Perioperative glycaemic control in diabetic patients undergoing cataract surgery under local anaesthesia: a survey of practices of Singapore ophthalmologists and anaesthesiologists

INTRODUCTION

Perioperative glycaemic control is an important aspect of clinical management in diabetic patients undergoing cataract surgery under local anaesthesia. While poor long-term glycaemic control has significant implications for surgery, perioperative hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia may also compromise patient safety and surgical outcomes. We aimed to survey ophthalmologists and anaesthesiologists on their approach and to identify the prevalent practice patterns in Singapore.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey conducted in four public hospitals in Singapore with established ophthalmology and anaesthesia units. Respondents were approached individually, and the self-administered questionnaires comprised questions related to practice patterns, clinical scenarios and awareness of pre-existing guidelines.

RESULTS

A total of 129 doctors responded to the questionnaire survey. 76 (58.9%) were from ophthalmology departments and 53 (41.1%) were from anaesthesia departments. The majority chose to withhold oral hypoglycaemic agents (82.9%) and/or insulin (69.8%), and keep the patient fasted preoperatively. A blood glucose level ≥ 17 mmol/L prompted 86.0%–93.8% of respondents to adopt a treat-and-defer strategy, while a level ≥ 23 mmol/L prompted 86.0%–96.9% of respondents to cancel the cataract surgery. The respondents were consistently more concerned about perioperative hyperglycaemia (n = 99, 76.7%) than intraoperative hypoglycaemia (n = 83, 64.3%).

CONCLUSION

The current study presented the prevalent practice patterns of ophthalmologists and anaesthesiologists in the perioperative management of diabetic patients undergoing cataract surgery in four public hospitals in Singapore. Further research in this field is required, and may be useful for the future formulation of formal guidelines and protocols.     

Insulin therapy refusal among type II diabetes mellitus patients in Kubang Pasu district,Kedah, Malaysia

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes mellitus is a rising non-communicable disease in Malaysia. Insulin therapy refusal is a challenge for healthcare providers, as it results in delayed insulin initiation. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of insulin therapy refusal and its associated factors.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted at seven public health clinics in Kubang Pasu district of Kedah, Malaysia, from March to October 2012. A newly developed and validated questionnaire was used and participants were selected via systematic random sampling. Only patients diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and under the public health clinic care in Kubang Pasu were included in the study. Multiple logistic regression was used to study the association between insulin therapy refusal and its associated factors.

RESULTS

There were 461 respondents and the response rate was 100%. Among these 461 patients with T2DM, 74.2% refused insulin therapy. The most common reason given for refusal was a lack of confidence in insulin injection (85.4%). Multiple logistic regression revealed that respondents who had secondary education were 55.0% less likely to refuse insulin therapy than those who had primary education or no formal education (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25–0.82, p = 0.009). There was also a significant inverse association between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level and insulin therapy refusal (adjusted OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.76–1.00, p = 0.047).

CONCLUSION

Insulin therapy refusal is common in Kubang Pasu. Educational status and HbA1c level should be taken into consideration when counselling patients on insulin therapy initiation.     

The association of cardiovascular disease with impaired health-related quality of life among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study was to evaluate the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of Malaysian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as identify the determinants of HRQoL among this cohort of patients.

METHODS

This study was an analytical cross-sectional study involving 313 patients aged 30–78 years (150 men, 163 women; mean age 55.7 ± 9.2 years) who were diagnosed with T2DM (mean duration of T2DM 10.1 ± 8.1 years) at two tertiary Malaysian government hospitals. The patients’ sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical and laboratory data were collected prospectively from medical records and via face-to-face interviews. HRQoL was assessed using the 15D instrument – a generic, 15-dimensional and standardised measure of HRQoL that can be used as both a profile and a single index score measure.

RESULTS

T2DM patients with CVD were found to have significantly lower 15D HRQoL scores than their non-CVD counterparts (p < 0.001). The HRQoL of T2DM patients with CVD was significantly lower than those without CVD (p < 0.05) in all of the 15 dimensions of the 15D instrument. Multinomial logistic regression analysis using backward stepwise method revealed a significant association between CVD and impaired HRQoL (odds ratio [OR] 11.746, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.898–28.167). Age (OR 1.095, 95% CI 1.054–1.137), duration of T2DM (OR 1.085, 95% CI 1.032–1.140), ethnicity (OR 0.411, 95% CI 0.187–0.903), body mass index (OR 1.074, 95% CI 1.006–1.148), and physical activity level (OR 3.506, 95% CI 1.415–8.689) were also significant predictors of HRQoL.

CONCLUSION

In T2DM patients, the presence of CVD was significantly associated with a lower HRQoL. Therefore, the importance of tertiary prevention to minimise the potential deterioration of the HRQoL of T2DM patients with CVD should be highly emphasised.     

Myopia in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to evaluate the proportion of young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who have myopia, as well as the risk factors associated with myopia in this group.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, patients aged < 21 years with T1DM for ≥ 1 year underwent a comprehensive eye examination. Presence of parental myopia, and average hours of near-work and outdoor activity were estimated using a questionnaire. Annualised glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), defined as the mean of the last three HbA1c readings taken over the last year, was calculated. Multivariate analysis using genetic, environmental and diabetes-related factors was done to evaluate risk factors associated with myopia.

RESULTS

Of the 146 patients (mean age 12.5 ± 3.6 years) recruited, 66.4% were Chinese and 57.5% were female. Myopia (i.e. spherical equivalent [SE] of –0.50 D or worse) was present in 96 (65.8%) patients. The proportion of patients with myopia increased from 25.0% and 53.6% in those aged < 7.0 years and 7.0–9.9 years, respectively, to 59.2% and 78.4% in those aged 10.0–11.9 years and ≥ 12.0 years, respectively. Higher levels of SE were associated with lower parental myopia (p = 0.024) and higher annualised HbA1c (p = 0.011).

CONCLUSION

Compared to the background population, the proportion of myopia in young patients with T1DM was higher in those aged < 10 years but similar in the older age group. Myopia was associated with a history of parental myopia. Environmental risk factors and poor glycaemic control were not related to higher myopia risk.     

Prevalence of dysglycaemic events among inpatients with diabetes mellitus: a Singaporean perspective

INTRODUCTION

As the effectiveness of intensive glycaemic control is unclear and recommended glycaemic targets are inconsistent, this study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of dysglycaemia among hospitalised patients with diabetes mellitus in an Asian population and evaluate the current standards of inpatient glycaemic control.

METHODS

A retrospective observational study was conducted at a secondary hospital. Point-of-care blood glucose (BG) values, demographic data, medical history, glycaemic therapy and clinical characteristics were recorded. Dysglycaemia prevalence was calculated as proportions of BG-monitored days with at least one reading exceeding the cut points of 8, 10 and 15 mmol/L for hyperglycaemia, and below the cut point of 4 mmol/L for hypoglycaemia.

RESULTS

Among the 288 patients recruited, hyperglycaemia was highly prevalent (90.3%, 81.3% and 47.6% for the respective cut points), while hypoglycaemia was the least prevalent (18.8%). Dysglycaemic patients were more likely than normoglycaemic patients to have poorer glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (8.4% ± 2.6% vs. 7.3% ± 1.9%; p = 0.002 for BG > 10 mmol/L) and longer lengths of stay (10.1 ± 8.2 days vs. 6.8 ± 4.7 days; p = 0.007 for BG < 4 mmol/L). Hyperglycaemia was more prevalent in patients on more intensive treatment regimens, such as basal-bolus combination therapy and the use of both insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents (100.0% and 96.0%, respectively; p < 0.001 for BG > 10 mmol/L).

CONCLUSION

Inpatient glycaemic control is suboptimal. Factors (e.g. type of treatment regimen, discipline and baseline HbA1c) associated with greater prevalence of dysglycaemia should be given due consideration in patient management.     

Predictors of major lower limb amputation among type II diabetic patients admitted for diabetic foot problems

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common cause of amputations in Malaysia. This study aimed to identify the predictive factors for major lower limb amputation among patients with type 2 DM (T2DM) who were admitted to a hospital, in order to reduce its likelihood.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study involved 218 patients with T2DM who were admitted to Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan, Malaysia, for diabetic foot problems from June 2011 to July 2012. A form was developed to document the patients’ profiles, comorbidities, complications, investigations, treatment and clinical outcomes. The predictors for major lower limb amputations were determined using univariate and stepwise logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 31 patients underwent major lower limb amputations (25 transtibial, 6 transfemoral). The following factors were found to be associated with the incidence of major lower limb amputations: T2DM duration ≥ 10 years, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, presentation with gangrene, diabetic foot conditions of Wagner grade 4 or 5, and necrotising fasciitis. Patients who underwent major amputations had significantly lower haemoglobin and albumin levels, and higher total white blood cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and C-reactive protein, urea and creatinine levels. However, only T2DM duration ≥ 10 years, positive bacterial culture and albumin levels were significant on stepwise logistic regression analysis.

CONCLUSION

T2DM duration ≥ 10 years, positive bacterial culture and low albumin levels were found to be significant predictive factors for major lower limb amputation among patients with T2DM admitted for diabetic foot problems.     

Association between urinary 8-OHdG and pulse wave velocity in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

INTRODUCTION

Oxidative stress, assessed using 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), can be associated with arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and/or hypertension (HT). We investigated the correlation between urinary 8-OHdG and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in hypertensive and non-hypertensive T2DM patients with fair glycaemic control to determine the clinical significance of HT as a comorbidity in the diabetic state.

METHODS

Clinical data, including traditional cardiovascular risk factors, diabetic complications, prescribed agents, urinary 8-OHdG level and brachial-ankle PWV, was collected from T2DM patients with and without HT.

RESULTS

There were 76 patients (45 men, 31 women; mean age 61 years; mean haemoglobin A1c level 6.5%) in the study cohort. T2DM patients with HT had significantly higher mean PWV than patients without HT (1,597 cm/s vs 1,442 cm/s; p < 0.05). Patients with HT showed no significant difference in 8-OHdG levels relative to those without HT (median 7.9 ng/mg creatinine vs 8.8 ng/mg creatinine; p > 0.05). Simple linear correlation and stepwise multiple linear regression analyses revealed that 8-OHdG levels correlated independently, significantly and positively with PWV among T2DM patients with HT (r = 0.33, p < 0.05; β = 0.23, p < 0.05). No significant correlation was observed between 8-OHdG levels and PWV among T2DM patients without HT.

CONCLUSION

In the hypertensive state, oxidative stress can be responsible for the development of arterial stiffness, even in patients with fairly well controlled T2DM. Oxidative stress management may be necessary for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in this population.     

Inadequate glycaemic control and antidiabetic therapy among inpatients with type 2 diabetes in Guangdong Province of China

Background Diabetes mellitus has become epidemic in recent years in China. We investigated the prevalence of hyperglycaemia and inadequate glycaemic control among type 2 diabetic inpatients from ten university teaching hospitals in Guangdong Province, China.
Methods Inadequate glycaemic control in diabetic patients was defined as HbA1c 〉 6.5%. Therapeutic regimens included no-intervention, lifestyle only, oral antiglycemic agents （OA）, insulin plus OA （insulin＋OA）, or insulin only. Antidiabetic managements included monotherapy, double therapy, triple or quadruple therapy.
Results Among 493 diabetic inpatients with known history, 75% had HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. inadequate glucose control rates were more frequently seen in patients on insulin＋OA regimen （97%） ,than on OA regimen （71%） （P 〈0.001）, and more frequent in patients on combination therapy （81%-96%） than monotherapy （7,5%） （P 〈0.0,5）. Patients on insulin differed significantly from patients on OA by mean HbA1c, glycemic control rate, diabetes duration, microvascular complications, and BMI （P 〈0.01）.
Conclusions This study showed that glycaemic control of type 2 diabetic patients deteriorated for patients who received insulin and initiation time of insulin was usually delayed, it is up to clinicians to move from the traditional stepwise therapy to a more active and early combination antidiabetic therapy to provide better glucose control.     

Determinants for inadequate glycaemic control in Chinese patients with mild-to-moderate type 2 diabetes on oral antidiabetic drugs alone

Background  Prevalence of inadequate glycaemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains high. We assessed glycaemic control in the real-life practice among people with T2DM in metropolises in China who were treated with oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) alone and to determine factors associated with inadequate glycaemic control in this population.

Methods  An observational, cross-sectional multicentre study was conducted in 16 metropolitan medical centers. People with T2DM who had been followed-up before the index visit which occurred from January to September 2007 were included in the study. All subjects were ≥30 years of age at the time of T2DM diagnosis and had received monotherapy or combination therapy of OAD for at least 6 months. Demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records. The main study outcome was the inadequate glucose control rate, which was calculated by the proportion of patients with haemoglobin A_1C (HbA_1C) ≥6.5% detected on the index visit.

Results  In this cohort of 455 patients with T2DM whose mean age was 60.6 years and mean disease duration was 6.1 years, 45.5% had inadequate glycaemic control. The mean (SD) HbA_1C was 6.7% (1.3). Multivariate Logistic regression showed that physical inactivity, disease duration >10 years, body mass index (BMI) ≥24 kg/m², low homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) index, less frequency of medical visit and hypertriglyceridaemia were independent determinants of inadequate glycaemic control. Higher incidence of self-reported hypoglycemia experience (47.1% vs. 34.8%, P=0.008) and more fear of hypoglycemia quantified by Worry subscale of the Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey (HFS) II were happened in subjects with good glycemic control.

Conclusion  Approximately one half of these outpatients with T2DM from the metropolitan medical centers in China had inadequate glycaemic control treated with OAD alone, which raises the need for more effective educational and therapeutic approaches on management of hypertriglycemia, enhancing physical exercise and weight control, and at the same time, lowering the hypoglycemic risk and diminishing the hypoglycemic fear of patients.

     

降糖治疗对2型糖尿病人sE-选择素水平影响研究

目的研究降糖治疗对2型糖尿病患者血浆可溶性E-选择素的影响。方法应用酶联免疫吸附法检测60例2型糖尿病患者降糖治疗前后血浆sE-选择素水平,并与23例正常对照组比较。结果治疗前糖尿病患者sE-选择素水平明显高于对照组。sE-选择素水平与HbA1c、果糖胺、BMI、空腹C肽正相关。治疗3周后sE-选择素水平明显下降,但仍未降到对照组水平。结论 sE-选择素与肥胖、高血糖相关。2型糖尿病患者降糖治疗可通过降低血中sE-选择素水平,从而有助于防止和改善血管并发症的发生和发展。     

利拉鲁肽治疗血糖控制不佳超重2型糖尿病的疗效

目的 观察利拉鲁肽治疗血糖控制不佳超重2型糖尿病( T2DM)患者的临床效果. 方法 40例口服降糖药物联合胰岛素治疗后血糖控制不佳的超重T2DM患者,在原治疗方案不变的基础上加用利拉鲁肽注射液,连用12周. 观察治疗前、治疗后4周和12周空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹C肽、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、体重指数(BMI)、血脂的变化情况. 结果 治疗后FPG、2hPG、空腹C肽、HbA1c、BMI较治疗前均明显下降(P<0.05),随着时间的增加,上述各指标均逐渐降低(P<0.05);治疗前后患者总胆固醇、高密度胆固醇、低密度胆固醇、甘油三酯、脂联素、瘦素水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).40 例患者平均HbA1c、体重由治疗前的8.6%、74.4 kg,下降至治疗12周后的7.6%、71.1 kg,分别减少了1.0%、3.3 kg. HbA1c下降幅度与患者治疗前HbA1c水平呈正相关(P<0.05),与患者既往使用胰岛素呈负相关(P<0.05),与其他指标无明显相关性(P>0.05). 治疗期间无低血糖、无胰腺炎及不良免疫反应等发生. 结论 利拉鲁肽对血糖控制不佳超重2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的治疗效果好,可明显降低体重,改善血糖.     

老年2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变相关因素分析

目的:探讨老年2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变相关危险因素。方法:选择2008年5月～2011年6月在我院门诊及住院治疗的98例老年2型糖尿病患者,根据有无视网膜病变分为两组,其中糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)组48例,非糖尿病视网膜病变组50例,对两组的性别、年龄、病程、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、体重指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(PBG2h)、糖化血红蛋白(GH-bA1c)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、同型半胱氨酸(HCY)、尿酸(UA)和血脂等相关因素进行比较,DR与各种影响因素间相关性检验用Logistic多因素逐步回归分析。结果:糖尿病视网膜病变组年龄、病程、SBP、GHbA1c、CRP、HCY、UA以及LDL与非糖尿病视网膜病变组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05～0.01);病程、SBP、GHbA1c、CRP及HCY 5个因素与DR发生密切相关(P<0.05)。结论:病程、SBP、GHbA1c、CRP及HCY是发生糖尿病视网膜病变的危险因素。     

Hibbard护理模式干预对老年2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的作用

目的 评估临床护理干预对血糖不稳的老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血糖控制的效果.方法 130例门诊老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者按纳入标准随机分为干预组(n=65)和对照组(n=65),干预组患者在常规服用降血糖药物的同时,根据Hibbard护理模式并加以改进,通过护理培训、饮食指导等护理干预,而对照组采用常规药物治疗和家庭护理手段,通过电话随访监测患者心理和生化指标来评估护理干预的效果.结果 经过护理干预后,患者对药物治疗的依从性显著提高,经过12周的随访,患者糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖和餐后2 h血糖均显著低于随访前的基数值(P＜0.01).结论 Hibbard护理模式可提高患者对药物治疗的依从性,突出个体化治疗特点,改善患者血糖控制效果.     

护理干预在2型老年糖尿病患者治疗中的应用及效果评价

目的 探讨综合护理干预措施对2型老年糖尿病患者治疗的影响.方法 将120例2型老年糖尿病患者随机分为干预组和对照组,干预组实施综合护理干预,对照组实施常规护理.通过随访对患者糖尿病控制情况进行调查分析.结果 干预组空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖及糖化血红蛋白均低于对照组( P<0.05),饮食控制、运动锻炼、遵医服药、血糖监测、高、低血糖处理及总自我效能得分均较对照组高.结论 综合护理干预措施可以提高2型老年糖尿病患者的治疗依从性、自我管理及自我保健意识,从而有效控制血糖水平.     

Assessment of glycaemic control in stable type 2 black South African diabetics attending a peri-urban clinic

Glycaemic control was assessed in type 2 black diabetics attending the diabetic clinic at a peri-urban hospital. Baseline glycosylated haemoglobin levels were measured and a subsequent estimation was carried out in those patients who attended a follow-up consultation to see whether current recommended targets for glycosylated haemoglobin levels were being attained. Out of 708 patients, mean age 56.3 years, 14.7% were insulin treated and 85.3% were non-insulin-treated. Target values of HbA1c < 7% were achieved in only 20.1% (142) of patients. Although mean glycosylated haemoglobin levels were significantly higher in females (p = 0.03), the proportion of poorly controlled diabetics was similar in the two sexes. Patients whose HbA1c levels fell within the target values had diabetes of significantly shorter duration than those exhibiting poor control (5.0 + 0.2 vs 7.03 + 0.5 years). Obesity was present in 562 patients (79.4%). Target values were only achieved in 16.4% of non-obese and 21% of obese diabetics, with mean glycosylated haemoglobin levels being significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the former group (10.3 + 0.4% vs 9.5 + 0.2%). Similar results were observed with respect to type of treatment, with only 14.4% of insulin-treated and 21% of non-insulin-treated diabetics achieving target values. The follow-up HbA1c estimation did not show any difference in the glycaemic control status of patients, with only 19.9% of them achieving the target values. Dietary advice (though minimal) seemed to have no impact on the metabolic control of our patients. These results suggest that glycaemic control was poor irrespective of sex, duration, BMI, educational status, dietary advice and type of treatment with recommended target values not being achieved in the majority of patients. Behavioural changes through health educational programmes need to be instituted with both patient and medical personnel being motivated to take this process forward.     

The prevalence of albuminuria among diabetic patients in a primary care setting in Singapore

INTRODUCTION

Microalbuminuria is an early sign of kidney damage. The prevalence of microalbuminuria in Singapore has been reported to be 36.0%–48.5%. However, the prevalence of microalbuminuria reported in these studies was determined with one urine sample using a qualitative urine test. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of micro- and macroalbuminuria using a more stringent criterion of two positive quantitative urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) tests.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who were followed up at a primary care clinic in Singapore. Patients were diagnosed to have albuminuria if they had two positive ACR tests within a seven-month period.

RESULTS

A total of 786 patients with T2DM met the study’s inclusion criteria. 55.7% were already on an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and/or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). The prevalence rates of micro- and macroalbuminuria were 14.2% and 5.7%, respectively. Patients with albuminuria were more likely to have hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 3.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.55–7.80). Diabetics with poorer diabetic control (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.26–2.79), and higher systolic (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.14–2.49) and diastolic (OR 1.96, 95% CI, 1.20 to 3.22) blood pressures were more likely to have albuminuria.

CONCLUSION

In the present study, the prevalence of microalbuminuria is significantly lower than that previously reported in Singapore. The presence of hypertension, poor diabetic control and suboptimal blood pressure control are possible risk factors for albuminuria in patients with T2DM.     

健康教育在糖尿病治疗过程中的作用探讨

目的探讨糖尿病教育在糖尿病治疗中的作用。方法对86例糖尿病患者在接受常规治疗的同时，对糖尿病的基础知识、并发症及糖尿病的治疗措施等进行教育。具体采取集中病人上大课，编写糖尿病教育教材，根据知识水平不同单独上课，采取考试、答题等方式，总结教育效果，修订教育方案，并帮助患者制定个体方案，监督执行，教育结束对病人疾病总体控制情况与教育前进行比较。结果通过教育对患者空腹血糖、餐后2小时的血糖、糖化血红蛋白均有明显的下降，血脂得到明显的改善。未发生严重的低血糖反应，且无新增急慢并发症的发生。结论糖尿病教育可有效的改善糖尿病的总体控制水平，防止糖尿病急慢性并发症的发生。     

Self-monitoring of blood glucose improved glycaemic control and 10-year coronary heart disease risk profile of type 2 diabetic patients

Background The debate over the overall benefits of self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes patients is still continuing. We aimed to assess the difference in glycaemic control and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk levels of experimental type 2 diabetes patients provided with facilities for self-monitoring blood glucose and their counterparts without such facilities.

Methods Sixty-one patients who had no prior experience in using glucometers were studied as intervention ( n =30) and control ( n =31) groups. The intervention group was trained in self-monitoring of blood glucose and documentation. Baseline blood glucose and fasting blood glucose were measured and the intervention patients were provided with glucometers and advised to self-monitor their fasting and postprandial blood glucose over six months. The 10-year CHD risk levels were determined with the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study-derived risk engine calculator.

Results The age and diabetes duration were similar in the two groups ( P >0.05). The majority of the patients were unemployed or retired females with only a primary level education. After 3 months, the haemogolbin A 1C (HbA 1c ) levels of the control patients remained unchanged ((7.8±0.3)% vs. (7.9±0.4)%, P >0.05) whereas the HbA 1c levels of the intervention patients were significantly reduced from the baseline at three ((9.6±0.3)% vs. (7.8±0.3)%, P <0.001) and six ((9.2±0.4)% vs. (7.5±0.3)%, P <0.001) months. Interestingly, while the 10-year CHD risk level of the control group remained unchanged after three months, that of the intervention group was remarkably reduced at three and six months from the baseline level ((7.4±1.3)% vs. (4.5±0.9)%, P =0.056).

Conclusion Self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes patients significantly improved glycaemic control and the CHD risk profile, suggesting that type 2 diabetes patients will potentially benefit from inclusion of glucose meters and testing strips in their health-care package.     

FOS样抗原2蛋白表达在新疆维吾尔族2型糖尿病中的应用

目的  比较FOS样抗原2（FOSL2）蛋白在新疆维吾尔族2型糖尿病（T2DM）及正常糖代谢（NGT）人群中的表达水平,并分析其表达与临床生化指标的相关性。方法  收取2013年10月-2014年10月新疆喀什地区维吾尔族T2DM及NGT对象各50例,测量并记录其一般临床指标,采集血液标本。生化分析仪测定空腹血糖（FPG）以及总胆固醇（TC）等糖脂代谢指标;全自动电化学发光分析仪及配套试剂测定空腹胰岛素（FINS）水平;高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）;酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定FOSL2蛋白表达水平。采用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行数据分析。结果  ①与维吾尔族NGT组比较,T2DM组的体重指数（BMI）[（25.02±3.19）vs（28.36±4.01）,P =0.000]、FPG[（5.45±0.69）vs（11.4±4.39）,P =0.000]、HbA1c[（6.21±1.30）vs（10.20±2.10）,P =0.000]、TC[（3.80±0.87）vs（5.16±0.87）,P =0.000]、TG[（1.48±0.85）vs（2.21±1.02）,P =0.000]、LDL-C[（2.26±0.83）vs（2.63±0.74）,P =0.018]水平较高,而HDL-C[（1.19±0.30）vs（1.03±0.34）,P =0.011]及FOSL2蛋白表达水平降低[（41.48±26.32）vs（18.09±9.48）,P =0.000];②与维吾尔族NGT组比较,T2DM组的FINS[（11.61±0.94）vs（16.13±1.61）,P =0.017]、稳态胰岛素评价指数（HOMA-IR）[（2.74±0.22）vs（7.81±0.75）,P =0.000]水平较高;③维吾尔族T2DM患者血清FOSL2蛋白表达水平与BMI（r =-0.44,P =0.005）、FPG（r =-0.39,P =0.013）、HbAlc（r =-0.34,P =0.044）、TC（r =-0.35,P =0.027）呈负相关。回归分析示BMI（β=-2.17,P =0.032）为FOSL2蛋白表达水平的影响因素。结论  FOSL2蛋白表达水平下调可能参与新疆维吾尔族胰岛素抵抗及T2DM的发生发展,BMI是维吾尔族T2DM的FOSL2蛋白表达水平的重要影响因素。

     

IGF2BP2 and obesity interaction analysis for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese Han population

Background

The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the contribution of the insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its interaction with obesity to T2DM susceptibility.

Methods

To clarify whether IGF2BP2 is an independent risk factor for T2DM in Chinese population, we conducted a study with a total of 2,301 Chinese Han subjects, including 1,166 T2DM patients and 1,135 controls, for the genotype of a most common and widely studied polymorphism—rs4402960 of IGF2BP2. Genotyping was performed by iPLEX technology. Gene and environment interaction analysis was performed by using multiple logistic regression models.

Results

The repeatedly confirmed association between IGF2BP2 (rs4402960) and T2DM had not been replicated in this cohort (P = 0.182). Interestingly, we found that obese subjects (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 28.0 kg/m²) bearing the minor A allele had an increased risk to develop T2DM (P = 0.008 for allele analysis and P < 0.001 for genotype analysis).

Conclusions

The present study provided data suggesting that the wild C allele of IGF2BP2 (rs4402960) had a protective effect against T2DM in obese subjects of Chinese Han population.