, the cumulative meta-analysis of randomized trials showed ECMO had a protective effect on patients with ARDS. The most recent observational studies suggested that ECMO significantly decreased the mortality of ARDS caused by H1 N1 viral pneumonia. Conclusions There is no evidence to prove the benefit of ECMO in patients with ARDS. However, ECMO should be considered to use in early stage of ARDS as a last rescue resort for potentially reversible severe acute respiratory failure. Further investigation of large sample of high quality RCTs is needed.     

俯卧位通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者影响的Meta分析

目的评价俯卧位通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrom,ARDS)患者的影响。方法计算机检索the Cochrane library、PubMed、Embase、Medline、Ovid、CBM、CNKI、维普数据库中截至2013年12月1日所有公开发表的关于ARDS患者俯卧位通气影响的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT),并通过纳入文献的参考文献进行引证检索,纳入文献的质量由两名经过专业医学循证培训的医学生完成,对符合质量标准的文献进行Meta分析。结果共纳入12篇RCT,其中7个RCT的研究结果显示,俯卧位通气对患者氧合指数的提高有显著影响[OR=69.65,95%CI(37.13~102.7),P0.0001];另外8个研究结果表明,俯卧位通气对降低病死率有显著效果[OR=0.63,95%CI(0.51,0.78),P0.001]。结论俯卧位通气可以有效地改善ARDS患者的氧合指数,降低病死率。     

围手术期严格控制血糖对心脏手术患者预后的影响(Meta分析)

目的 对文献进行系统评价,比较围手术期严格血糖控制和正常血糖控制对心脏手术患者预后的影响.方法 根据Cochrane协作网制定的策略,并使用PubMed数据库进行英文检索,对符合检索条件的文献进行系统评价,文献质量评价和数据提取由2名评价员独立完成,使用RevMan 5.0软件进行分析.结果 共有7篇随机对照临床试验(RCT)的文献、共2329例患者纳入荟萃分析(Meta分析).分析结果显示:严格血糖控制能降低患者感染率[比值比(OR)=0.42,95％可信区间(95％CI)为(0.25,0.73),P=0.002]和病死率[OR=0.54,95％CI(0.34,0.87),P=0.01],缩短机械通气时间[加权均数差(WMD) =-2.68,95％CI(-4.99,-0.37),P=0.02]和重症监护病房(ICU)监护治疗时间[WMD=-15.49,95％CI(-16.14,-14.83),P＜0.000 01],使术后心房颤动的发生率有所降低[OR=0.77,95％CI (0.60,1.00),P=0.05],但并不能减少心外膜起搏使用频率[OR=0.32,95％CI (0.09,1.05),P=0.06].结论 围手术期严格控制血糖能有助于改善心脏手术患者的预后.     

神经肌肉阻滞剂对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者预后影响的荟萃分析

目的 系统评价神经肌肉阻滞剂(NMBA)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者预后的影响.方法 通过检索美国国家医学图书馆PubMed数据库、Cochrane临床试验数据库、生物医学与药理学文摘数据库(EMBASE)、荷兰《医学文摘》、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)和中国期刊网全文数据库(CNKI)等文献数据库,系统收集全世界范围内NMBA治疗ARDS患者的随机对照临床试验(RCT)文献.按Cochrane系统评价方法筛选试验、评价质量、提取资料,采用RevMan 5.0软件进行meta分析.结果 最终纳入符合入选标准的文献3篇,共计研究对象431例患者.合并结果显示:与对照组比较,给予NMBA可显著降低ARDS患者28 d病死率[Peto比值比(OR) =0.57,95％可信区间(95％CI)为0.37 ～ 0.88,P=0.01],有较少的气压伤发生率(OR=0.42,95％ CI为0.20～0.91,P=0.003);获得性肌无力的发生率与对照组比较相似,无统计学意义(OR=1.20,95％CI为0.67～ 2.14,P=0.54).与对照组比较,在应用NMBA后48 h,总PEEP(OR=0.09,95％CI为-0.50～0.68,P=0.77)、平台压(Pplat,OR=0.62,95％CI为-0.32～1.57,P=0.20)呼吸机相关参数无明显统计学差异;各试验组间统计学无异质性(P＞0.1,I 2＜50％);在应用NMBA后120 h,总PEEP较对照组降低(OR=-1.22,95％CI为-2.39-0.04,P=0.04),Pplat与对照组比较有统计学差异(OR=-2.61,95％ CI为-4.50～-0.73,P=0.007).结论 早期应用NMBA治疗ARDS患者能降低患者28 d病死率,改善预后.     

中药干预与乳腺癌生存获益相关性系统评价

目的:探讨中药干预对乳腺癌患者无病生存率及总生存率的影响.方法:检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、 CNKI、Wanfang Data以及VIP,搜集相关期刊文献、学位论文及会议论文,检索时间从建库至2020年6月20日,对符合本研究纳入标准的文献数据使用RevMan 5.3软件进行统计学分析.结果:最终纳入16篇RCT,共2379例患者.Meta分析显示,2组患者5年总生存率[OR=2.81,95％CI(1.96,4.04)]、3年总生存率[OR=2.92,95％CI(2.12,4.01)]、5年无病生存率[OR=1.97,95％CI(1.41,2.77)]、3年无病生存率[OR=3.35,95％CI(2.41,4.67)]差异有统计学意义.结论:中药干预能提高乳腺癌患者5年、3年总生存率及无病生存率,使患者在治疗中获益.     

气道压力释放通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者住院病死率影响的累积Meta分析

目的 应用累积Meta分析的方法评价气道压力释放通气（APRV）对急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS患者住院病死率的影响。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、WanFang Data、CNKI和VIP数据库,搜集与研究目的相关的随机对照试验（RCT）,检索时限均为建库至2022年6月30日。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用StataSE 12.0软件进行累积Meta分析。结果 共纳入9个RCT,包括533例患者。Meta分析结果显示,与传统机械通气相比,APRV能够降低ARDS患者的住院病死率[RR=0.70,95%CI(0.54,0.91),P<0.01]。结论 当前证据表明,APRV可降低ARDS患者住院病死率。受纳入研究数量和质量的限制,上述结论尚待更多高质量研究予以验证。     

俯卧位通气联合肺保护性通气策略对急性呼吸窘迫综合征病人病死率影响的累积Meta分析

目的:应用累积Meta分析的方法评价俯卧位通气(prone positioning ventilation, PPV)联合肺保护性通气策略对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)病人病死率的影响。方法:计算机检索PubMed、Web ofScience、the Cochrane Library、中国知网、维普数据库、万方数据库所有公开发表的关于PPV联合肺保护性通气策略应用于ARDS病人的随机对照试验,检索时限为建库至2022年7月31日。通过纳入文献的参考文献进行引证检索。采用StataSE 12.0软件对不同时间段纳入文献中病人的病死率进行累积Meta分析,采用试验序贯分析法估算累积Meta分析样本量评价研究结果的真实性,采用Beggs法对纳入研究进行发表偏倚检验。结果:共纳入4篇英文文献,涉及病人984例,其中试验组502例,对照组482例。累积Meta分析结果显示,PPV联合肺保护性通气策略能降低ARDS病人病死率,差异有统计学意义[OR=0.60,95%CI(0.46,0.78),P<0.001]。试验序贯分析结果显示,累积Meta分析样本量虽未达到估算样本量,但已获得较肯定结...     

冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗无保护左主干病变疗效及安全性系统评价

目的 系统评价冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)与经皮冠状动脉支架置入术(PCI)治疗无保护左主干病变的疗效及安全性.方法 计算机检索The Cochrane Library(2012年第2期)、PubMed、EMbase、CBM、CNKI、WanFang Data、VIP等数据库,全面收集CABG与PCI比较治疗无保护左主干病变的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时限均为建库至2012年9月,并追溯纳入研究的参考文献.由两位研究者按照纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献、提取资料和评价质量后,采用RevMan 5.0软件进行Meta分析.结果 纳入4个RCT,共1 611例患者(CABG组:802例,PCI组:809例).Meta分析结果显示:与PCI组相比,CABG组能显著降低术后靶血管血运重建率[OR=0.45,95％CI (0.31,0.66),P＜0.000 1],但在降低心肌梗死发生率[OR=1.28,95％C1(0.47,3.48),P=0.63]、病死率[OR=1.36,95％CI(0.80,2.34),P=0.26]及主要心脑血管事件发生率[OR=0.92,95％CI (0.66,1.28),P=0.61]方面,两组差异无统计学意义.结论 本系统评价结果提示,CABG在降低冠心病无保护左主干病变患者心梗发生率、病死率及主要心脑血管事件发生率方面与PCI差异无统计学意义,但在降低术后靶血管血运重建率方面,CABG疗效优于PCI.受纳入研究质量和数量所限,上述结论仍需开展更多高质量的RCT加以验证.     

外源性褪黑素及其类似物预防危重症患者谵妄效果的meta分析

目的 应用meta分析评价外源性褪黑素及其类似物预防危重症患者谵妄的效果.方法 计算机检索Cochrane Library、 PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、中国知网、维普、万方、中国生物医学文献数据库中的外源性褪黑素及其类似物治疗危重症患者谵妄效果的随机对照试验,试验组采用褪黑素或褪黑素类似物治疗,对照组采用安慰剂治疗.检索时限为建库至2021年1月14日.由2名研究者独立评价文献质量,采用RevMan 5.4软件进行meta分析.结果 纳入11篇随机对照试验研究,纳入研究对象1177例,其中试验组588例,对照组589例.Meta分析结果显示外源性褪黑素及其类似物能降低危重症患者谵妄的发生率[比值比(odds ratio,OR) =0.45,95％置信区间(confidence interval,CI) (0.22,0.91),P=0.03],缩短机械通气时间[标准化均数差(standard mean difference,SMD) =-0.49,95％CI(-0.94,-0.03),P=0.04],对危重患者的病死率[OR=0.73,95％CI (0.46,1.17),P=0.19]和重症监护病房住院时间[SMD=-0.05,95％CI(-0.26,0.15),P=0.61]的影响无统计学意义.结论 当前数据表明,外源性褪黑素及其类似物在降低危重症患者谵妄的发生率、缩短机械通气时间方面具有一定效果,对降低危重患者的病死率和重症监护病房住院时间无明显影响.以上结论还需要更多高质量研究加以证实.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.