静脉-动脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合治疗8例危重症患者的临床分析

目的 探讨本院应用静脉-动脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合(V-A-V ECMO)救治各类危重症患者的指征及切换时机。方法 回顾性分析本院重症医学科(ICU)于2016年4月至2022年4月应用V-A-V ECMO救治的8例危重症患者的临床资料。结果 8例患者中男性6例，女性2例，平均年龄(60.25±15.02)岁。8例患者行ECMO前急性生理与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(30.75±10.50)分，序贯器官衰竭评分(13.75±2.92)分；ECMO时长(89.00±72.43)h; 4例患者死亡。8例患者中有3例V-A模式转换为V-A-V模式，1例V-V模式转换为V-A-V模式，4例患者初始即选择了V-A-V模式。结论 V-A-V ECMO作为一种特殊ECMO策略，可以用于治疗同时存在呼吸循环衰竭的患者，V-A-V模式的转换应根据患者需要的支持情况而定，而在特定的患者中，尤其是初始病因不明者，V-A-V模式也可以考虑作为初始设置。     

体外膜肺氧合在甲型H1N1流感患者肺功能支持中的应用

目的 总结甲型H1N1流感危重患者体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持治疗的方法和经验.方法 5例甲型H1N1流感危重症患者均在呼吸机辅助吸入氧浓度(FiO2)1.00时,动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)0.70～0.85.男3例,女2例.5例患者分别经股静脉-颈内静脉置管采用V-V模式ECMO转流进行肺功能辅助,膜肺氧流量与血流量比为2～1∶1,吸入氧浓度0.21～1.00;呼吸机氧浓度0.30～0.70,呼吸末正压(PEEP)5～10 cm H2O;活化凝血时间(ACT)维持在160～250 s;在ECMO撤离观察期间关闭膜肺气体,动、静脉血氧饱和度和血气无明显变化后即可停ECMO并拔管,继续呼吸机辅助.结果 5例患者辅助时间48～330 h,平均178.2 h;ECMO辅助流量2.4～4.0 L/min;ECMO撤离观察时间4～24 h.4例患者顺利撤离ECMO过渡到呼吸机辅助呼吸,1例患者家属放弃治疗而死亡.结论 股静脉-颈内静脉置管V-V模式ECMO转流可以为甲型H1N1流感危重患者提供有效的肺功能辅助,为患者过渡到适宜呼吸机辅助的状态争取时间.     

体外膜肺氧合在小儿心脏术后急性心肺功能衰竭中的应用

目的 回顾性总结分析阜外医院45例小儿体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)支持治疗心脏术后急性心肺功能衰竭的临床结果和经验.方法 2004-12～2009-12对45例小儿先天性心脏病术后急性心肺功能衰竭实施ECMO,所有患儿均行静脉-动脉ECMO(V-A ECMO)辅助方式,激活凝血时间(ACT)维持140～200 s,肝素用量4～20 U/(kg*h).辅助期间流量40～150 mL/(kg*min).结果 22例患儿成功撤离ECMO,撤机率48.9%;20例患者出院,出院率44.4%.2例成功撤离ECMO后死亡,23例不能撤离ECMO,终止治疗,院内死亡.出院患儿ECMO支持时间(64.21±14.36)h(16～268 h),死亡患儿ECMO支持时间(109.88±21.98)h(25～308 h),差异有统计学意义(P=0.05);出院组年龄、体质量与死亡组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);肾功能不全、感染及氧合器渗漏的患儿死亡率显著上升.至2010-03-31出院患儿通过电话随访到18例,随访率90.0%;1例出院后1 d死亡,1例出院后57 d死亡;余16例患儿存活,生长发育正常,学龄儿童与同龄正常儿童学习成绩比较差异无统计学意义.结论 ECMO支持治疗在小儿先天性心脏病术后急性心肺功能衰竭的治疗中是一种有效的机械辅助方法,手术畸形矫正满意.尽早对心肺衰竭患儿采用ECMO支持治疗,避免重要脏器的不可逆损伤是ECMO成功的关键.低龄、低体重、长时间ECMO支持是死亡的危险因素.     

1例体外膜肺氧合治疗外伤后重症肺栓塞的护理

体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)是体外循环技术的延伸。其原理是将静脉血引流至体外,经过氧合后注入静脉或者动脉,使心肺得到充分休息,为心肺功能恢复赢得时间。1971年,Hill首次应用ECMO救治1例因外伤导致ARDS的患者取得成功[1]。本院ICU于2007年9月首次应用ECMO成功救治了1名外伤后肺脂肪栓塞、急性呼吸窘迫综合症(ARDS)、呼吸循环衰竭的患者,现报道如下。     

影响体外膜肺治疗重症急性呼吸窘迫综合征预后的因素分析

目的 分析接受体外膜肺(ECMO)治疗重症急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的临床特征,探讨影响ECMO治疗重症ARDS预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析法国斯特拉斯堡医学院附属新民众医院2008年11月至2010年9月因常规治疗无效而行ECMO辅助的重症急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的临床资料,将接受动脉-静脉ECMO治疗患者和ECMO治疗前接受机械辅助通气超过10 d的患者排除在外,根据ECMO治疗后28 d的存活情况,分为存活组和死亡组,比较分析两组患者在转入ICU以及接受ECMO治疗前后的临床特征,通过组间单因素分析筛选出影响ECMO治疗重症ARDS效果的主要因素.结果 共有25例患者进入本研究,其中存活组15例,死亡组10例.研究结果表明,存活组患者年龄明显低于死亡组(49.8±10.5)岁vs.(59.9±11.5)岁,P =0.044,并且存活组患者感染甲型H1N1比例明显高于死亡组(x2=3.896,P=0.048).另外,接受ECMO治疗前,存活组患者机械通气时间明显短于死亡组(57.8±8.7) hvs.(68.3±13.7)h,P=0.013.结论 年龄和接受ECMO治疗前机械通气时间的长短,以及导致重症ARDS的病因是影响ECMO治疗重症ARDS效果的重要因素.     

应用人工体外膜肺氧合技术救治危重症病人的护理

[目的]总结临床应用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)成功救治危重症病人的护理经验.[方法]使用成人ECMO配套系统,经股动脉、静脉插管行心肺辅助,采用动脉-静脉模式进行ECMO救治,并采用一系列针对性的护理措施.[结果]成活3例并出院,成功脱机4例,死亡2例,死因主要为原发病不能控制1例,死于并发症1例.[结论]ECMO可以作为临床难治性心肺衰竭的有效辅助手段,严密监护和有效护理是保证ECMO成功的重要环节.     

体外膜肺氧合用于急危重症患者的临床观察

目的 总结8例危重心肺疾病患者实施体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)的方法和效果,时实施病例的适应证、时机及结局进行回顾性分析,为危重患者ECMO的支持适应证及时机选择提供一些可靠经验.方法 对8例不同病因及不同时机患者实施ECMO,年龄26～82岁,体重57～87 kg,采用静脉-动脉转流,辅助流量40～70 ml/(kg·min);ACT 160～200 s.并对8例患者支持适应证、时机选择及结局进行总结分析.结果 ECMO时间9.5～84.1 h.1例未能脱机死亡;2例脱机后38、6 h后死亡;5例成功脱机,康复出院.结论 ECMO是抢救危重心肺功能衰竭、复苏中支持及心脏手术心功能支持的有效方法,其适应证及时机的选择对实施结局有重要影响.     

体外膜肺氧合在危重症患者中的应用进展

正体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygennation,ECMO)是将体内的静脉血引出体外,经过特殊材质人工心肺旁路氧合后注入患者动脉或静脉系统,起到替代部分心肺作用,维持人体器官组织氧合血供。ECMO有静脉-静脉(VV)和静脉-动脉(VA)两种模式,分别用来支持呼吸功能和循环功能衰竭。早期ECMO在成人方面的研究均未显示出有改善预后的作用,因此主要用于婴儿和儿童~[1]。2009年以来,ECMO在甲型H1N1流感成人患者治     

H1N1甲型流感合并ARDS伴发腹内高压患者的护理

正体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)也称体外膜式氧合或体外膜氧合,是一种中短期心肺辅助支持系统,使心肺得到充分休息,为心肺功能恢复争取时间,是当代危重症心肺功能不全有效、可靠的床旁支持治疗[1]。甲型H1N1流感患者合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的病死率为15%～40%,早期应用股静脉-颈静脉模式的体外膜肺氧合(VV ECMO)可用作伴有呼吸衰竭的严重H1N1肺炎患者的辅助治疗或挽救性治疗,可以明显降     

体外膜肺氧合治疗呼吸系统疾病患者预后预测模型研究进展北大核心CSCD

体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)是一种当疾病或器官功能障碍导致心脏和(或)肺功能受到严重影响时,予以维持生命的机械循环装置,主要分为静脉-动脉(V-A)和静脉-静脉(V-V)两种辅助模式[1]。V-V ECMO模式主要用于常规治疗无效的严重急性呼吸衰竭(acute respiratory failure,ARF)、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)患者的辅助支持治疗。研究指出,ECMO治疗的非肺部原发性急诊危重症患者院内存活率及3个月以上存活率均有明显提高[2]。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.