Severe Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Early Infancy and Pneumonia Hospitalizations among Children,Kenya

Severe lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in infants caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been associated with later pneumonia hospitalization among children. To determine risk for pneumonia after RSV hospitalization in infancy, we conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 2,813 infants admitted to a hospital in Kenya and identified readmissions for pneumonia among this group during early childhood (<60 months of age). Incidence of readmission for pneumonia was higher for children whose first admission as infants was for LRTI and who were <3 months of age than for children who were first admitted as infants for non-LRTI, irrespective of RSV status. Incidence of readmission for pneumonia with wheeze was higher for children whose first admission involved RSV compared with those who had non-RSV LRTI. Excess pneumonia risk persisted for 2 years after the initial hospitalization. Close postdischarge follow-up of infants with LRTI, with or without RSV, could help prevent severe pneumonia later in childhood.     

Risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis hospital admission in New Zealand

This study assessed risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalization and disease severity in Wellington, New Zealand. During the southern hemisphere winter months of 2003--2005, 230 infants aged < 24 months hospitalized with bronchiolitis were recruited. RSV was indentified in 141 (61%) infants. Comparison with data from all live hospital births from the same region (2003--2005) revealed three independent risk factors for RSV hospitalization: birth between February and July [adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-2.29], gestation <37 weeks (aRR 2.29, 95% CI 1.48-3.56) and Māori ethnicity (aRR 3.64, 95% CI 2.27-5.85), or Pacific ethnicity (aRR 3.60, 95% CI 2.14-6.06). The high risk for Māori and Pacific infants was only partially accounted for by other known risk factors. This work highlights the importance of RSV disease in indigenous and minority populations, and identifies the need for further research to develop public health measures that can reduce health disparities.     

Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in hospitalized infants in Greece

New therapies have been introduced for the prophylaxis and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in recent years. The aim of the study was to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis in our area. All patients under 1 year of age admitted with acute bronchiolitis during four consecutive RSV seasons from February 1, 1997 to June 30, 2000 were enrolled in the study. The records of patients admitted during the first season were reviewed retrospectively while the rest were followed prospectively. A total of 636 infants with bronchiolitis were admitted and RSV infection was documented in 61% of those tested. Admission to intensive care unit (ICU) was required for 6.2% of them and was more common in premature infants (26%) (p < 0.001). Case fatality rate was 0.7% (overall 0.3%). RSV bronchiolitis accounted for about 12% of all infant admissions during the 5 months of the yearly outbreak. Patients with documented RSV infection had a more severe illness with a higher ICU admission rate (6 vs. 1%, p = 0.008) and longer duration of hospitalization (mean 6.3 vs. 5.3 days, p < 0.001) compared to those who tested negative. Although none of the patients had a positive blood culture on admission a considerable number of them (210/636, 33%) were treated with antibiotics. RSV infection has a significant impact on infant morbidity in our settings which is more serious among those born prematurely. Documentation of RSV infection may be a marker of more severe illness in infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis. Antibiotic use has to be restricted since the occurrence of a serious bacteraemic illness on admission is a very rare event.     

重症呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎的危险因素分析

目的分析重症呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)肺炎的流行病学和相关危险因素。方法选取2018年1月1日—2019年12月31日杭州市儿童医院收治的RSV阳性且临床诊断为重症肺炎的患儿80例为重症组,RSV阳性且临床诊断为普通肺炎的患儿80例为普通组,采用Logistic多元回归分析重症RSV肺炎的危险因素。结果重症RSV肺炎单因素相关性分析显示秋冬季发病、小月龄、早产、剖宫产、低出生体质量、缺乏母乳喂养、哮喘家族史及患儿基础疾病因素差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:发病季节、月龄、早产、剖宫产、低出生体质量、哮喘家族史及患儿基础疾病与重症RSV肺炎发生率呈现正相关;母乳喂养与重症RSV肺炎发生率呈现负相关,是其保护因素。结论秋冬季为重症RSV肺炎的好发季节,小月龄、早产儿、剖宫产、低出生体质量、哮喘家族史及基础疾病是重症RSV肺炎的危险因素,母乳喂养可降低重症RSV肺炎发生风险。     

重症呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎的危险因素分析

目的分析重症呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)肺炎的流行病学和相关危险因素。方法选取2018年1月1日—2019年12月31日杭州市儿童医院收治的RSV阳性且临床诊断为重症肺炎的患儿80例为重症组,RSV阳性且临床诊断为普通肺炎的患儿80例为普通组,采用Logistic多元回归分析重症RSV肺炎的危险因素。结果重症RSV肺炎单因素相关性分析显示秋冬季发病、小月龄、早产、剖宫产、低出生体质量、缺乏母乳喂养、哮喘家族史及患儿基础疾病因素差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:发病季节、月龄、早产、剖宫产、低出生体质量、哮喘家族史及患儿基础疾病与重症RSV肺炎发生率呈现正相关;母乳喂养与重症RSV肺炎发生率呈现负相关,是其保护因素。结论秋冬季为重症RSV肺炎的好发季节,小月龄、早产儿、剖宫产、低出生体质量、哮喘家族史及基础疾病是重症RSV肺炎的危险因素,母乳喂养可降低重症RSV肺炎发生风险。     

Hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus in the paediatric population in Spain

The aim of this population-based retrospective study was to determine the incidence of hospitalization for community-acquired, laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in an unselected paediatric population from southern Europe. The study was performed in an area with 15,700 children aged less than 5 years attended by a single hospital. The presence of RSV in nasopharyngeal aspirates from children with acute respiratory infection treated in the hospital was investigated in four seasons (July 1996-June 2000). A total of 390 episodes of hospitalization for RSV infection were detected and 83.3% of the children were aged less than 1 year old. The annual hospitalization rate was 37/1000 for infants aged less than 6 months and 25/1000 for those aged less than 1 year. During the study period, 2.5% of the infants younger than 1 year and approximately 5% of those younger than 3 months were hospitalized for RSV infection. The mean length of hospital stay was 5.9 days. Seven per cent of the patients required admission to the intensive care unit and more than half of these children were aged less than 1 month. In Spain, community-acquired RSV infection is a highly frequent cause of hospitalization in young children, especially in those aged less than 1 year. Prevention of RSV infection, through the development of vaccines and/or other strategies, should be a public health priority.     

Number needed to immunize to prevent RSV with extended half-life monoclonal antibody

BackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens in young children. Infants <6 months of age and infants and young children with extreme pre-term birth, and cardiac and pulmonary co-morbidities experience the highest incidence of severe RSV disease. There are no licensed vaccines; immunoprophylaxis is recommended for the highest risk children. Extended half-life RSV monoclonal antibodies (EHL-mAbs) are under development intended for immunization of all infants and high-risk children <2 years of age. We modeled the anticipated public health benefits of RSV EHL-mAb immunization using the number needed to immunize (NNI).MethodsWe combined RSV hospitalization, outpatient and outpatient lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) incidence estimates and a range of immunization efficacies to estimate the annual NNI. We calculated the absolute incidence rate reduction (ARR) by multiplying the incidence rates by immunization efficacy. NNI was calculated as the reciprocal of the ARR.ResultsFor an RSV EHL-mAb with 70% efficacy, 6–18 infants would need to be immunized to prevent one RSV-associated outpatient visit, and 13–33 infants would need to be immunized to prevent one RSV-associated LRI outpatient visit. To prevent one RSV-associated hospitalization, 37–85 infants 0–5 months of age, and 107–280 infants 6–11 months of age would need to be immunized.ConclusionsPublic health benefits, such as disease cases averted due to immunization, are essential elements in consideration of candidate vaccines for a national immunization program. An RSV EHL-mAb of moderate efficacy could have high impact. These data provide an additional perspective for public health decision making.     

Biological factors that may impair transplacental transfer of RSV antibodies: Implications for maternal immunization policy and research priorities for low- and middle-income countries

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI), including bronchiolitis and pneumonia, in infants and children worldwide. Protection against RSV is primarily antibody mediated and passively acquired RSV neutralizing antibody can protect infants from RSV ALRI. Maternal immunization is an attractive strategy for the prevention of RSV in early infancy when immune responses to active immunization may be suboptimal and most severe RSV disease and death occur. However, several biologic factors have been shown to potentially attenuate or interfere with the transfer of protective naturally acquired antibodies from mother to fetus and could therefore also reduce vaccine effectiveness through impairment of transfer of vaccine-induced antibodies. Many of these factors are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) which experience the greatest burden of RSV-associated mortality; more data are needed to understand these mechanisms in the context of RSV maternal immunization.This review will focus on what is currently known about biologic conditions that may impair RSV antibody transfer, including preterm delivery, low birthweight, maternal HIV infection, placental malaria, and hypergammaglobulinemia (high levels of maternal total IgG). Key data gaps and priority areas for research are highlighted and include improved understanding of the epidemiology of hypergammaglobulinemia and the mechanisms by which it may impair antibody transfer. Key considerations for ensuring optimal vaccine effectiveness in LMICs are also discussed.     

Risk factors for nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive-care unit

The clinical records a years cohort of 280 newborn infants consecutively hospitalized for 48 h or more in our neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) were reviewed. Information on the infants' conditions during the first 12h of life, and on the procedures used in the NICU, were collected. Statistical significance was tested by univariate analysis with the chi(2) test and by multivariate logistic regression analysis with the software program SPSS (Version 10). Over the one-year period reviewed, 90 hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) were contracted; 55 (19.6%) of infants had at least one infection during their stay. The overall in-hospital mortality was 7.1%, and mortality was higher in infants in whom at least one infection developed than in non-infected infants (12.7 vs. 5.8% P=0.13). Very low birthweight infants (VLBW<1,501 g) who had more severe clinical conditions on admission [clinical risk index for babies (CRIB) score >/=5] had an almost two-fold higher risk of contracting a HAI. In the multivariate regression analysis, the onset of a HAI was strongly associated with a low gestational age and the presence of an intravascular catheter. HAIs frequently complicate hospitalization in NICUs and are associated with increased mortality. Our findings also suggest that CRIB could be predictive for the risk of infection in VLBW infants.     

Use of palivizumab to control an outbreak of syncytial respiratory virus in a neonatal intensive care unit

To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a humanized respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) monoclonal antibody (palivizumab) to control an outbreak of RSV in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), we retrospectively analysed two RSV outbreaks. Between 11 November 1998 and 18 March 1999, two separate RSV outbreaks occurred in a large (26 beds) NICU. All procedures for preventing nosocomial spread of RSV (including the use of palivizumab in the second outbreak) were retrospectively analysed. The cumulative incidence (CI), secondary attack rate (SAR) and risk ratio of infection were determined before and after the use of palivizumab for all patients and for those with gestational age below and above 32 weeks in the NICU during the second outbreak. Standard infection control measures were effective in the first outbreak (three cases). In the second outbreak, after three index cases, five additional infants were newly RSV-infected within one month. Three infants had RSV pneumonia and required mechanical ventilation; one infant died. Standard infection control procedures were initiated from the beginning of this outbreak. Palivizumab was given to all infants in the NICU after the fifth case was identified. CI was 2.4% in the first 15 days and 10.5% in the second, and SAR was 2.9 per thousand in the first 15 days and 14.1 per thousand in the second, both dropping to zero after the administration of palivizumab. The risk ratio of infection was 4.65 times higher in infants under 32 weeks gestational age. After the use of palivizumab, there were no additional identified cases. In addition to careful infection control procedures, the use of palivizumab might have contributed to arresting the outbreak of RSV infection in the NICU, suggesting that it could be an additional resource in the control of severe nosocomial RSV outbreaks.     

Climatic factors and lower respiratory tract infection due to respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalised infants in northern Spain

Objective To analyse the influence of climatic factors on the number of hospitalised infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) per week.Methods A retrospective observational case–control study was designed enrolling infants under 2 years of age, admitted to hospital between October 1995 and June 2000 with lower respiratory tract infection due to RSV. Climatic and seasonal data were included. The week variable was used as the study unit: weeks with more than one admission for the case group and weeks without admissions for the control group. The total number of weeks excluding summer months, from June to September, was 174.Results A total of 167 infants were admitted to hospital with lower respiratory tract infection due to RSV with a peak in January and February. There was 82 weeks with one or more admissions (case group) and 92 without admissions (control group). The case group demonstrated lower levels of humidity (absolute: 5.6 ± 1.5 vs. 6.5 ± 1.5; p < 0.001) and lower temperature (ground level: 0.4 ± 3.2 vs. 2.2 ± 3.5; p < 0.001). When climatic factors were analysed in a logistic regression model, absolute humidity (p < 0.001) was an independent variable associated with a higher risk of infection.Conclusions Low absolute humidity was independently associated with hospital admission of infants with lower respiratory tract infection due to RSV.     

Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection among Puerto Rican infants

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory illness in children. Prevention of this infection is available with the use of intravenous immunoglobulin or an intramuscular humanized monoclonal antibody (palivizumab). Palivizumab has been available in Puerto Rico since 1999. The objective of this study was to follow-up infants who received RSV prophylaxis with palivizumab in Puerto Rico to assess its efficacy and safety. A total of 230 infants who received RSV prophylaxis during the 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 seasons were followed-up. Adverse events from injections were minimal including erythema (2%), fever (5%), pain (4%), and rash (2%). In none of the patients prophylaxis was discontinued due to side effects. Forty-four infants (19%) had at least one respiratory hospitalization throughout the season, with RSV confirmed in seven (3%). Most hospitalizations occurred in the month of August when infants had received only one dose of palivizumab and on December, a peak month for RSV infections. Five infants (2.2%) required admission to an intensive care unit. In none of them, RSV was confirmed. This study confirms that monthly intramuscular administration of palivizumab is effective in preventing serious RSV infections in high risk infants.     

苏州市5岁以下儿童呼吸道合胞病毒感染的临床特征和影响因素

  目的  分析呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus, RSV)感染住院儿童的临床特征,探究其影响因素。  方法  通过医院信息系统筛选2010-2014年期间于苏州大学附属儿童医院住院的5岁以下急性下呼吸道感染(acute lower respiratory infection, ALRI)病例,从病历中收集ALRI住院病例的临床诊治、生化检测资料,通过实验室检测信息系统获取其RSV检测结果。比较RSV阳性和阴性ALRI病例的临床特点,采用非条件Logistic回归分析模型分析RSV感染的影响因素。  结果  19 257名ALRI病例中,4 096例RSV检测结果阳性,阳性率为21.3%。RSV阳性ALRI患儿的常见症状为咳嗽(99.4%)、咽痛/咽红(98.3%)、喘息(60.9%)。与RSV阴性患儿相比,RSV阳性患儿喘息、气促发生率均较高(均有P＜0.001),发热率低(χ2 =280.8,P＜0.001)。低年龄是RSV感染的独立危险因素,与24~＜60月龄儿童相比,1~＜6月龄、6~＜12月龄、12~＜24月龄儿童感染RSV的调整比值比分别为4.00(95% CI: 3.57~4.48)、2.60(95% CI: 2.30~2.94)、1.82(95% CI: 1.59~2.07)。  结论  RSV感染患儿喘息、气促的发生率较高;低年龄是RSV感染的独立危险因素,年龄越小,感染RSV的风险越高。     

2016—2021年某妇幼保健院早产儿医院感染影响因素分析

目的 了解早产儿医院感染现状及影响因素,为早产儿医院感染防控提供理论和实践依据。方法 采用回顾性研究方法,对2016年1月—2021年12月某院新生儿病房收治的早产儿进行调查分析,查阅病历,收集早产儿基本信息及住院期间诊疗信息。结果 共纳入早产儿3 559例,其中男1 964例,女1 595例;平均出生体重(2 108.66±631.17)g。发生医院感染109例,发病率3.06%;主要感染类型为下呼吸道感染(44.04%)、血流感染(28.44%)、胃肠道感染(14.68%);检出医院感染相关病原菌38株,其中革兰阴性菌33株(86.84%),革兰阳性菌3株,真菌2株。主要分离病原菌为产气肠杆菌(28.95%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(28.95%)。经单因素、非条件多因素logistic回归分析,羊水污染、出生体重<2 500 g、使用呼吸机、中心静脉插管是早产儿医院感染的独立危险因素(OR值分别为2.424、3.805、3.776、5.412,均P<0.05);剖宫产是早产儿医院感染的保护因素(OR=0.362,P<0.05)。结论 早产儿医院感染风险高,影响因素多,临床...     

Pathogenesis of RSV lower respiratory tract infection: implications for vaccine development

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most prevalent cause of severe respiratory disease in infants. It also causes considerable morbidity in older children and adults with underlying risk factors. RSV vaccine development has been complicated by the need to administer the vaccine at a very young age and by enhanced disease observed after vaccination with formalin inactivated RSV. For infants live attenuated vaccines, which may not be expected to predispose for vaccine induced enhanced pathology, hold the greatest promise. However, the balance between attenuation and immunogenicity appears to be delicate. For older risk groups, results with subunit vaccines are most promising.     

Natural history and epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the Middle East: Hospital surveillance for children under age two in Jordan

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide. In the Middle East and Arab countries, the burden of RSV-associated hospitalizations is not well characterized. We sought to determine the burden and clinical/epidemiological characteristics of RSV hospitalization in young children in Amman, Jordan. We investigated risk factors for severity including vitamin D levels.MethodsWe conducted viral surveillance with clinical and demographic data in children <2 years admitted with respiratory symptoms and/or fever at the Al-Bashir Government Hospital from March16, 2010 to March 31, 2013. Nasal/throat swabs were obtained and placed into lysis buffer, and frozen at −80 °C until testing by real-time RT-PCR for 11 respiratory viruses. Heel stick blood or sera samples for 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were obtained and sent to a central laboratory for mass spectrometry.ResultsOf the 3168 children, >80% testing positive for one virus, with RSV the most common virus detected (44%). The RSV-associated hospitalization rate was highest in children <6 months with an annual range of 21.1–25.9 per 1000, compared to 6.0–8.0 in 6–11-month-olds and 1.6–2.5 in 12–23-month-olds. RSV-positive children compared with RSV-negative were more likely to be previously healthy without underlying medical conditions, less likely to be born prematurely, had a higher frequency of supplemental oxygen use, and had lower median vitamin D levels. Risk factors for oxygen use in RSV-positive children included underlying medical conditions, lack of breastfeeding, younger age, and higher viral load.ConclusionRSV is a major cause of illness in hospitalized Jordanian children and is associated with increased severity compared to other respiratory viruses. Children with RSV in the Middle East would benefit from future RSV vaccines and antiviral therapy.     

Infant exposure to fine particulate matter and traffic and risk of hospitalization for RSV bronchiolitis in a region with lower ambient air pollution

Few studies investigate the impact of air pollution on the leading cause of infant morbidity, acute bronchiolitis. We investigated the influence of PM_2.5 and other metrics of traffic-derived air pollution exposure using a matched case-control dataset derived from 1997 to 2003 birth and infant hospitalization records from the Puget Sound Region, Washington State. Mean daily PM_2.5 exposure for 7, 30, 60 and lifetime days before case bronchiolitis hospitalization date were derived from community monitors. A regional land use regression model of NO₂ was applied to characterize subject's exposure in the month prior to case hospitalization and lifetime average before hospitalization. Subject's residential proximity within 150 m of highways, major roadways, and truck routes was also assigned. We evaluated 2604 (83%) cases and 23,354 (85%) controls with information allowing adjustment for mother's education, mother's smoking during pregnancy, and infant race/ethnicity. Effect estimates derived from conditional logistic regression revealed very modest increased risk and were not statistically significant for any of the exposure metrics in fully adjusted models. Overall, risk estimates were stronger when restricted to bronchiolitis cases attributed to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) versus unspecified and for longer exposure windows. The adjusted odds ratio (OR_adj) and 95% confidence interval per 10 mcg/m³ increase in lifetime PM_2.5 was 1.14, 0.88-1.46 for RSV bronchiolitis hospitalization. This risk was also elevated for infants who resided within 150 m of a highway (OR_adj 1.17, 0.95-1.44). This study supports a developing hypothesis that there may be a modest increased risk of bronchiolitis attributable to chronic traffic-derived particulate matter exposure particularly for infants born just before or during peak RSV season. Future studies are needed that can investigate threshold effects and capture larger variability in spatial contrasts among populations of infants.     

Risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection leading to hospital admission in children in the Western Region of The Gambia

BACKGROUND: Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) are the major cause of mortality and morbidity in young children worldwide. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most important viral cause of severe ALRI but only a small proportion of children infected with this virus develop severe disease. To identify possible risk factors for severe RSV infection leading to hospital admission we have carried out a case-control study of Gambian children with RSV infection admitted to hospital. METHODS: In all, 277 children admitted to three hospitals in the Western Region of The Gambia with lower respiratory tract infection due to RSV were compared with 364 control children matched for age and location of residence who had not been admitted to hospital with an ALRI during the RSV season. A detailed questionnaire covering a wide range of potential social, environmental and nutritional risk factors was administered to the child's guardian. RESULTS: Cases came from larger or more crowded compounds than controls; increased risk was particularly associated with greater numbers of children in the age group 3-5 years living in the compound (odds ratio [OR] for > or =2 children in the age group 3-5 years = 9.1, 95% CI: 3.7-28). Cases were more likely to have a sibling who had died (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.7-7). Controls were more likely to have been exposed to smoke from cooking fires (OR for the mother of cases cooking at least once daily = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.14-0.7). Other protective factors were father's nationality and some professions. Vegetables were included in the diet of controls more frequently than in that of cases (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.06-0.46). Mothers of cases complained of asthma more frequently than mothers of controls, but the number of asthmatic mothers was small (4.2 versus 0.5%, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for severe RSV infection identified in this study are not amenable to public health interventions. Prevention of severe infection is likely to require the development of an effective vaccine.     

Experience with the use of palivizumab together with infection control measures to prevent respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) frequently causes nosocomial outbreaks in general paediatric wards and occasionally in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Conventional infection control measures often fail to prevent the spread of RSV, and it can cause significant morbidity especially in preterm and young infants. We report our experience in preventing an outbreak on a NICU after RSV had been detected in a premature infant. The index case was a 34-day-old premature infant who presented with clinical infection and RSV was detected in a clinical specimen. There were 11 patients in the ward at the time including the index case. The RSV-positive patient was isolated, the ward closed to admissions and infection control measures were implemented. Two patients were transferred to another hospital. Palivizumab 15 mg/kg i.m. was given to all patients and no further cases occurred. All subsequent RSV tests on nasal secretions were negative. Palivizumab combined with conventional infection control measures appeared to prevent the spread of RSV in this NICU. Strategies for the prevention of RSV outbreaks on NICUs all recommend the reinforcement of routine infection control measures. Recommendations concerning the use of palivizumab range from monthly prophylaxis to all infants at risk, to prophylaxis of selected cases only. Currently there are no guidelines for the use of palivizumab in NICUs or for the control of RSV outbreaks.     

武汉市住院婴幼儿医院感染轮状病毒现状及危险因素分析

目的 分析武汉市住院婴幼儿医院感染轮状病毒(RV)的现状及危险因素,为临床诊治和控制医院感染提供科学依据.方法 回顾性收集医院2008年1月-2010年12月住院6月龄～2岁患儿资料5904例,对感染轮状病毒的患儿粪便采用胶体金免疫层析法,进行RV检测,采用单因素分析法分析住院婴幼儿医院感染轮状病毒的相关因素,进一步采用 logistic回归分析确定感染独立危险因素.结果 3年间住院腹泻婴幼儿轮状病毒感染率为25.9％,其中2008-2010年平均感染率分别为26.5％、20.8％和29.8％;轮状病毒感染全年均可发生,其高峰为9-12月份,占阳性总数的62.8％,多因素logistic回归分析结果表明,走廊加床、母乳喂养、呼吸道疾病、住院时间、基础疾病进入回归方程.结论 轮状病毒感染在武汉市住院婴幼儿中较普遍,是引起6月龄～2岁婴幼儿病毒感染性腹泻的主要病原体.新生儿RV感染情况不容忽视,RV腹泻具有明显的季节性,在流行季节应做好预防及保护措施,走廊加床、母乳喂养、呼吸道疾病、住院时间、基础疾病为婴幼儿医院感染轮状病毒的独立影响因素.