骨桥蛋白通过内质网应激诱导C2C12肌细胞胰岛素抵抗

目的:探讨骨桥蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)对C2C12肌细胞胰岛素抵抗的影响及其可能的机制。方法:低血清培养辅以胰岛素处理诱导C2C12成肌细胞分化为C2C12肌细胞,蛋白免疫印迹检测蛋白质的表达,离心法分离细胞膜,葡萄糖摄取试剂盒定量葡萄糖摄取。结果:(1)骨桥蛋白以剂量依赖和时间依赖方式抑制胰岛素刺激的蛋白激酶B(Akt)的磷酸化,并抑制胰岛素所致的葡萄糖转运体4(Glut4)膜位移和葡萄糖的摄取;而特异性的抗OPN受体CD44抗体预处理可逆转上述变化。(2)OPN可诱导C2C12肌细胞的内质网应激,并促进c-Jun氨基端激酶(JNK)的磷酸化。(3)内质网应激抑制剂4-苯基丁酸(4-PBA)可降低OPN所增加的JNK磷酸化,恢复胰岛素刺激所致的Glut4的膜位移以及葡萄糖摄取。结论:骨桥蛋白通过诱导C2C12肌细胞内质网应激导致胰岛素抵抗。本研究为揭示骨桥蛋白在胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病中的作用提供了新的实验依据和理论解释。     

厄贝沙坦对高血压合并2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗IRS-1/PI3K/GLUT4信号通路的影响

目的　探讨厄贝沙坦对高血压合并2型糖尿病（T2DM）大鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响及其作用。 方法　自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）采用高糖高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素（STZ）建立T2DM模型,随机分为模型组、厄贝沙坦低、高剂量组。以正常大鼠作为对照组。厄贝沙坦低、高剂量组每日分别按30、60 mg/kg剂量灌服厄贝沙坦,对照组和模型组灌服等量生理盐水。测量大鼠收缩压（SBP）、空腹血糖（FBG）、胰岛素抵抗模型评估指数（HOMA-IR）、胰岛素受体底物-1（IRS-1）、磷脂酰肌醇（-3）激酶p85亚基（PI3Kp85）、蛋白激酶B（AKT）、磷酸化蛋白（p-AKT）及葡萄糖转运蛋白4（GLUT4）的表达。 结果　与对照组相比,模型组SBP、FBG、FINS和HOMA-IR升高（P<0.05）,IRS-1、PI3Kp85、p-AKT和GLUT4降低（P<0.05）;与模型组相比,厄贝沙坦低、高剂量上述指标均发生逆转（P<0.05）。 结论　厄贝沙坦可通过IRS-1/PI3K/GLUT4信号通路改善高血压合并T2DM大鼠胰岛素抵抗。     

丝胶对2型糖尿病大鼠胰腺胰岛素PI3K-Akt信号通路的调节作用

目的探讨丝胶是否通过影响胰腺胰岛素PI3K-Akt信号通路发挥降血糖的作用。方法 36只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病模型组和丝胶治疗组,每组12只。采用高脂高糖饲料喂养联合链脲佐菌素(35mg/kg,2次,1次/d)连续腹腔注射法制作2型糖尿病大鼠模型,模型成功标准是空腹血糖≥11.1mmol/L。模型成功建立后,丝胶治疗组大鼠给予丝胶灌胃35d。采用ELISA法检测大鼠血清脂联素水平,Western blotting法和Real-time PCR法分别检测大鼠胰腺胰岛素受体(IR)、胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)和Akt蛋白和mRNA的表达情况。结果与糖尿病模型组比较,丝胶治疗组大鼠血清脂联素水平,胰腺IR、IRS-1、PI3K、Akt蛋白和mRNA的表达明显升高(P0.01,P0.05)。结论丝胶可通过上调糖尿病模型大鼠胰腺IR、IRS-1、PI3K和Akt的表达,改善糖尿病时胰腺胰岛素PI3K-Akt信号转导通路的异常,从而发挥降低血糖的作用。     

Effect and the probable mechanisms of silibinin in regulating insulin resistance in the liver of rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver

Our previous study has shown that reduced insulin resistance (IR) was one of the possible mechanisms for the therapeutic effect of silibinin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats. In the present study, we investigated the pathways of silibinin in regulating hepatic glucose production and IR amelioration. Forty-five 4- to 6-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into a control group, an HFD group (high-fat diet for 6 weeks) and an HFD + silibinin group (high-fat diet + 0.5 mg kg^-1·day^-1 silibinin, starting at the beginning of the protocol). Both subcutaneous and visceral fat was measured. Homeostasis model assessment-IR index (HOMA-IR), intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were performed. The expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and of genes associated with hepatic gluconeogenesis was evaluated. Silibinin intervention significantly protected liver function, down-regulated serum fat, and improved IR, as shown by decreased HOMA-IR and increased ITT slope. Silibinin markedly prevented visceral obesity by reducing visceral fat, enhanced lipolysis by up-regulating ATGL expression and inhibited gluconeogenesis by down-regulating associated genes such as Forkhead box O1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase. Silibinin was effective in ameliorating IR in NAFLD rats. Reduction of visceral obesity, enhancement of lipolysis and inhibition of gluconeogenesis might be the underlying mechanisms.     

参麦注射液改善3T3-L1细胞的胰岛素抵抗

 目的: 探讨参麦注射液改善3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞胰岛素抵抗模型的效果及其作用机制。方法:使用地塞米松等将3T3-L1前脂肪细胞诱导分化为成熟脂肪细胞,使用油红O染色法检测脂肪细胞分化情况;用胰岛素诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞以建立胰岛素抵抗模型,并使用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测细胞上清液中葡萄糖浓度,以评价模型建立情况。将建立胰岛素抵抗的细胞分为空白对照组、10 μmol/L罗格列酮阳性对照组、25 g/L参麦组和50 g/L参麦组。MTT检测各组药物作用8、16、24和36 h后的细胞活力。药物作用8、16和24 h后测定细胞上清液葡萄糖浓度。免疫印迹检测葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)、AKT和磷酸化AKT(p-AKT)在各组中的蛋白水平。结果:成功建立3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型,葡萄糖浓度数据显示参麦注射液(25、50 g/L)可以改善胰岛素抵抗并可以明显增加3T3-L1细胞GLUT4、PI3K及p-AKT的蛋白水平。结论:参麦注射液可以改善3T3-L1胰岛素抵抗细胞的葡萄糖利用,并且与增加GLUT4、PI3K及p-AKT的蛋白水平有关。     

PI3K/Akt在多囊卵巢综合征发病机制中作用的研究进展

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是一种生殖功能障碍合并代谢障碍的内分泌疾病,其病因及发病机制尚未明确。磷酯酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)信号通路中的信号分子及蛋白的改变与PCOS患者胰岛素抵抗的发生、脂肪细胞的分化、细胞增殖及治疗预后有关。     

米诺环素通过调控PI3K/Akt通路抑制硝普钠诱导的PC12细胞凋亡

 目的： 探讨PI3K/Akt信号通路在米诺环素（minocycline,MC）抑制硝普钠(sodium nitoprusside,SNP)诱导的PC12细胞凋亡中的作用。方法：将体外培养的PC12细胞分为4组：空白对照组、SNP组、MC+SNP组和PI3K抑制剂LY294002+ MC+SNP组。用四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）法检测细胞活力,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;Western blotting检测不同时点（0.5、1、2、3 h）各处理组PI3K/Akt通路蛋白p-Akt和Akt的表达。结果：SNP处理PC12细胞24 h能抑制细胞生长,加入10 μmol/L MC预处理30 min可明显提高细胞活力,降低细胞凋亡率（P<0.05）,抑制SNP诱导的PC12细胞凋亡。MC组的p-Akt表达高于其它组,而加入LY294002后可阻断MC的上述效应。结论：MC可通过调控PI3K/Akt通路抑制SNP诱导的PC12细胞凋亡。     

Ginkgol C17:1 inhibits tumor growth by blunting the EGF-PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

Ginkgol C17:1 has been shown to inhibit apoptosis and migration of cancer cells, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In this study, we explored whether the inhibitory effects of Ginkgol C17:1 were associated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and PI3K/Akt signaling. The results showed that EGF treatment increased the phosphorylation of EGFR, PI3K, Akt, mTOR and NF-kB, and also enhanced the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. Ginkgol C17:1 dose-dependently inhibited EGF-induced phosphorylation/activation of all the key components including EGFR, PI3K, Akt, mTOR and NF-kB, leading to a significant reduction either of proliferation or migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. Notably, treatment with Ginkgol C17:1 in mice suppressed the growth of tumor mass in vivo, and expression of EGFR in the tumor tissue. The results suggest that Ginkgol C17:1 is a potent tumor inhibiting compound that acts on EGF-induced signal transduction of the PI3K/vjjhhAkt signaling pathways, and may represent a clinically interesting candidate for cancer therapy.     

IL-12 inhibits glucocorticoid-induced T cell apoptosis by inducing GMEB1 and activating PI3K/Akt pathway

Interleukin (IL)-12 is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to play a role in T cell survival, at least in part by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Glucocorticoid modulatory element binding protein (GMEB)1 and 2 are closely related proteins that modify the glucocorticoid receptor binding locus and thus modulate glucocorticoid-mediated gene induction effects, including apoptosis. GMEB1 associates with caspases and prevents apoptosis of cells in the nervous system. We have observed, in preliminary studies, that IL-12 up-regulates GMEB mRNA in human T cells, and postulated that this may contribute to the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-12 on T cells, in particular with regard to glucocorticoid induced apoptosis. Here, we confirm that IL-12 rescue of dexamethasone induced T cell apoptosis involves the PI3K/Akt pathway and that IL-12 induces GMEB1 and GMEB2. A siRNA knockdown of GMEB1 reverses the protective effect of IL-12 on dexamethasone induced T cell apoptosis. Thus, IL-12 protects T cells from glucocorticoid induced apoptosis via PI3K/Akt pathway and via induction of GMEB1, which is likely to reduce transactivation of the glucocorticoid receptor and induction of apoptotic genes. As glucocorticoid induced apoptosis occurs both in physiological and pathological/therapeutic situations, and IL-12 is actively involved in a variety of inflammatory and immune responses, the ability of IL-12 to inhibit steroid responses and increase T cell survival through GMEB1 has wide ranging implications. Manipulating GMEB may be used therapeutically to enhance the resistance or the sensitivity to steroids.     

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) protects against methylglyoxal-induced PC12 cell apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/GCLc/redox signaling pathway

Patients with long-standing diabetes commonly develop diabetic encephalopathy, which is characterized by cognitive impairment and dementia. Oxidative stress–induced neuronal cell apoptosis is a contributing factor. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 has recently become an attractive treatment modality for patients with diabetes. It also readily enters the brain, prevents neuronal cell apoptosis, and improves the cognitive impairment characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, we investigated whether GLP-1 could protect against oxidative stress–induced neuronal cell apoptosis in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. PC12 cells were exposed to 1 mM methylglyoxal (MG) or MG plus 3.30 μg/ml GLP-1. Cell apoptosis, expression and phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin/γ-glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLc), and redox balance were then determined. The data showed that MG induced PC12 apoptosis in accordance with the redox (glutathione (GSH) and GSH/glutathione disulfide [GSSG]) imbalance. GLP-1 protected against this MG-induced apoptosis, which corresponded to the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR, as well as the upregulation of GCLc and the restoration of the redox imbalance. Inhibitors of PI3K (LY294002), Akt (Akt-I), and mTOR (rapamycin) reduced the GLP-1-induced GCLc upregulation and its protection against MG-induced PC12 apoptosis. The GLP-1-induced redox restoration was also attenuated by rapamycin. In conclusion, the neuroprotective effect of GLP-1 is due to an enhancement of PI3K/Akt/mTOR/GCLc/redox signaling.     

IL-1β通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR途径促进神经元活化

目的:观察白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)刺激对神经元活化的影响。方法:利用IL-1β刺激体外培养的原代神经元,运用慢病毒转染shRNA使PI3K的p85亚基(PI3K-p85)沉默、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,m TOR)抑制剂雷帕霉素预处理阻断m TOR、酪氨酸激酶家族抑制剂PP2抑制p85向IL-1受体I型(IL-1RI)募集等方式预处理神经元,检测PI3K-p85、与IL-1RI结合的PI3K-p85、p-Akt、p-p70S6K以及微管相关蛋白2(MAP2)在神经元内的变化及相互作用;利用FM4-64染色观察各组神经元突触胞吞情况。结果:利用IL-1β刺激体外培养的海马神经元可增加细胞内PI3K-p85、p-Akt、p-p70S6K、MAP2以及与IL-1RI结合的PI3K-p85的水平(P0.05),并且神经元突触的胞吞作用明显加剧(P0.05);抑制PI3K-p85可以下调IL-1β所致的p-Akt、pp70S6k和MAP2水平增加(P0.05),神经元突触的胞吞作用减弱(P0.05);抑制m TOR也能下调IL-1β所致的PI3K-p85、p-Akt、p-p70S6K和MAP2水平增加(P0.05),神经元突触的胞吞作用减弱(P0.05);抑制p85亚基与IL-1RI的结合也可以下调IL-1β所致的p-Akt、p-p70S6K和MAP2水平增加(P0.05)。结论:促炎因子IL-1β通过IL-1RI与PI3K-p85结合使PI3K-p85活化,进而磷酸化Akt和m TOR下游物质p70S6K,促进神经元突触增生及活化,这可能是内侧颞叶癫痫向慢性化进展的机制之一。     

Shikonin protects chondrocytes from interleukin-1beta-induced apoptosis by regulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

Chondrocyte apoptosis is mostly responsible for the development and progression of osteoarthritis. IL-1β is generally served as an agent that induces chondrocyte apoptosis. Shikonin exerts its anti-inflammatory effect on cartilage protection in vivo. We aimed to explore the protective effect of shikonin on interleukin-1beta (IL-1β)-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and the potential molecular mechanisms. Chondrocytes were isolated from the joints of newborn Sprague-Dawley rats. The MTT assay and LDH cell death assay were used to determine the cell viability and chondrocyte apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V/PI staining and nucleosomal degradation. The contents of phosphorylated-PI3K (p-PI3k), phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt), Bcl-2, Bax, and cytochrome c were detected by Western blotting. A quantitative colorimetric assay was used to detect the caspase-3 activity. Our results showed that pretreatment with shikonin (4 μM) inhibited cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by IL-1β (10 ng/ml) in chondrocytes. Shikonin pretreatment also decreased the activity of IL-1β that decreased Bcl-2 expression and levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt, and increased Bax expression, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation. It also reversed the activity of IL-1β that promoted the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase-13 and inhibited the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression, with the net effect of suppressing extracellular matrix degradation. These data suggested that shikonin may protect chondrocytes from apoptosis induced by IL-1β through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, by deactivating caspase-3.     

选择性PI3K-Akt通路缺陷参与有生长追赶SGA大鼠胰岛素抵抗的发生机制

目的:研究有生长追赶的小于胎龄个体(SGA)骨骼肌组织胰岛素受体后信号分子的变化,探讨其胰岛素抵抗的发生机制。方法:应用孕鼠全程饮食限制法建立SGA大鼠模型。4周龄有生长追赶SGA(CUG-SGA)和无生长追赶SGA(NCUG-SGA)幼鼠随机分为对照组和胰岛素激发组,并设适于胎龄(AGA)组为对照。测定各组血糖和胰岛素(INS)浓度,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)。应用Westernblotting测定各组腓肠肌组织胰岛素受体后信号分子胰岛素受体底物1(IRS1)、蛋白激酶B(Akt)和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)的表达及其磷酸化情况。结果:(1)CUG-SGA和NCUG-SGA幼鼠INS和HOMA-IR较AGA组明显增高(均P<0.01),CUG-SGA幼鼠的INS和HOMA-IR显著高于NCUG-SGA组。(2)CUG-SGA幼鼠肌肉组织基础状态下已有p-IRS1表达,INS激发后p-IRS1的表达无显著增加;p-Akt的表达在基础状态和INS激发后均较AGA和NCUG-SGA组显著减低;CUG-SGA基础状态亦有p-ERK表达,INS激发后p-ERK表达显著下降。相关分析显示在基础状态和INS激发状态,SGA幼鼠p-Akt与p-ERK表达呈显著负相关(r=-0.737,P<0.05;r=-0.658,P<0.05)。结论:(1)无论追赶与否,SGA个体生后均呈现胰岛素抵抗,CUG-SGA胰岛素抵抗程度更重。(2)IRS1-PI3K-Akt通路受损是胰岛素抵抗发生的重要的受体后机制;该通路阻断的同时发生Ras-MAPK-ERK通路信号的慢性激活,这可能是胰岛素抵抗同时发生生长追赶的分子机制。     

Roles of the PI3K/Akt pathway in Epstein-Barr virus-induced cancers and therapeutic implications

Viruses have been shown to be responsible for 10%-15% of cancer cases. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first virus to be associated with human malignancies. EBV can cause many cancers, including Burkett’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric cancer. Evidence shows that phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) plays a key role in EBV-induced malignancies. The main EBV oncoproteins latent membrane proteins (LMP) 1 and LMP2A can activate the PI3K/Akt pathway, which, in turn, affects cell survival, apoptosis, proliferation and genomic instability via its downstream target proteins to cause cancer. It has also been demonstrated that the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway can result in drug resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, the inhibition of this pathway can increase the therapeutic efficacy of EBV-associated cancers. For example, PI3K inhibitor Ly294002 has been shown to increase the effect of 5-fluorouracil in an EBV-associated gastric cancer cell line. At present, dual inhibitors of PI3K and its downstream target mammalian target of rapamycin have been used in clinical trials and may be included in treatment regimens for EBV-associated cancers.     

ATP敏感性钾通道开放剂通过PI3K/Akt信号通路对缺血缺氧诱导PC12细胞凋亡发挥保护作用

目的 研究ATP敏感性钾通道(KATP)开放剂对缺血缺氧诱导PC12细胞凋亡及Akt蛋白和mRNA表达的影响.探讨KATP开放剂的保护作用机制.方法 取传代后3d Pc12细胞,分为对照组,缺血缺氧组,KATP通道开放剂组,KATP通道开放剂+阻断剂组.采用Annexin-v FITC/PI双染流式细胞分析仪检测凋亡率...     

Quercetin postconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through the PI3K/Akt pathway

Quercetin (Que), a plant-derived flavonoid, has multiple benefical actions on the cardiovascular system. The current study investigated whether Que postconditioning has any protective effects on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo and its potential cardioprotective mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to 5 groups (20 animals/group): sham, I/R, Que postconditioning, Que+{"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002 [a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway inhibitor], and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002+I/R. I/R was produced by 30-min coronary occlusion followed by 2-h reperfusion. At the end of reperfusion, myocardial infarct size and biochemical changes were compared. Apoptosis was evaluated by both TUNEL staining and measurement of activated caspase-3 immunoreactivity. The phosphorylation of Akt and protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were determined by Western blotting. Que postconditioning significantly reduced infarct size and serum levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase compared with the I/R group (all P<0.05). Apoptotic cardiomyocytes and caspase-3 immunoreactivity were also suppressed in the Que postconditioning group compared with the I/R group (both P<0.05). Akt phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression increased after Que postconditioning, but Bax expression decreased. These effects were inhibited by {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002. The data indicate that Que postconditioning can induce cardioprotection by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and modulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins.     

薯蓣皂苷通过调控SIRT1-FoxO1-自噬通路减轻糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗

目的:探究薯蓣皂苷是否通过调控沉默信息调节因子1(sirtuin 1,SIRT1)-叉头框蛋白O1(forkhead box protein O1,FoxO1)-自噬通路减轻糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗。方法:将60只SPF级SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、低剂量(5 mg/kg)薯蓣皂苷组、中剂量(10 mg/kg)薯蓣皂苷组、高剂量(20 mg/kg)薯蓣皂苷组和薯蓣皂苷(20 mg/kg)+EX-527(SIRT1抑制剂)组,每组10只。高脂饲料喂养4周后腹腔注射链脲佐菌素以构建2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)大鼠模型,低、中、高剂量薯蓣皂苷组和薯蓣皂苷+EX-527组大鼠分别灌胃相应剂量药物,对照组和模型组大鼠灌胃等量生理盐水,每天1次,为期4周。全自动生化分析仪检测血清中空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)和总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)水平,酶联免疫吸附实验检测血清空腹胰岛素(fasting insulin,FINS)水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)和胰岛素敏感指数(insulin sensitivity index,ISI),行口服葡萄糖耐量实验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT),计算OGTT曲线下区域面积(area under curve,AUC);HE染色观察大鼠胰腺组织损伤情况;使用Western blot检测胰腺组织中beclin-1、LC3及SIRT1-FoxO1自噬通路相关蛋白的表达。结果:与对照组相比,模型组FBG、AUC、FINS、HOMA-IR、体重、TG、TC和LDL-C水平、胰腺组织损伤程度及FoxO1水平显著增加,ISI、beclin-1、LC3-II/LC3-I和SIRT1水平显著降低(P<0.05);与模型组相比,低、中、高剂量组FBG、AUC、FINS、HOMA-IR、体重、TG、TC和LDL-C水平、胰腺组织损伤程度及FoxO1水平以薯蓣皂苷剂量依赖性的方式显著降低,ISI、beclin-1、LC3-II/LC3-I和SIRT1水平以薯蓣皂苷剂量依赖性的方式显著增加(P<0.05);与高剂量薯蓣皂苷组相比,薯蓣皂苷+EX-527组FBG、AUC、FINS、HOMA-IR、体重、TG、TC和LDL-C水平、胰腺组织损伤程度及FoxO1水平显著增加,ISI、beclin-1、LC3-II/LC3-I和SIRT1水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:薯蓣皂苷可能通过激活SIRT1-FoxO1-自噬通路减轻T2DM大鼠胰岛素抵抗。     

NRSN2 promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell growth through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway

Neurensin-2 (NRSN2), a small neural membrane protein which localized in small vesicles in neural cells. Recent report suggested that Neurensin-2 might play a suppressive role in tumor. While the biological functions and molecular mechanisms in cancer progression remain unknown. We retrieved Oncomine Database and found that NRSN2 is commonly highly expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We examined the levels of NRSN2 in 18 pairs of NSCLC and adjacent tissues and found that NRSN2 was overexpressed in malignant tissues. Both loss and gain of function experiments in NSCLC cell lines suggest that NRSN2 promotes cell growth, but no effects in cell invasion. Further investigation show that NRSN2 could affect phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling. Taken together, our findings suggest that NRSN2 promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell growth through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.     

薯蓣皂苷通过调控SIRT1-FoxO1-自噬通路减轻糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗

目的:探究薯蓣皂苷是否通过调控沉默信息调节因子1(sirtuin 1,SIRT1)-叉头框蛋白O1(forkhead box protein O1,FoxO1)-自噬通路减轻糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗。方法:将60只SPF级SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、低剂量(5 mg/kg)薯蓣皂苷组、中剂量(10 mg/kg)薯蓣皂苷组、高剂量(20 mg/kg)薯蓣皂苷组和薯蓣皂苷(20 mg/kg)+EX-527(SIRT1抑制剂)组,每组10只。高脂饲料喂养4周后腹腔注射链脲佐菌素以构建2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)大鼠模型,低、中、高剂量薯蓣皂苷组和薯蓣皂苷+EX-527组大鼠分别灌胃相应剂量药物,对照组和模型组大鼠灌胃等量生理盐水,每天1次,为期4周。全自动生化分析仪检测血清中空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)和总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)水平,酶联免疫吸附实验检测血清空腹胰岛素(fasting insulin,FINS)水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)和胰岛素敏感指数(insulin sensitivity index,ISI),行口服葡萄糖耐量实验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT),计算OGTT曲线下区域面积(area under curve,AUC);HE染色观察大鼠胰腺组织损伤情况;使用Western blot检测胰腺组织中beclin-1、LC3及SIRT1-FoxO1自噬通路相关蛋白的表达。结果:与对照组相比,模型组FBG、AUC、FINS、HOMA-IR、体重、TG、TC和LDL-C水平、胰腺组织损伤程度及FoxO1水平显著增加,ISI、beclin-1、LC3-II/LC3-I和SIRT1水平显著降低(P<0.05);与模型组相比,低、中、高剂量组FBG、AUC、FINS、HOMA-IR、体重、TG、TC和LDL-C水平、胰腺组织损伤程度及FoxO1水平以薯蓣皂苷剂量依赖性的方式显著降低,ISI、beclin-1、LC3-II/LC3-I和SIRT1水平以薯蓣皂苷剂量依赖性的方式显著增加(P<0.05);与高剂量薯蓣皂苷组相比,薯蓣皂苷+EX-527组FBG、AUC、FINS、HOMA-IR、体重、TG、TC和LDL-C水平、胰腺组织损伤程度及FoxO1水平显著增加,ISI、beclin-1、LC3-II/LC3-I和SIRT1水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:薯蓣皂苷可能通过激活SIRT1-FoxO1-自噬通路减轻T2DM大鼠胰岛素抵抗。     

番石榴叶总三萜改善3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗

 目的: 观察番石榴叶总三萜(TTPGL)对3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗(IR)的改善作用,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法: 培养3T3-L1前脂肪细胞并诱导其分化,给予TTPGL(0.3、1、3、10 μg/L),并设溶媒(0.1% DMSO)组、阳性药正钒酸钠(Van,10 μmol/L)组、正常对照(control)组和模型(model)组,药物作用48 h。MTT法检测药物对前脂肪细胞活力的影响,油红O染色法观察其对细胞分化的影响。建立IR模型后,药物处理48 h,葡萄糖氧化酶-过氧化物酶法(GOD-POD)检测IR脂肪细胞上清液中葡萄糖消耗量;比色法检测游离脂肪酸(FFA)水平;ELISA法检测脂肪因子分泌水平;real-time PCR检测IR脂肪细胞蛋白酪氨酸激酶1B(PTP1B)的mRNA表达量;Western blot检测磷酸化胰岛素受体底物1/胰岛素受体底物1(p-IRS-1/IRS-1)和磷酸化蛋白激酶B/蛋白激酶B(p-Akt/Akt)的蛋白水平。结果: 与溶媒组比较,TTPGL显著提高了前脂肪细胞的活力并抑制其分化(P < 0.01)。与IR溶媒组比较,无论在基础状态下还是胰岛素刺激状态下,TTPGL(1-10 μg/L)均显著地促进了IR脂肪细胞葡萄糖消耗(P < 0.01);TTPGL(0.3~3 μg/L)显著抑制FFA的产生(P < 0.01)。与模型组比较,TTPGL(0.3和3 μg/L)显著增加IR脂肪细胞脂联素的分泌(P < 0.05)并抑制TNF-α的分泌(P < 0.01),TTPGL(3 μg/L)对抵抗素的分泌有显著抑制作用(P < 0.05),对瘦素分泌无显著作用;TTPGL(3 μg/L)显著下调IR脂肪细胞PTP1B的mRNA表达(P < 0.01);TTPGL(3 μg/L)极显著上调p-IRS-1/IRS-1的水平;TTPGL(0.3和3 μg/L)显著上调p-Akt/Akt的蛋白水平(P < 0.05)。结论: TTPGL具有显著改善3T3-L1脂肪细胞IR的作用,其作用机制可能与TTPGL下调了IR脂肪细胞PTP1B mRNA的表达、同时上调p-IRS-1/IRS-1和p-Akt/Akt的蛋白水平有关。