中国人原发无精与严重少精症Y染色体AZF区域微缺失的分子流行病学研究

目的 明确与中国人原发无精和严重少精症密切相关的Y染色体无精症因子(azoospermia factor，AZF)区域微缺失位点及其缺失特点，为开展中国人AZF微缺失基因诊断提供理论依据。方法 采用多重聚合酶链反应技术，针对实验组134例原发无精、118例原发严重少精症患者与对照组210名已正常生育男性，进行AZFa、AZFb、AZFe三个区域共15个序列标签位点(sequence tag site，STS)的微缺失分析。结果 对照组在所有15个STS位点中均未发现缺失，实验组STS位点缺失涉及到13个STS位点，分别是：AZFa区的sY84、sY86，AZFb区的sYl21、sYl23、sYl24、sYl27、sYl34、sYl33，AZFc区的sYl52、sY242、sY254、sY255、sYl57。在5例无精患者中发现AZFa区STS位点缺失，缺失率为2．0％，在7例无精与3例少精患者中发现AZFb区STS位点缺失，缺失率为4．0％，在14例无精与18例少精患者中发现AZFc区STS位点缺失，缺失率为12．7％。统计学分析提示实验组与对照组13个STS位点缺失率差异有极显著性。结论所确定的AZF区域13个STS位点缺失与中国人原发无精和严重少精密切相关，未发现上述STS位点缺失的群体多态现象；中国人原发无精和严重少精症AZF区域微缺失的频率、分布、缺失热区与白人基本一致；所选择的13个STS位点可作为中国人原发无精与严重少精症AZF区域微缺失基因诊断筛查的候选位点。     

广州地区不育男性Y染色体无精子因子微缺失的筛查

目的探讨Y染色体无精子因子(azoospermia factor,AZF)区域微缺失与原发无精、严重少精症之间的关系。方法采用多重聚合酶链反应技术对广州地区103例原发无精子症、72例原发严重少精症患者及60名正常生育男性进行AZFa、AZFb、AZFc3个区域微缺失分析。结果60名正常生育男性未发现Y染色体AZF区域微缺失,175例生精障碍患者中发现AZF微缺失19例,总缺失率为10.9%。其中11例无精症患者和4例少精症患者的缺失发生在AZFc区域,缺失率为8.6%;1例无精症患者和2例少精症患者发生AZFb、AZFc双重缺失,缺失率为1.7%;1例无精症患者发生AZFa、b、c3个区域同时微缺失,缺失率0.6%。生精障碍组与正常生育男性组比较Y染色体AZF区域微缺失率差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论Y染色体AZF区域微缺失是引起男性无精、少精子症的重要原因之一,对原发无精、少精子症患者在单精子注射之前进行微缺失筛查是必要的。     

The prognostic role of the extent of Y microdeletion on spermatogenesis and maturity of Sertoli cells

Substantial involvement of the Y chromosome in sexual development and spermatogenesis has been demonstrated. Over the last decade, varying extent of Y chromosome microdeletions have been identified among infertile patients with azoospermia or oligozoospermia. These microdeletions were clustered in three main regions named AZFa, AZFb, and AZFc. Analysis of the Y chromosome microdeletion was found to be of prognostic value in cases of infertility, both in terms of clinical management as well as for understanding the aetiology of the spermatogenesis impairment. However, the accumulated data are difficult to analyse, due to the variable extent of these deletions, the different sequence-tagged sites (STS) used to detect the microdeletions, and the non-uniformity of the histological terminology used by different investigators. This debate discusses the chances of finding testicular spermatozoa in men with a varying extent of Y chromosome microdeletions. The genotype and germ cell findings in men with AZFa microdeletions as well as those that include more than a single AZF region are reviewed, as is the effect of Y chromosome AZF microdeletions on the maturity of the Sertoli cells.     

无精症、严重少精症患者Y染色体无精子因子微缺失的遗传学研究

目的研究男性无精症和严重少精症患者的发病原因。方法应用细胞遗传学和多重聚合酶链反应技术，对148例无精症、严重少精症患者进行检测。结果在148例患者中发现11例Y染色体无精子因子(azoospermia factor，AZF)微缺失(7．4％)，在检测的AZFa、AZFb、AZFd、AZFc4个区域共15个序列标签位点中，缺失13个位点、11个位点、2个位点和1个位点的各有1例，缺失12个位点的有2例，缺失5个位点的有5例。发现7例患者的染色体发生了明显的形态学改变(4．7％)，其中1例Y染色体长臂缺失伴易位，4例Y染色体的长臂单纯缺失，1例Y染色体长臂1区2带(Yq12)增加，1例常染色体之间发生了相互易位。结论AZF微缺失和染色体异常是引起男性不育的主要原因之一。     

105例无精子、少精子症患者Y染色体AZF区微镍失检测的研究

目的 探讨中国人群无精子、少精子症患者常规6个STS位点检测Y染色体AZF基因微缺失的情况。方法 选取EAA和EMQN推荐的常规6个Y染色体特异性序列标签位点，经2组多重PCR对76例无精子症和29例少精子症男性患者进行Y染色体AZFa、AZFb和AZFc区微缺失检测。其中，8例无精子症患者还同时进行了G带染色体核型分析、荧光Q-显带等细胞遗传学检测。结果 105例患者经6个STS位点检测发现AZF区微缺失9例。其中AZFc（SY254，SY255）缺失7例，AZFb（SY127，SY134）＋AZFc（SY254，SY255）缺失2例，未发现AZFa缺失。复合微缺失及其它6例未检出微缺失的患者同时经细胞遗传学分析，发现4例染色体结构异常。2例复合微缺失患者分别为Y等臂染色体：46，X，idic（Y）（q11．2）、X和Y等臂染色体的嵌合体：45，X[19]／46，X，idic（Y）（q11．2）；1例为Y染色体长臂部分失：46，X．del（Y）（q11．2）；另1例为Y染色体部分片段复制至15号染色体：46，XY，der（15）t（Y；15）（q11．2；p11．1）。根据细胞遗传学结果，重新设计STS检测位点，发现Y染色体长臂部分缺失患者存在AZFc（SY243，SY158）的缺失。结论 Y染色体AZF微缺失的检测是临床判断无精子、少精子症患者是否遗传因素的重要手段。但传统的6个STS位点检测在中国人群中应用尚需进一步验证。同时做细胞遗传学分析对疾病的准确诊断会有很大帮助。     

无精和严重少精子症患者Y染色体的微缺失

目的 检测我国无精和严重少精子症患者Y染色体微缺失的发生情况和位点,及其与睾丸病理学类型的关系.方法 取584例无精子症和80例严重少精子症患者精液中细胞或外周血白细胞,裂解提取DNA,用4组多重聚合酶链反应检测分布于AZFa、AZFb、AZFc区,包括欧洲男科学会和欧洲分子遗传学质量控制体系推荐的6个位点在内的共15个序列标签位点(sequence tagged site,SIS)的缺失.对部分有Y染色体微缺失患者进行睾丸细针抽吸活检,检查睾丸病理学类型.结果 584例无精子症患者中,共有66例(11.3%)发生Y染色体微缺失,各区发生率构成比由高到低依次为:AZFc区48例(72.7%),AZFb+c区9例(13.6%),AZFa+b+c区4例(6.1%),AZFb区3例(4.5%),A2Fa区2例(3.0%).80例严重少精子症患者共有10例发生Y染色体微缺失(12.5%),均为AZFc区缺失.AZFc区缺失患者(19例)睾丸病理学类型多样化;AZFb+c区或AZFa+b+c区缺失患者(7例)睾丸病理学类型为唯支持细胞综合征或生精阻滞于精原细胞.结论 Y染色体微缺失在我国的发生情况与其他国家大多数报道基本一致,跨区大缺失对精子发生造成严重影响.     

无精子和严重少精子患者Y染色体AZF微缺失的PCR筛查

目的：探讨Y染色体上AZF微缺失与精子生成的遗传效应关系,建立对无精子症和严重少精子患者Y染色体微缺失的筛查方法。方法;本文应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术对无精子症和严重少精子患者进行Y染色体上AZFa,AZFb,AZFc等5个基因片段的微缺失检测。结果：在64例无精子患者中,AZFb,AZFc,RBM人率分别为4．69％、17．19％、4．69％、未发现AZFa缺失。在53例严重少精子患者中,除1例同时伴有RBM缺失外,均为AZFc缺失,未发现AZFa和AZFb缺失,缺失率为18．87％。30例正常对照组未发现5个区域缺失。结论：精子发生与Y染色体上的多个基因有关,AZFb,AZFc的微缺失是导致无精子和严重少精子的重要原因,AZFc区微缺失可作病因筛查主要候选基因。     

男性不育患者Y染色体的AZF基因微缺失分析

目的探索男性不育患者Y染色体AZF基因微缺失的发生情况，为男性不育的临床诊断和治疗提供科学依据。方法应用PCR方法对36例无精或严重少精患者AZF基因的SY84、SY127和SY254进行检测分析。结果在36例患者中发现16例发生AZF基因的微缺失，均为三个基因区段不同组合的缺失。其中涉及AZFa或AZFb缺失的各8例，涉及AZFc缺失的有14例。结论AZF基因的微缺失与某些男性不育密切相关。AZFc缺失可能是男性不育中无精子、严重少精子的主要病因之一。     

Lack of association between Y chromosome haplogroups and male infertility in Japanese men

The Y chromosome carries several genes involved in spermatogenesis, which are distributed in three regions in the euchromatic part of the long arm, called AZFa (azoospermia factor a), AZFb, and AZFc. Microdeletions in these regions have been seen in 10-15% of sterile males with azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia. The relatively high de novo occurrence of these microdeletion events might be due to particular chromosome arrangements associated with certain Y chromosome haplogroups. To test whether there is any association between Y chromosome types and male infertility, we studied a sample of 84 Japanese oligozoospermic or azoospermic males. The patients were analyzed for the presence of Yq microdeletions and also typed with a battery of unique event polymorphisms (UEPs) to define their Y haplogroups. Six of the infertile patients presented likely pathological microdeletions detectable with the sequence tagged sites (STS) markers used. There was no significant association between Y chromosome haplogroups and the microdeletions. We also compared the Y haplogroup frequencies in our subset sample of 51 idiopathic azoospermia patients with 57 fertile control Japanese males, and did not observe any significant differences. Contrary to previous reports, our data suggest that Y microdeletions and other molecular events causally associated with male infertility in Japan occur independently of the Y chromosome background.     

特发性无精子症及少弱精子症患者Y染色体AZF微缺失筛查分析

目的探讨特发性无精子症及少弱精子症不育男性与Y染色体AZF微缺失的关系.方法用双重PCR技术对63例患者(无精于症41例,少弱精子症14例,严重少精子症8例)进行Y染色体AZFa、AZFb、AZFc、SRY的微缺失筛查.同时对26例无精于症患者行睾丸活检、组织学评估.结果63例中AZF微缺失7例,缺失率为11.1%.其中无精子症5例,严重少精子症2例.AZFc缺失4例,AZFb缺失2例,AZFb AZFc缺失1例,未发现AZFa区缺失.63例及对照组30例SRY基因扩增均阳性.26例无精子症患者行睾丸活检、组织学检查,无1例精子发生正常.结论Y染色体微缺失,特别是AZFc区DAZ基因的微缺失,是引起无精子和严重少弱精子等生精障碍而致男性不育较为重要的遗传学因素.     

178例男性不育患者Y染色体AZF微缺失筛查

目的探讨男性不育症患者Y染色体微缺失分子检测临床意义。方法应用多重PCR对178例不育症患者进行Y染色体AZFa、AZFb和AZFe基因微缺失检测。结果41例特发性无精症患者中有10例缺失,占24．3％;34例严重少精子症患者中有4例缺失,占11．7％;其余103例少弱精子症患者中没有检出缺失。结论在男性不育症患者中,Y染色体AZF基因微缺失是特发性无精子或严重少精子症发生的重要原因,基因检测可为正确诊断和合理治疗提供科学依据。     

Y染色体小于22号染色体患者AZF微缺失分析

目的观察Y染色体≤22号染色体患者Y染色体微缺失的发生情况。方法本实验对象为47例Y染色体≤22号染色体患者,其中A组精子密度10×106/ml共12例,B组精子密度≥10×106/ml共35例,采用多重聚合酶链反应技术对其进行Y染色体微缺失15个序列标签位点进行检测。结果47例患者中共有4例发现微缺失,缺失率为8.51%;4例均为A组中发现,A组AZF总缺失率为33.33%,AZFa区缺失率为0%,AZFb区缺失率为25%,AZFc区及d区的缺失率均为33.33%,其中3例在无精子症中,缺失率为60%,1例在严重少精子症中,缺失率为14.29%;B组未发现微缺失,缺失率为0%。结论对于Y染色体≤22号染色体的男性,精子密度≥10×106/ml者AZF微缺失发生率很低;而无精子或严重少精子者,则有发生AZF微缺失的风险,尤其无精子症患者发生AZF多区域的联合缺失的风险显著增加。     

Detection of sperm in men with Y chromosome microdeletions of the AZFa,AZFb and AZFc regions

BACKGROUND: Y chromosome microdeletions are associated with severe male factor infertility. In this study, the success rate of testicular sperm retrieval was determined for men with deletions of AZF regions a, b or c. METHODS: AZF deletions were detected by PCR of 30 sequence-tagged sites within Yq emphasizing the AZFa, b and c regions. Semen analysis and diagnostic testis biopsy or testicular sperm extraction (TESE) findings were correlated with the specific AZF region deleted. RESULTS: A total of 78 men with AZF deletions included three with AZFa deletion, 11 with AZFb, 42 with AZFc, 16 with AZFb+c and six with Yq (AZFa+b+c). All men with AZFa, AZFb, AZFb+c and Yq deletions were azoospermic and no sperm were found with TESE or biopsy. Of men with isolated AZFc deletion, sperm were found in 75% (9/12) by TESE and 45% (9/20) on biopsy (56% overall); 62% (26/42) were azoospermic and 38% (16/42) severely oligozoospermic. A total of 7 patients with deletion patterns that included the complete AZFa region and 23 that included the complete AZFb region who underwent TESE or biopsy did not have sperm detected by these surgical measures. CONCLUSIONS: Microdeletion of the entire AZFa or AZFb regions of the Y chromosome portends an exceptionally poor prognosis for sperm retrieval, whereas the majority of men with AZFc deletion have sperm within the semen or testes available for use in IVF/ICSI.     

Y chromosome microdeletions in Tunisian infertile males

AIM: To determine frequency of Y microdeletions in azoospermic and oligospermic Tunisian infertile males. METHODS: A Sample of 146 Tunisian infertile males with a low sperm count (<5 x 10(6) sperms per mililiter) and normal karyotype was screened for Y chromosome microdeletions. 76 men were azoospermic and 70 men were oligospermic. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood and multiplex PCR was carried out with a set of 20 AZFa, AZFb and AZFc STS markers to detect the microdeletions as recommended by the European Academy of Andrology. RESULTS: In 10/146 (6.85%) subjects AZF deletions were observed. Of these ten males with microdeletions, 9/10 subjects were azoospermic (90%), 1/10 was oligospermic (10%). Frequency of microdeletions in azoospermic men was 9/76 (11.84%). None of the patients showed isolated microdeletion in the AZFa region, but one azoospermic man had deletion in the AZFb region. Eight azoospermic patients and one oligospremic man have AZFc microdeletions. AZFc and AZFb were deleted in three azoospermic patients. AZFc, AZFb and AZFa were deleted in three azoospermic patients We estimate the sensitivity of the test comprising six STS in our sample to be 90%. CONCLUSION: The incidence of Yq microdeletions in the study population of infertile Tunisian men falls within the range published in other countries. We suggest to analyze 9STS in the first step to detect efficiently Y microdeletions in our population.     

Y染色体AZF区遗传学研究进展

Y染色体无精子症因子（azoospermia factor,AZF）区域微缺失与男性不育密切相关,是最常见的导致无精子症与严重少精子症的分子遗传病因。AZF区域包括三个遗传域AZFa区,AZFb区和AZFc区。在本文中将对AZF基因结构和功能作一综述。     

无精与严重少精症Y染色体AZF区域微缺失与生殖激素的关系

目的 探讨Y染色体AZF区域微缺失与生殖激素的关系.方法 应用多重PCR扩增对100例无精与严重少精症患者的4个区域15个位点进行AZF基因检测,并采用贝克曼全自动化学发光仪进行生殖激素的测定.采用Epidata建立数据库,应用SAS软件进行均数和方差分析F检验的统计分析.结果 100例患者中发生AZF微缺失的患者13...     

Y染色体微缺失35例患者临床表型分析

目的分析35例Y染色体微缺失患者临床表型。方法按照WHO标准进行检查和精液分析,证实为非梗阻性无精子症或严重少精子症（〈1×10^6／mL）367例,然后应用改良多重多聚酶链反应（multiplex—PCR）,对367例不育患者进行Y染色体微缺失分子学诊断。将微缺失患者分为两组：严重少精子组和无精子组。再按缺失类型将无精子组分为两个亚组：单纯AZFc缺失组和其它类型缺失组。采集以下临床资料进行分析：结婚年龄、不育史、精液分析、睾丸体积、附睾睾丸穿刺情况、染色体核型分析以及性激素检测。结果367例中发现AZF微缺失35例（9．54％）,其中AZFa、AZFb微缺失各1例（2．86％）,AZFc微缺失29例（82．86％）,AZFb＋c微缺失2倒（5．71％）,AZFa＋b＋c微缺失2例（5．71％）。严重少精子患者14例,缺失类型均为AZFc;无精子症患者21例,其中对12例无精子症患者行睾丸穿刺活检,2例AZFc微缺失患者发现精子。其中未发现输精管缺如患者。染色体核型分析2例AZFc微缺失患者发现异常,其余均为46,XY。严重少精子组与无精子组患者年龄、不育年限、黄体生成素、雄激素及出生时父亲年龄无统计学差异,卵泡刺激素有统计学差异。结论 临床表型、染色体核型正常的严重少弱精子或无精子症患者可存在Y染色体微缺失,其发生率约为10％,最常见的类型为AZFc微缺失。单纯AZFc缺失对精子生成的影响比其他类型缺失较小,无精子症AZFc缺失者行睾丸穿刺活检有可能发现可用精子,AZFa、AZFb或AZFa＋b＋c缺失者基本不可能有精子,临床上无睾丸活检的价值。     

精子发生障碍患者Y染色体微缺失的研究

目的研究无精子症和少精子症患者Y染色体上无精子症因子(azoospermicfactor,AZF)微缺失情况,建立Y染色体微缺失的分子诊断的临床筛查方法,分析原发性无精子症和少精子症患者与Y染色体微缺失的关系。方法采用多重PCR、凝胶电泳技术对56例无精子症和少精子症患者的10个STS位点或基因进行检测与筛查。结果20例精子密度正常的生育男性未检测出Y染色体微缺失;56例无精子症和少精子症患者中有9例有AZF区域的微缺失,总缺失率16.1%(9/56),AZFc/DAZ区发生微缺失频率较高。结论Y染色体微缺失是导致男性不育患者精子发生障碍的重要原因之一,AZF侯选基因在精子发生过程中可能起重要作用。     

1000例无精子症和严重少精子症患者的Y染色体微缺失检测及分析

目的探讨Y染色体微缺失检测的意义。方法应用多重PCR对329例无精子症和671例严重少精子症患者行Y染色体AZFa、AZFb和AZFc基因微缺失检测。结果共检出Y染色体微缺失76例(7.6%),其中AZFc缺失60例(78.9%)。无精子症患者检出率为10%,严重少弱精子症患者检出率为6.4%,这两组缺失率有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 AZFc缺失是最常见的缺失类型。无精子症患者Y微缺发生率较严重少精子症患者高。Y染色体微缺失检测为这类患者的遗传咨询提供重要依据。     

Y染色体AZF区域微缺失的细胞遗传学和分子遗传学研究

目的　研究无精症患者 Y染色体的形态学改变及相应的无精子因子 ( azoospermia factor,AZF)区域的微缺失位点 ,为无精症患者进行明确的遗传学诊断。方法　采用外周血染色体 G显带、C显带技术和多重聚合酶链反应技术 ,对 2例无精症患者进行了细胞遗传学和分子遗传学检测。结果　 2例无精症患者 Y染色体都发生了明显形态学改变 ,核型分别为 4 5 ,X,- Y,- 2 2 , der( Y) t( Y;2 2 ) ( q11.2 ;q11.2 ) ;4 6 ,XY,del( Y) ( q11.2 )。在所选择的 AZFa、AZFb、AZFd、AZFc区域的 12个序列标签位点中 ,1例发生 10个位点缺失 ,另一例发生 11个位点缺失。结论　通过细胞遗传学检查及 Y染色体上 AZF区域微缺失的检测 ,对男性不育患者提供更加明确的遗传学诊断