正确认识MRI的乳腺癌诊断价值

2013年美国放射学院发行了第5版乳腺影像报告与数据系统,规范了乳腺影像报告的书写。随着乳腺癌综合治疗的个体化、规范化的逐步推广,乳腺MRI在乳腺癌诊疗中应用越来越普遍。从乳腺MRI报告的标准化到应用于高危人群筛查、癌症分期、疗效评估、观察术后残留和评估假体,正确认识乳腺MRI的标准化报告模式和临床中的应用,有助于优化病人的影像学检查,继而使其受益。     

MRI对小乳腺癌的诊断价值

目的:探讨MRI对小乳腺癌的诊断价值。方法:2008年6月至2009年6月间经临床怀疑为小乳腺癌(直径≤2 cm)而行MRI检查,MRI诊断结果按乳腺影像报告及数据系统(breast imaging reporting and data system,BI-RADS)分类为Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类及Ⅴ类者共62例。其中31例近期(1周内)接受了乳腺X线摄影检查(mammography,MG),并按BI-RADS分类法进行分类。所有病例均经病理学证实,比较MRI及MG两种检查方法对小乳腺癌的检出率、灵敏度、阳性预测值的差异。结果:所有62例乳腺小病灶中经病理证实为乳腺癌者50例,31例行MG检查的病例中小乳腺癌为21例,MRI对小乳腺癌的检出率、灵敏度均高于MG,分别为100%比85.7%和94.0%比61.9%(P<0.05)。结论:MRI对小乳腺癌的检出率和灵敏度优于MG。     

MRI在乳腺癌新辅助化疗中的应用

乳腺癌新辅助化疗是指对乳腺癌患者先行全身化疗，再进行手术和（或）放疗的局部治疗；在局部治疗后继续完成拟订的化疗。新辅助化疗是局部晚期乳腺癌的标准治疗方案；对于某些可手术的乳腺癌患者，新辅助化疗也可作为术前治疗。近年来，核磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging，MRI）作为一种能评价新辅助化疗后肿瘤变化的临床检查手段，获得了越来越多的关注，关于MRI监测乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效的研究逐渐增多，并取得了相当的进展。     

MRI对浸润性乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效的评估价值

目的:探讨MRI在评价新辅助化疗治疗浸润性乳腺癌方面的价值。方法:回顾性分析20例行术前新辅助化疗,并行化疗前、后MRI检查的浸润性乳腺癌病人。将其病理学反应分为5级;4级和5级为组织学显著反应(majorhistological response,MHR),并以此作为参考标准,以图像表现作为对照。所有影像资料由两位医师通过诊断工作站共同阅片,判断是否属MHR;意见不一致时,咨询另一位资深医师。用Kappa分析对MRI判读结果与参考标准间进行一致性检验。结果:MRI对化疗后浸润癌残余的诊断与参考标准间的一致性较好,Kappa值为0.6。新辅助化疗后乳腺癌病灶明显缩小(P<0.05)。结论:MRI在乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效的无创性评价方面具有较大价值。     

MRI在膝关节骨关节炎诊断中的应用评价

这项研究的目的是ＭＲＩ与常规最基本的Ｘ线平片比较，来评价ＭＲＩ在膝关节ＯＡ诊断中的应用价值，并设立一套符合病理进程、反映临床严重程度的分期，使膝关节ＯＡ诊断规范化。２８例住院治疗的膝关节ＯＡ患者，在术前进行膝ＭＲＩ、站立位Ｘ线片检查，为临床评定分期；利用关节置换或钻孔减压术中取出的骨为标本，做光镜观察并与ＭＲＩ、Ｘ线片一一对照。（１）ＭＲＩ与病理对照ＭＲＩ的符合率为８１．３％，灵敏度为８５．２％，特异度为７６．０％。均高于Ｘ线片的符合率（５２．８％），灵敏度（５１．６％），特异度（６０．０％）。（２）ＭＲＩ能反映膝ＯＡ的最早的病理改变是纤绒样变（ｆｉｂｒｉｌａｔｉｏｎ）。（３）依照病理演进过程将膝ＯＡ的ＭＲＩ表现分为四期，统计分析证实与临床分期有良好对应关系。（４）膝关节ＯＡ常伴有半月板退变，本组占７１．２８％。     

乳腺癌局部复发的综合治疗

目的探讨乳腺癌术后局部复发的影响因素及与预后关系。方法回顾性分析我院近15年来治疗的乳腺癌局部复发患者87例资料。结果手术 化疗 放疗组5年生存率达到61.5%。结论综合治疗在乳腺癌局部复发治疗中占有相当重要的地位。     

超声及MRI在胎盘植入诊断中的应用现状及评价

胎盘植入是胎盘绒毛因内膜缺陷而直接侵入子宫内膜,或胎盘直接种植到子宫肌层及浆膜层内。根据胎盘绒毛植入子宫肌层的深度,可将胎盘植入分为胎盘粘连、胎盘植入和胎盘穿通。超声和MRI是目前临床最常用于诊断胎盘植入的方法。超声已成为胎盘植入的首选检查方法;但当胎盘位于子宫后壁或需要判断胎盘植入深度时,超声检查结果不可靠。作为超声检查的辅助手段,MRI对于胎盘位于子宫后壁的患者具有较大优势,同时对于胎盘植入的分型(尤其对于胎盘穿通的患者)明显优于超声。对临床怀疑有胎盘植入高危因素的孕妇可先行超声检查;当超声诊断不明确、胎盘位于子宫后壁或不能判断其植入深度时,可进一步行MRI,以优化诊断率。     

炎性乳腺癌12例的综合治疗

我院自 1 993年至 1 998年 1 1月以多种方法综合治疗炎性乳腺 (ｉｎｆａｍｍａｔｏｒｙｂｒｅａｓｔｃａｎｃｅｒ) 1 2例 ,报告如下。临床资料1 .一般资料 :本组为炎性乳腺癌患者 1 2例 ,占同期收治的全部乳腺癌患者 32 8例的 3 6 %。年龄 35～ 52岁 ,绝经后2例。患乳为左侧者 5例 ,右侧者 7例。孕2 产1 者 4例 ,孕3产1者 5例 ,孕3产2 者 2例 ,孕3产3者 1例 ,全部母乳喂养。病程1～ 3个月 ,平均 2 5个月 ,均曾采用过抗生素治疗 ,疗程 5～2 0ｄ。2 .局部体征及诊断 :1 2例患者患侧乳房局部红、肿、痛 ,皮肤呈红色或紫红色 ,范围占乳房表面积…     

MRI在髌骨软化症中的诊断价值

目的分析总结髌骨软化症（CP）的MRI影像学表现,以提高对本病的早期诊断率。方法回顾性分析79例髌骨软化症MR影像资料。结果 MRI表现髌骨软化症Ⅰ期15例,Ⅱ期14例,Ⅲ期22例,Ⅳ期28例。MRI梯度回波像对发现早期CP较T2WI敏感,有统计学差异。结论 MRI是髌骨软化症重要检查方法,尤其是矢状位梯度回波像＋横断位梯度回波像对诊断早期髌骨软化症准确性高,具有较大临床价值。     

磁共振成像对隆乳材料鉴别及并发症处理的指导意义

目的:分析隆乳材料及术后并发症的MRI表现特点,评估磁共振检查的临床价值。材料和方法:搜集53例经过MRI检查的隆乳术后患者,针对不同的隆乳材料制定合适的扫描序列,分析植入或注射不同类型假体的MRI表现。结果:四种隆胸材料(聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶、硅凝胶、自体脂肪移植、透明质酸)的位置、信号、边界在磁共振图像上有特征性表现,通过扫描序列组合及增强扫描可以准确判断隆胸材料的性质及并发症情况,动态增强扫描还可以发现腺体病变。结论:MRI是鉴别乳腺假体类型及指导术后并发症处理的较好方法。     

Practicalities of developing a breast magnetic resonance imaging screening service for women at high risk for breast cancer

Background: Demand for screening breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for women with a hereditary predisposition to breast cancer has increased since the introduction of a medicare item number. To aid future service planning, we examined the practicalities of establishing and running a breast MRI screening programme for high risk women and to describe the early outcomes of our screening programme. Methods: We undertook a retrospective audit of prospectively collected data. Women <50 years of age with an inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation were invited to undergo annual breast screening with MRI in addition to mammography and clinical breast examination. We assessed process times for booking, performing and reporting MRIs; MRI findings and ease of interpretation; patient recall rate; MRI cancer detection rate; and patient satisfaction via questionnaire. Results: From 2006 to 2009, 82 women completed a round one screening MRI and 45, 21 and one women completed second, third and fourth round annual MRI studies, respectively. Median MRI process times were: booking 20 min; attendance in radiology department 90 min; imaging duration 45 min; reporting by one radiologist 30 min. Of the 82 round one studies, 23 (28%) were reported as ≥Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System three requiring further investigation. Of the round two and three studies completed, 13/45 (28%) and 2/21 (9%) have been recalled, respectively. Seven malignancies were detected. Questionnaires revealed women were satisfied with the service. Conclusions: Significant time, staff and equipment is required to run an effective breast MRI screening programme and this must be considered by future service providers.     

Prebiopsy magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

Introduction: Existing screening investigations for the diagnosis of early prostate cancer lack specificity, resulting in a high negative biopsy rate. There is increasing interest in the use of various magnetic resonance methods for improving the yield of transrectal ultrasound‐guided biopsies of the prostate in men suspected to have prostate cancer. We review the existing status of such investigations. Methods: A literature search was carried out using the Pubmed database to identify articles related to magnetic resonance methods for diagnosing prostate cancer. References from these articles were also extracted and reviewed. Results: Recent studies have focused on prebiopsy magnetic resonance investigations using conventional magnetic resonance imaging, dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging, magnetization transfer imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the prostate. This marks a shift from the earlier strategy of carrying out postbiopsy magnetic resonance investigations. Prebiopsy magnetic resonance investigations has been useful in identifying patients who are more likely to have a biopsy positive for malignancy. Conclusions: Prebiopsy magnetic resonance investigations has a potential role in increasing specificity of screening for early prostate cancer. It has a role in the targeting of biopsy sites, avoiding unnecessary biopsies and predicting the outcome of biopsies.     

Scientific Presentation Award: The impact of magnetic resonance imaging on surgical treatment of invasive breast cancer

Background

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surgical treatment of invasive breast cancer (IBC).

Method

The IBC patients treated from January 2003-June 2008 were reviewed by a single institution.

Results

A total of 814 patients were treated, out of which 562 (69%) underwent breast conservation therapy (BCT), 151 (19%) chose mastectomy alone (M), and 101 (12%) chose mastectomy with reconstruction (M+ R). The mean age was comparatively low in M + R patients (P ≤ 0.001). The mean tumor size was the lowest in BCT patients (P ≤ 0.001). MRI use increased with no significant difference in type of surgery as noted by year. In multivariate analysis, type of surgery was significantly associated with tumor size, multifocality, age, and MRI use. The factors associated with MRI performance were: multifocality, younger age, tumor size, lobular histology, body mass index, and genetic testing.

Conclusions

The use of MRI in IBC patients has increased over the past 5 years, without any observable impact on surgical treatment. Similar factors are associated with mastectomy and MRI performance.     

Diffusion-weighted imaging in evaluating the response to neoadjuvant breast cancer treatment

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of diffusion imaging in the evaluation of response to neoadjuvant breast cancer treatment by correlating apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value changes with pathological response. From June 2007 to June 2009, all consecutive patients with histopathologically confirmed breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (including diffusion sequence) before and after neoadjuvant treatment. The ADC values obtained using two different methods of region of interest (ROI) placement before and after treatment were compared with MRI response (assessed using RECIST 1.1 criteria) and pathological response (assessed using Mandard's classification). Fifty-one women (mean age 48.41 years) were included in this study. Morphological MRI (RECIST classification) well evaluated the responder status after chemotherapy (TRG class; area-under-the-curve 0.865). Mean pretreatment ADC values obtained with the two different methods of ROI placement were 1.11 and 1.02 × 10(-3) mm(2) /seconds. Mean post-treatment ADC values were 1.40 and 1.35 × 10(-3) mm(2) /seconds, respectively. A significant inverse correlation between mean ADC increase and Mandard's classifications was observed for both the methods of ADC measurements. Diagnostic performance analysis revealed that the single ROI method has a superior diagnostic accuracy compared with the multiple ROIs method (accuracy: 82% versus 74%). The coupling of the diffusion imaging with the established morphological MRI provides superior evaluation of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment in breast cancer patients compared with morphological MRI alone. There is a potential in the future to optimize patient therapy on the basis of ADC value changes. Additional works are needed to determine whether these preliminary observed changes in tumor diffusion are a universal response to tumor cell death, and to more fully delineate the ability of ADC value changes in early recognizing responder from nonresponder patients.     

Ductal pattern enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging of the breast due to ductal lavage

Abstract:  Our purpose is to describe the appearance of breast ductal enhancement found on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after breast ductal lavage (DL). We describe a novel etiology of enhancement in a ductal pattern on postcontrast MRI of the breast. Knowledge of the potential for breast MRI enhancement subsequent to DL, which can mimic the appearance of a pathologic lesion, is critical to the care of patients who undergo breast MRI and DL or other intraductal cannulation procedures.     

术前MRI对直肠癌环周切缘癌浸润的预测价值

直肠癌环周切缘癌浸润已成为导致直肠癌局部复发和生存率下降的最重要的独立危险因子。术前磁共振成像可以准确预测直肠癌环周切缘是否受累。对于术前判断为环周切缘癌浸润的患者,术前放化疗可以降低局部复发率,延长生存时间。