Airborne occupational exposures and risk of oesophageal and cardia adenocarcinoma

Background

The reasons for the increasing incidence of and strong male predominance in patients with oesophageal and cardia adenocarcinoma remain unclear. The authors hypothesised that airborne occupational exposures in male dominated industries might contribute.

Methods

In a nationwide Swedish population based case control study, 189 and 262 cases of oesophageal and cardia adenocarcinoma respectively, 167 cases of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and 820 frequency matched controls underwent personal interviews. Based on each study participant''s lifetime occupational history the authors assessed cumulative airborne occupational exposure for 10 agents, analysed individually and combined, by a deterministic additive model including probability, frequency, and intensity. Furthermore, occupations and industries of longest duration were analysed. Relative risks were estimated by odds ratios (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (CI), using conditional logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

Tendencies of positive associations were found between high exposure to pesticides and risk of oesophageal (OR 2.3 (95% CI 0.9 to 5.7)) and cardia adenocarcinoma (OR 2.1 (95% CI 1.0 to 4.6)). Among workers highly exposed to particular agents, a tendency of an increased risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma was found. There was a twofold increased risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma among concrete and construction workers (OR 2.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 4.2)) and a nearly fourfold increased risk of cardia adenocarcinoma among workers within the motor vehicle industry (OR 3.9 (95% CI 1.5 to 10.4)). An increased risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OR 3.9 (95% CI 1.2 to 12.5)), and a tendency of an increased risk of cardia adenocarcinoma (OR 2.8 (95% CI 0.9 to 8.5)), were identified among hotel and restaurant workers.

Conclusions

Specific airborne occupational exposures do not seem to be of major importance in the aetiology of oesophageal or cardia adenocarcinoma and are unlikely to contribute to the increasing incidence or the male predominance.     

Psychosocial Working Conditions and the Risk of Esophageal and Gastric Cardia Cancers

BACKGROUND: For reasons yet unknown, the incidence of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma is increasing rapidly and moderately, respectively. These tumors occur predominantly among males. We hypothesized that stressful psychosocial working conditions might be involved in the etiology of these cancers. OBJECTIVE: To study if job strain, work pace satisfaction and coping are linked to the risk of esophageal or cardia cancers. METHODS: A nationwide Swedish population-based case-control study including 189 and 262 esophageal and cardia adenocarcinoma cases, respectively, 167 esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma cases, and 820 controls. All study subjects were interviewed. The relative risk was estimated using odds ratios, with 95% confidence intervals, adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: We found no statistically significant associations between two different measures of job strain and the three cancer types, except between one job strain measure and risk of cardia adenocarcinoma (OR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.0-4.8). There was a moderately strong association between having a covert coping style, compared to an overt, and risk of both esophageal (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.8) and cardia adenocarcinoma (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0-2.3). Among subjects reporting low work pace satisfaction we found an almost 4-fold increased risk of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (OR: 3.8; 95% CI: 1.3-11.0), and a nearly 3-fold increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.1-7.0). CONCLUSIONS: Work-related stress does not seem to be of importance in the etiology of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or the gastric cardia. However, the interaction of a stressful work environment and the individual's responses to it may be associated with a moderately increased risk of these cancer types.     

A prospective study of tobacco, alcohol, and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes

Rates of esophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma have increased, while rates of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and gastric noncardia adenocarcinoma have decreased, suggesting distinct etiologies. The authors prospectively investigated the associations of alcohol and tobacco with these cancers in 474,606 US participants using Cox models adjusted for potential confounders. Between 1995/1996 and 2000, 97 incident cases of ESCC, 205 of esophageal adenocarcinoma, 188 of gastric cardia, and 187 of gastric noncardia cancer occurred. Compared with nonsmokers, current smokers were at increased risk for ESCC (hazard ratio (HR) = 9.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.04, 21.29), esophageal adenocarcinoma (HR = 3.70, 95% CI: 2.20, 6.22), gastric cardia (HR = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.73, 4.70), and gastric noncardia (HR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.32, 3.16). Assuming causality, ever smoking had population attributable risks of 77% (95% CI: 0.55, 0.89) for ESCC, 58% (95% CI: 0.38, 0.72) for esophageal adenocarcinoma, 47% (95% CI: 0.27, 0.63) for gastric cardia, and 19% (95% CI: 0.00, 0.37) for gastric noncardia. For drinkers of more than three alcoholic beverages per day, compared with those whose intake was up to one drink per day, the authors found significant associations between alcohol intake and ESCC risk (HR = 4.93, 95% CI: 2.69, 9.03) but not risk for esophageal, gastric cardia, or gastric noncardia adenocarcinoma.     

Dietary patterns and risk of squamous-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia: a population-based case-control study in Sweden

We conducted a large population-based case-control study in Sweden to examine the association of dietary patterns and the development of cancers from the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction. In total 185 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma, 165 with esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma, 258 with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, and 815 randomly selected population controls underwent face-to-face interviews. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify possible dietary patterns. Multivariate logistic regression with adjustments for age, sex, years of education, body mass index, physical activity, symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux, smoking, and total energy intake was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We identified three major dietary patterns in this population, for example, "healthy diet" (high in vegetables, tomato, fruits, fish, and poultry), "Western diet" (high in processed meat, red meat, sweets, high-fat dairy, and high-fat gravy), and "alcohol drinker" (high in intakes of beer, liquor, and French fries). We found that a healthy diet tended to moderately decrease the risk of all three cancers under study, although none of the associations was statistically significant. A high score of Western diet was associated with increased risks of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (high 3rd tertile vs. low 1st quartile, OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1-2.9, P for trend = 0.04) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (high 3rd tertile vs. low 1st tertile, OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 0.9-3.1, P for trend = 0.13), whereas a dietary pattern characterized by high beer and liquor intake (alcohol drinker) significantly increased the risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus (3rd tertile vs. low 1st tertile, OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.9-6.3, P for trend < 0.0001). Our study confirms the important role of diet in the carcinogenesis of esophageal and cardia cancer.     

Occupational risk factors for sinonasal cancer: a case-control study in France.

A case-control study was conducted in France to examine occupational risk factors for sinonasal cancer; 207 cases and 409 controls were included in the study. Detailed information was collected on occupational history and other potential risk factors for nasal cancer. Results are presented for three histologic types: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and others. Among males, the risk of adenocarcinoma was significantly elevated for cabinetmakers (odds-ratio = 35.4, 95% confidence interval = 18.1-69.3), carpenters and joiners (OR = 25.2, 95% CI = 14.6-43.6), and wood-working machine operators (OR = 7.4, 95% CI = 3.4-15.8), whereas the odds-ratios were less than 1 for loggers and wood preparation workers. Odds-ratios associated with cabinetmakers (OR = 11.2, 95% CI = 2.7-45.9)) and carpenters and joiners (OR = 5.8, 95% CI = 1.8-18.6) were also significantly elevated for the other-histologic-types category. Significant excesses in risk of squamous cell cancer were noted for "bakers, pastry cooks, grain millers" (OR = 3.9, 1.2-12.8), construction workers (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.7-8.0), and carpenters and joiners having worked for at least 15 years in the wood manufacturing industry (OR = 8.1, 95% CI = 1.3-50.3). Among females, a significant increase in risk of squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 9.5, 95% CI = 1.7-54.1) and a moderate increase in risk of adenocarcinoma (OR = 4.0, 95% CI = 0.7-23.5) was observed for textile workers. Elevated risks of squamous cell cancer were noted for farm workers of both sexes (males: OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.1-4.4; females: OR = 4.9, 95% CI = 1.0-24.9).     

流动人口职业病防治教育现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解流动人口职业病防治教育现状及影响因素。方法 运用SPSS 25.0软件对2017年全国流动人口卫生计生动态监测中的154586名流动人口的相关数据进行分析,主要分析方法有统计描述、χ2检验和二元logistic回归等。结果 154586名流动人口中,51578人接受过职业病防治教育,接受率为33.4%。二元logistic回归分析表明,男性（OR=1.165,95%CI:1.137~1.193）、30～44岁（OR=1.169,95%CI:1.088~1.256）、文化程度高中或中专（OR=1.278,95%CI:1.227~1.330）、在婚（OR=1.172,95%CI:1.134~1.211）、流动原因为经济性质（OR=1.283,95%CI:1.115~1.475）、流入西部地区（OR=1.749,95%CI:1.700~1.799）、有稳定工作（OR=1.071,95%CI:1.016~1.128）、机关或国企或股份联营企业（OR=1.765,95%CI:1.666~1.870）、自评状况为健康（OR=1.479,95%CI:1.363~1.606）的流动人口职业病防治教育接受率较高;未签订劳动合同（OR=0.684,95%CI:0.661~0.708）、未听过“国家基本公共卫生服务项目”（OR=0.231,95%CI:0.225~0.237）的流动人口职业病防治教育接受率较低。结论 流动人口职业病防治教育接受率较低,需加强流动人群职业病防治教育的宣传力度,提高职业病防治教育的覆盖面。     

Coffee and gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis

We systematically reviewed the literature on the association between coffee consumption and gastric cancer and performed a meta-analysis of the results. Published cohort and case-control studies were identified in PubMed and reference lists. Random effects meta-analysis was used to pool effects from 23 studies, and heterogeneity was explored by stratification and meta-regression. The odds ratio (OR) for the overall association between coffee and gastric cancer (highest vs. lowest category of exposure) was 0.97 (95%CI: 0.86-1.09), similar for cohort (OR = 1.02; 95%CI: 0.76-1.37) and case-control studies (population-based: OR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.70-1.15; hospital-based: OR = 0.97; 95%CI: 0.83-1.13). The OR was 1.26 (95%CI: 1.02-1.57) when considering five studies conducted in the USA, 0.97 (95%CI: 0.82-1.14) for the five Japanese studies, 0.98 (95%CI: 0.81-1.17) for the six studies from Europe, and 0.64 (95%CI: 0.47-0.86) for the two studies from South America. In this meta-analysis we found no adverse effect of coffee associated with gastric cancer. Knowledge on the level of exposure to different coffee constituents may provide a deeper understanding of this reassuring result and the real role of coffee on cancer risk.     

山西省东南部地区居民食管癌危险因素的病例对照研究

目的探讨山西省东南部地区居民饮食、行为等各种影响因素与食管癌发生的关系。方法在山西省东南部地区, 采用以人群为基础的 1︰2 配对病例对照研究方法, 对 101 例食管癌患者和 202 例对照进行问卷调查, 采用单因素和多因素条件 Logistic 回归对所获资料进行分析。结果 BMI 指数过低 (OR = 2.85, 95%CI: 0.96～8.27)、吸烟 (OR =3.08, 95%CI: 0.94～10.03)、饮酒 (OR = 3.12, 95%CI: 1.16-8.68)、常吃咸鱼腊肉 (OR = 8.68, 95%CI: 2.12～35.48)、喜食烫食 (OR = 5.69, 95%CI: 2.20～14.75) 可能是食管癌的危险因素; 常吃肉蛋禽奶 (OR = 0.20, 95%CI: 0.08～0.49)可能是食管癌的保护因素。结论生活习惯和饮食习惯是本地区食管癌的主要危险因素之一, 应对其采取综合性的预防措施。     

细胞色素P4501A1基因多态性与食管癌易感性关系的Meta分析

目的 探讨细胞色素P4501A1(CYP1A1)MspI和Ile/Val位点基因多态性与食管癌发生的关系.方法 采用Meta分析方法,对国内外1997-2008年采用病例对照方法研究CYP1A1MspI和Ile/Val基因多态性与食管癌发生关系的16篇(MspI 8篇,Ile/Val 14篇)文献,采用显性模型(即突变基因型与野生型比较)进行综合定量分析,然后按病理分型(鳞癌/腺癌)分亚组进行分析.结果 综合分析CYP1A1 MspI突变基因型(TC+CC)与食管癌发生无统计学关联(OR=1.17,95%CI:0.82～1.66),亚组分析亦未发现CYP1A1 MspI突变基因型与食管鳞癌(OR=1.17,95%CI:0.82～1.69)和食管腺癌(OR=1.39,95%CI:0.67～2.09)的统计学关联;携带CYP1A1突变基因型(Ile/Val+Val/Val)的个体发生食管癌的危险性是野生型的1.39倍(OR=1.39,95%CI:1.07～1.80);亚组分析显示突变基因型与食管鳞癌发生的易感性相关但与食管腺癌无关联,OR值分别为1.43(95%CI:1.07～1.91)和1.20(95%CI:0.62～2.30).结论 CYP1A1 Ile/Val位点突变基因型可增加食管鳞癌发生的危险性,CYP1A1 MspI位点基因多态性与食管癌无关联.     

Occupational risks for laryngeal cancer: a case-control study

The most solidly established risk factors for laryngeal cancer are tobacco and alcohol. As for occupational factors, the only established carcinogen is exposure to strong inorganic acid mists. However, asbestos, pesticides, paints, gasoline, diesel engine emissions, dusts, and other factors have been reported in the literature as occupational agents that increase the risk of laryngeal cancer. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to investigate occupational risk factors for laryngeal cancer. Detailed data on smoking, alcohol consumption, and occupational history were collected for 122 laryngeal cancers and 187 controls matched by frequency (according to sex and age). Laryngeal cancer was associated with exposure to respirable free crystalline silica (OR = 1.83; 95%CI: 1.00-3.36), soot (from coal, coke, fuel oil, or wood) (odds ratio - OR = 1.78; 95% confidence interval - 95%CI: 1.03-3.03), fumes (OR = 2.55; 95%CI: 1.14-5.67), and live animals (OR = 1.80; 95%CI: 1.02-3.19).     

流动人口住院费医保报销现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解流动人口住院费医保报销现状及其影响因素,为减轻流动人口医疗经济负担提供参考。方法 利用2018年全国流动人口卫生计生动态监测数据,运用χ2检验和logistic回归分析流动人口住院费医保报销现状及其影响因素。结果 3 364名调查对象中,2 346名（69.7%）流动人口报销住院费,其中有18人重复报销,报销总人次为2 364次。2 346名报销者中,66.5%在流入地报销住院费。从报销总人次来看,不同参保类型的流动人口住院费报销情况不同,参加城镇职工医疗保险的报销率最高,为82.2%;而报销地点上,参加城乡居民医保、城镇居民医保、城镇职工医保的选择在流入地报销分别占76.1%、79.9%和89.8%。多因素结果显示,年龄为35～44岁（OR = 1.474,95%CI:1.083～2.007）、45～54岁（OR = 2.223,95%CI:1.587～3.115）、55～64岁（OR = 2.320,95%CI:1.562～3.446）、65岁及以上（OR = 4.179,95%CI:2.576～6.778）,受教育层次为高中（OR = 1.397,95%CI:1.077～1.811）、大专（OR = 1.887,95%CI:1.390～2.562）、本科及以上（OR = 2.427, 95%CI:1.660～3.548）,流动时间6～10年（OR = 1.282,95%CI:1.058～1.554）、10年以上（OR = 1.264,95%CI:1.018～1.570）,省内流动（OR = 1.483,95%CI:1.234～1.781）、市内流动（OR = 1.883,95%CI:1.502～2.360）,异地养老（OR = 2.305,95%CI:1.052～5.052）,流入西部（OR = 1.283,95%CI:1.061～1.551）是流动人口报销住院费的保护因素;从事商业及服务业 （OR = 0.429,95%CI:0.301～0.611）、生产及运输业（OR = 0.645,95%CI:0.431～0.966）、其他（OR = 0.421,95%CI:0.295～0.600）是流动人口报销住院费的危险因素。结论 流动人口住院费医保报销仍有较大的提升空间。应提高医保区域统筹层次,优化医保报销流程,加强对流动人口医保政策宣传,做好流动人口医保报销工作。     

2013—2018年安徽省淮河流域胃癌高危人群内镜筛查参与率及其影响因素分析

目的 研究2013—2018年安徽省淮河流域胃癌高危人群的内镜筛查参与率,探讨可能的影响因素。方法 2013—2018年,在安徽省淮河流域癌症早诊早治项目覆盖的6个地区,采用整群抽样方法,面向40~69岁常住居民,进行健康因素问卷调查和胃癌风险评估,对评估出胃癌高危人群进行内镜筛查,采用χ²检验比较不同特征对象内镜筛查参与率的差异,采用多因素logistic回归模型分析内镜筛查参与率的影响因素。结果 共纳入胃癌高危人群70 927人,其中32 170人接受内镜筛查,总体参与率为45.36%。内镜筛查的参与率存在着显著的时间（χ² = 651.193,P＜0.001）和地区（χ² = 4 799.975,P＜0.001）差异。多因素logistic回归分析显示,女性（OR = 1.27,95%CI:1.22～1.32）、年龄偏大（50～59岁:OR = 1.29,95%CI:1.24～1.34;60～69岁:OR = 1.37,95%CI:1.32～1.43）、大专及以上学历（OR = 1.66,95%CI:1.46～1.90）、离异（OR = 1.43,95%CI:1.27～1.62）、丧偶（OR = 1.12,95%CI:1.03～1.23）、家庭年均收入高（＞10 000～30 000元:OR = 1.46,95%CI:1.41～1.52;＞30 000～50 000元:OR = 1.43,95%CI:1.36～1.50;＞50 000元:OR = 1.24,95%CI:1.16～1.31）、饮用未处理水源（浅表水:OR = 1.33,95%CI:1.27～1.38;深井水/泉水:OR = 1.31,95%CI:1.24～1.37）、不吸烟（OR = 1.27,95%CI:1.21～1.33）、不饮酒（OR = 1.17,95%CI:1.11～1.22）、有消化系统疾病史（1种:OR = 1.32,95%CI:1.27～1.37;2种:OR = 1.93,95%CI:1.81～2.06;3种及以上:OR = 2.47,95%CI:2.17～2.81）和有胃癌家族史（OR = 1.27,95%CI:1.17～1.37）的人群接受内镜筛查参与率较高。结论 胃癌高危人群内镜筛查参与率仍有待提高,研究结果将为今后制定有效的基于人群的胃癌筛查策略提供重要参考。     

Effects of Dietary Fiber,Fats, and Meat Intakes on the Risk of Barrett's Esophagus

Animal and human models suggest associations between fat intake, fiber intake, and the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. We evaluated whether these factors may act early in the carcinogenic pathway as a risk factor for Barrett's esophagus, a potentially premalignant precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma using a case-control design within the Kaiser Permanente, Northern California population. Incident Barrett's esophagus cases (n = 296) were matched to persons with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (n = 308) and to population controls (n = 309). Higher intakes of omega-3-fatty-acids [cases vs. population controls; OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.22–0.97, 4th vs. 1st quartiles of intake], polyunsaturated fat, total fiber (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.15–0.76), and fiber from fruits and vegetables (OR = 0.47 95% CI = 0.25–0.88) were associated with a lower risk of Barrett's esophagus. Higher meat intakes were associated with a lower risk of long-segment Barrett's esophagus (OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.09–0.72). In contrast, higher trans-fat intakes were associated with increased risk (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.03–1.21 per g/day). Total fat intake, barbecued foods, and fiber intake from sources other than fruits and vegetables were not associated with Barrett's esophagus. Future studies to evaluate whether dietary interventions might influence the risk of Barrett's esophagus or esophageal adenocarcinoma in high risk persons are needed.     

Study of lung cancer histologic types, occupation, and smoking in Missouri

A case-control study of lung cancer was conducted to evaluate the relationship between lung cancer histologic types and occupation, adjusted for smoking. A total of 4,431 white male cases and 11,326 cancer controls, diagnosed between 1980 and 1985, were identified through the Missouri Cancer Registry. For all histologic types combined, excess risk was observed among many a priori suspected high-risk occupations. Lung cancer was elevated among men employed as insulators (odds ratio [OR] = 6.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7, 137.8), carpenters (OR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.0, 1.7), painters, plasterers, and wallpaper hangers (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.2,3.3), structural metal workers (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 0.6,6.0), mechanics and repairers (OR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.0,1.7), motor vehicle drivers (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.2,1.8), police and firefighters (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1,2.3), and food service personnel (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.0,3.5). A deficit of lung cancer was observed among farmers (OR = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.7,1.0). Adenocarcinoma of the lung was elevated among carpenters (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.0,2.5) and cabinet and furniture makers (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 0.4,8.1), which is interesting because of the previous reports of excess adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity associated with wood dust exposure. Adenocarcinomas were also elevated among plumbers (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.0,3.8) and printers (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 0.7,4.2). Electricians were at slightly increased risk for adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.7,2.8) and "other" or mixed cell types of lung cancer (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.8,2.9) but at decreased risk for small cell (OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.3,2.0) and squamous cell (OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.4,1.6) tumors. Among welders, adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 0.7,3.8) and squamous cell (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 0.9,3.3) cancers were elevated, but small cell and "other" lung cancers were not. Despite the limitations of the Cancer Registry data, some interesting associations were observed that merit further study, particularly the association between lung adenocarcinoma and occupational exposure to wood and wood dust.     

快速康复外科方式在中、下段食管癌和贲门癌手术中的应用

目的研究快速康复外科（FTS）在中、下段食管癌和贲门癌手术中的应用及其意义。方法2007年3月至2009年2月，共手术治疗中、下段食管癌和贲门癌患者226例，其中男168例，女58例；平均年龄593岁。所有患者术后均采用FTS方式治疗。结果手术后共57例患者不能耐受FTS治疗，其中术前有并发疾病患者35例。结论大部分中、下段食管癌、贲门癌患者可以耐受FTS模式，尤其适用于年龄小于65岁，术前无严重并发疾病患者。FTS模式必将成为胸外科的发展趋势之一。     

社区管理精神分裂症患者住院影响因素分析

目的 分析深圳市某区社区管理的精神分裂症患者住院及其影响因素。方法 选取2015年1月1月—2019年12月31日某区社区管理精神分裂症患者,根据2018—2019年住院情况分为病例组和对照组。用χ2检验和多因素logistic回归对住院及其影响因素进行分析。结果 共2 305例患者纳入分析,2018、2019年和两年住院率分别为5.47%、5.25%和8.89%。多因素分析显示,41～65岁（OR = 0.620,95%CI:0.421～0.913）,未婚（OR = 1.566,95%CI:1.074～2.283）,待业（OR = 1.629,95%CI:1.095～2.425）,有医保（OR = 2.029,95%CI:1.460～2.821）,有病情不稳定史（OR = 2.984, 95%CI:1.754～5.078）,1次及以上住院史（1次:OR = 3.691,95%CI:2.509～5.428;2次及以上:OR = 6.402, 95%CI:3.578～11.452),补贴取药次数差（OR = 2.395, 95%CI:1.360～4.218）是社区管理精神分裂症患者住院的影响因素。结论 年龄、婚姻、就业、医保、病情不稳定史和住院史、补贴取药可能是社区管理精神分裂症患者住院的影响因素,根据上述特征采取相应的措施可能减少患者住院。     

Work in dry cleaning and the incidence of cancer of the oral cavity, larynx, and oesophagus.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether employment in dry cleaning, and potential exposure to perchloroethylene (PCE), were associated with increased risk of carcinoma of the oral cavity and pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, and gastric cardia. METHODS: Two population based case-control studies were carried out. There were 491 cases of carcinoma of the oral cavity and pharynx, 235 of the larynx, and 404 of the oesophagus and gastric cardia. 724 controls were selected by random digit dialing. Personal interviews ascertained information on lifetime job histories, cigarette use, alcohol consumption, and other potential risk factors. The probability and level of exposure to PCE were estimated from the scientific literature. RESULTS: People who worked in dry cleaning tended to consume less alcohol and cigarettes than the general population. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) associated with ever having worked in dry cleaning was 1.6 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.6 to 4.4) for all cancer types together. The strongest associations were with laryngeal (OR 2.7; 95% CI 0.6 to 10.9) and oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas (OR 3.6; 95% CI 0.5 to 27.0). For laryngeal cancer, the relative risk increased with number of years employed in the dry cleaning industry (P = 0.14. The two cases of oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas had worked in dry cleaning for only a short time. Analyses of subsites showed higher risks for supraglottic laryngeal cancer (OR 5.7; 95% CI 1.0 to 32.1) and cancer of the tongue (OR 2.3; 95% CI 0.4 to 12.6). Analyses of exposure to PCE yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS: These findings could easily be explained by chance; nevertheless, they are consistent with previous reports of excess risk of oesophageal, laryngeal, and tongue cancer, and suggest that previous studies of dry cleaners that could not control for alcohol and cigarette use may have underestimated the relative risks of such cancers.     

Meta-analysis of multiple myeloma and benzene exposure.

Epidemiologic studies have suggested that benzene exposure may be a risk factor of multiple myeloma (MM). We performed meta-analyses of case-control studies to assess the association between occupational exposure to benzene and the risk of MM. We divided the occupational sources of benzene exposure into 4 categories, benzene and/or organic solvents, petroleum, petroleum products, and engine exhaust, for conducting the meta-analysis. As a result, a significant positive association was indicated between exposure to engine exhaust and MM (summary odds ratio or summary OR=1.34, 95% confidence interval or 95%CI=1.14-1.57). However, no significant associations were obtained for benzene and/or organic solvents (summary OR=0.74, 95%CI=0.60-0.90), petroleum (summary OR=1.11, 95%CI=0.96-1.28) and petroleum products (summary OR=1.08, 95%CI=0.89-1.33) with risk of MM. These results suggested that benzene exposure itself was not likely to be a risk factor of MM. It is thought that several harmful chemical agents in engine exhaust, other than benzene, could be etiologically related to the risk of MM. Further case-control studies on MM are needed to obtain more information about detailed occupational exposure to toxic substances.     

常州市武进区2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白控制状况及其影响因素研究

目的 分析武进区糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）控制状况及其影响因素。方法 基于区域卫生信息系统,收集武进区2018年10月—2020年9月在管的2型糖尿病患者（T2DM）基本信息和糖化血红蛋白检测数据,采用多因素logistic回归分析影响糖化血红蛋白控制状况及其影响因素。结果 共11 644例数据完整的糖尿病患者纳入分析,男性5 016例,女性6 628例,HbA1c达标（＜7%）人数4 586人（39.39%）。不同年龄组（χ2 = 35.254,P＜0.001）、不同吸烟状态组（χ2 = 16.789,P＜0.001）、不同饮酒频率组（χ2 = 6.155,P = 0.046）、不同医保类型组（χ2 = 25.213,P＜0.001）、不同糖尿病病程组（χ2 = 71.716,P＜0.001）、不同体质指数组（χ2 = 11.518,P = 0.009）和不同季节（χ2 = 25.213,P＜0.001）达标率差异有统计学意义。多元logistic回归显示较高年龄组（以＜60岁组为参照,60～69岁组OR = 0.793,95%CI:0.710～0.884;70～79岁组OR = 0.642,95%CI:0.573～0.720;≥80岁组OR = 0.542,95%CI:0.466～0.630）、较高文化程度（以文盲为参照,初中组OR = 0.692,95%CI:0.517～0.927;高中及以上组OR = 0.619,95%CI:0.454～0.846）、城镇职工医保（OR = 0.844,95%CI:0.767～0.929）、秋季（OR = 0.829,95%CI:0.737～0.932）和冬季（OR = 0.861,95%CI:0.776～0.955）是HbA1c控制不达标的保护因素,吸烟（OR = 1.227,95%CI:1.091～1.381）和戒烟（OR = 1.434,95%CI:1.096～1.874）、超重（OR = 1.130,95%CI:1.040～1.228）和肥胖（OR = 1.144,95%CI:1.023～1.280）、较长糖尿病病程（以＜2年组为参照,2～5.9年组OR = 1.126,95%CI:1.015～1.248;6～7.9年组OR = 1.587,95%CI:1.432～1.758;≥8年组OR = 1.737,95%CI:1.540～1.958）是HbA1c控制不达标的危险因素。结论 武进区糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白达标率低,尤其是低年龄、超重和肥胖、吸烟或戒烟、糖尿病病程长、文化程度低和城镇居民医保患者,应采取相应措施提高糖化血红蛋白达标率。     

上海地区职业人群代谢综合征及其组分与早期肾损伤的相关性研究

目的 探讨上海地区职业人群代谢综合征（Metabolic Syndrome,MetS）和早期肾损伤的检出情况,分析MetS及其组分与早期肾损伤相关性。方法 选取2021年1—12月在华东疗养院进行健康体检的12251例上海地区职业人群为研究对象,以估算的肾小球滤过率(estimate glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)60≤eGFR＜90ml/( min·1.73m2)为依据诊断为早期肾损伤,MetS根据2017年版中华医学会糖尿病分会诊断标准进行诊断,研究该人群MetS及其不同组分中早期肾损伤的检出情况,并采用单因素与多因素logistic回归分析MetS及其组分与早期肾损伤的相关性。结果 该地区职业人群MetS和早期肾损伤的检出率分别为16.04%和24.86%,且eGFR值在MetS组与非MetS组间有统计学差异（t =2.967,P =0.003）;在MetS及其五个组分中,除高空腹血糖外,余阳性组的早期肾损伤检出率显著高于阴性组（P＜0.001）,且随着组分数0~5的增高,早期肾损伤检出率逐渐增高（趋势x²=139.225, P＜0.001）;回归模型分析显示,性别（OR=2.407,95% CI:2.184～2.652）、年龄（OR=5.661,95% CI:4.622～6.934）、腹型肥胖(OR=1.177,95% CI: 1.072~1.292）、高血压( OR=1.319,95% CI: 1.208~1.441）、高TG血症(OR=1.403,95% CI: 1.286~1.531）、低HDL-C血症(OR=1.245,95% CI: 1.109~1.397）是早期肾损伤的危险因素;男性发生风险是女性的2.209倍（95%CI:1.983～2.460）;50岁以上人群是≤30岁人群的5.477倍（95%CI:4.448～6.745）; MetS的1～5项组分数发生早期肾损伤的风险分别为0.704（95%CI:0.597～0.830）,1.124（95%CI:0.826～1.538）,1.502（95%CI:1.143～1.843）,1.697（95%CI:1.369～2.164）,1.913（95%CI:1.234～2.251）。结论 上海地区职业人群早期肾损伤检出率较高,男性、年龄增长、腹型肥胖、高血压、高TG血症、低HDL-C血症是发生早期肾损伤的危险因素。