微卫星不稳定性联合肿瘤突变负荷评估非小细胞肺癌病人术后复发转移的临床价值

目的 探讨微卫星不稳定性(MSI)联合肿瘤突变负荷(TMB)评估非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)病人术后复发转移的临床价值。方法 2020年3月～2021年3月本院行肺癌根治术的NSCLC病人80例,术后均接受维持性化疗,根据术后1年有无复发转移分为复发转移组(47例)和未复发转移组(33例)。收集两组病人临床相关资料,并对其病理组织进行MSI及TMB检测,分析并比较MSI与TMB评估NSCLC病人术后复发转移的价值。结果 单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,肺癌根治术后复发转移与有吸烟史、高肿瘤分期、中低分化、有淋巴结转移、MSI阴性、高TMB有关(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示淋巴结转移、高TMB是影响术后复发转移的独立危险因素(P均<0.05)。结论 MSI与TMB均具有评估病人术后复发转移的价值,联合检测仅与MSI比较有差异,与TMB比较无明显差异,提示TMB单独检测的价值较好。     

结肠癌根治术后早期复发转移的相关因素分析及治疗

目的：探讨结肠癌术后复发转移的相关因素及治疗。方法：回顾分析1998年1月—2005年12月收治的54例行结肠癌根治术后复发转移患者的临床病理资料。结果：单因素分析显示,年龄、性别、肿瘤大体分型、肿瘤部位、浸润深度、淋巴转移、Dukes分期、手术及术后是否化疗与早期复发转移相关（P〈0.05）;多因素分析发现,年龄、Dukes分期、分化程度、肿瘤组织类型、淋巴结转移、术后化疗是影响结肠癌根治术后早期复发转移的重要因素（P〈0.05）。结论：年龄、组织学类型、分化程度、肿瘤分期、淋巴结转移及术后化疗是影响结肠癌术后早期复发的重要危险因素;对于复发转移的结肠癌患者,再次手术联合术后化疗能获得良好效果。     

手术切除直肠癌患者预后危险因素分析

目的探讨手术切除直肠癌患者预后的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析286例直肠癌术后患者的临床资料,对比不同因素患者的5年生存率。结果单因素分析显示,不同性别、年龄患者5年生存率比较无统计学差异(P0.05),而不同病程、术前CEA水平、手术方式、肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤大小、肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移个数、肿瘤临床分期患者的5年生存率比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic回归分析显示,术前CEA水平、肿瘤分化程度、淋巴结转移、肿瘤浸润深度以及肿瘤临床分期均为直肠癌术后患者预后不良的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论术前CEA水平、肿瘤分化程度、淋巴结转移、肿瘤浸润深度以及肿瘤临床分期均为直肠癌术后患者预后不良的独立危险因素。因此,直肠癌的早期诊断及早期手术治疗对于改善患者预后、提高患者生活质量将具有重要意义。     

单孔全胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术治疗早期非小细胞肺癌

目的总结单孔全胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术治疗早期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的临床经验。 方法回顾性分析2014年5月至2015年3月在福建医科大学附属协和医院胸外科行单孔全胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术治疗27例早期NSCLC患者的临床病例资料。采用双腔气管内插管、健侧单肺通气,于腋前线第4或第5肋间做一个长4～5 cm的手术切口,先完成解剖性肺段切除,如术中病理证实为NSCLC则进一步行纵隔淋巴结清扫或采样。主要观察指标包括围手术期资料(手术时间、出血量、引流管放置时间、住院时间等)、肿瘤手术效果(淋巴结切除总数、纵隔淋巴结切除站数、纵隔淋巴结切除数)及术后疼痛评分。 结果所有病例均在单孔全胸腔镜下完成手术,无增加辅助腔镜切口、无中转开胸病例。无围手术期死亡病例,有3例患者发生并发症(肺部感染2例,心律失常1例),经治疗后均痊愈,并发症发生率为11.1%。27例早期NSCLC患者的平均手术时间(192.2±56.1)min,术中出血量(83.8±50.5)ml,术后拔管时间(4.5±1.3)d,术后住院时间(6.2±2.7)d,术后疼痛VAS评分(3.4±0.9)分。手术效果显示：每例患者平均淋巴结切除总数(13.7±5.3)枚,纵隔淋巴结切除总数(9.5±4.3)枚,纵隔淋巴结切除站数(5.6±1.3)站。 结论在有丰富腔镜手术经验的治疗中心,单孔全胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术治疗早期NSCLC在技术上是安全可行的,是一种更为微创的手术方法。     

pN2/Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌五年生存期与纵隔淋巴结转移相关性的回顾性分析

目的 探讨N2淋巴结转移状态对pN2/Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)预后的影响.方法 接受手术治疗的pN2/Ⅲ期NSCLC患者206例,分析N2淋巴结转移状态并计算其纵隔淋巴结转移率(MLNR),通过Kaplan-Meier法和Cox比例风险模型分析纵隔淋巴结转移状态与NSCLC患者术后总生存时间(OS)的关系.结果 206例pN2/Ⅲ期NSCLC患者中位生存时间29.6个月;Kaplan-Meier分析显示,多站N2淋巴结转移、N2淋巴结转移数＞2枚、N2跳跃性转移、隆突下淋巴结转移阳性以及高纵隔淋巴结转移率(MLNR,≥33％)的患者生存时间明显缩短(P＜0.05).Cox比例风险模型分析显示,隆突下淋巴结转移阳性(HR=1.81,95％ CI 1.18,2.79,P＜0.01),MLNR≥33％ (HR=1.54,95％ CI 1.02,2.33,P＜0.05)是影响NSCLC患者预后的独立危险因素.结论 纵隔淋巴结跳跃性转移、隆突下淋巴结转移、纵隔淋巴结转移站数和转移数目以及MLNR与pN2/Ⅲ期NSCLC患者术后OS显著相关,可能是影响pN2/Ⅲ期NSCLC患者预后的危险因素.     

结肠癌根治术后复发的多因素分析

目的探讨结肠癌根治术后复发的因素。方法对2000年1月～2005年1月收治的135例结肠癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。选择对结肠癌术后复发可能产生影响的临床因素,通过Cox比例风险模型进行多因素分析。结果全组患者复发率为16.3％。单因素分析显示,淋巴结转移、肿瘤大小、Dukes’分期和肿瘤细胞分化程度与结肠癌根治术后肿瘤复发有关。多因素分析显示,淋巴结转移和肿瘤细胞分化程度与结肠癌根治术后肿瘤复发有关。结论淋巴结转移和肿瘤细胞分化程度是影响结肠癌术后复发的独立危险因素。     

结直肠癌根治术后复发转移危险因素分析

目的探讨结直肠癌根治术后复发转移的相关因素。方法应用单因素和多因素Cox分析方法,回顾性分析1990—1999年692例结直肠癌根治术后病例的临床病理因素。结果复发转移率23.4%(162/692),复发转移在术后2年内出现者占74.1%(120/162),3年内出现者占92.0%(149/162)。3、5年生存率:复发转移组分别为33.1%和19.7%,非复发转移组分别为92.8%和86.1%。单因素分析显示,结直肠癌患者的Dukes分期、淋巴结转移、肠壁浸润深度、分化程度、肿瘤部位、大体类型与复发转移有关。多因素分析显示,结直肠癌的淋巴结转移、肿瘤部位、分化程度是复发转移的危险因素,其中淋巴结转移是影响术后复发转移最重要的因素。分别进行局部复发和远处转移多因素分析显示,淋巴结转移、肿瘤部位、分化程度与局部复发有关,而淋巴结转移、肠壁浸润深度与远处转移有关。直肠癌多因素分析显示分化程度是术后复发的预后因素。结论淋巴结转移是影响结直肠癌术后复发转移最重要的危险因素。浸润深度是术后远处转移的重要预后因素,肿瘤位于直肠且分化程度低的患者术后局部复发的风险较大。     

老年直肠癌根治术后局部复发的危险因素分析

目的：分析老年直肠癌根治术后局部复发的危险因素。 方法：回顾性分析2006年3月—2008年4月接受手术治疗的老年直肠癌患者的临床资料。观察术后5年局部复发率并分析相关危险因素。 结果：老年直肠癌术后5年的复发率为25.93%（21/81）。单因素Logistic回归分析显示原发瘤T3~T4、围手术期输血≥500 mL、年龄≥70岁、淋巴结转移以及术前CEA升高是导致老年直肠癌术后5年复发率升高的危险因素（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,原发瘤T3~T4及淋巴结转移是导致老年直肠癌术后5年复发率升高的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。临床分期为T1~T2组的患者术后5年局部累积复发率低于临床分期为T3~T4组的患者（χ2=22.400,P<0.001）。发生淋巴结转移的患者术后5年局部累积复发率高于未发生淋巴结转移的患者（χ2=12.880,P<0.001）。 结论：老年直肠癌术后5年的局部复发率约为25.93%（21/81）,针对影响复发的高危因素积极预防是提高术后生存期的有效措施。     

肺癌手术中淋巴结清扫的现状与进展

淋巴结转移是肺癌主要而常见的转移途径,也是术后癌残留而导致复发和转移的主要因素,肺癌手术中纵隔、肺门淋巴结清扫至关重要。但目前淋巴结的清扫方式尚不统一,有系统淋巴结清扫术（CMLND）、根治性淋巴结清扫术、淋巴结采样、系统淋巴结采样以及前哨淋巴结技术导航切除,并且随着微创外科的发展,胸腔镜下淋巴结清扫也日趋成熟。而寻求一个更规范、更完善的淋巴结清扫方式甚有必要。现就目前肺癌手术中纵隔、肺门淋巴结清扫的临床意义、清扫方式、清扫范围以及胸腔镜下淋巴结清扫的现状以及展望进行综述。     

食管癌术后生存五年以上患者复发转移的相关因素分析

目的探讨食管癌术后生存期超过五年以上患者发生复发转移的相关因素。方法对1997年10月至2002年10月在本院接受食管癌切除治疗出院患者进行追踪随访,将其中在术后有完整随访资料、生存期超过五年的181例病例进行分析,其中男148例、女33例,患者年龄63.9(60~70)岁。总结患者随访资料,对可能导致患者复发的相关资料进行单因素分析。结果单因素分析结果表明,肿瘤复发转移与分化程度、病理分期、有无淋巴结转移以及淋巴结转移数有关(P0.05),而性别、年龄、肿瘤长度、肿瘤生长部位等其它临床病理因素与复发转移无关(P0.05)。结论食管癌术后影响患者五年生存率的主要因素是手术时的p TNM分期、有无淋巴结转移和淋巴结转移的数量。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.