Molluscicidal properties of Acacia nilotica

The acetone, alcohol and aqueous extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica (L) Willd. ex Del. (Mimosaceae) showed molluscicidal activity against Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the two snail species which transmit schistosomiasis in the Sudan (S. haematobium and S. mansonii). TAN, a new vegetable molluscicide prepared from the aqueous extract of the fruits of A. nilotica was produced on a pilot scale by using the spray drying procedure. Due to the high content of tannins in the powder (more than 56%), the molluscicidal properties of this plant may well be due to these compounds.     

A correlative study on antimutagenic and chemopreventive activity of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. and Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. Ex Del

The present study provides a correlation of the antimutagenic and chemopreventive activity of the barks of two commonly observed plants viz. Acacia auriculiformis and Acacia nilotica. We used the Ames antimutagenicity assay and the mouse mammary gland organ culture (MMOC) model. The plants were extracted with organic solvents to obtain chloroform fractions and acetone extracts. The antimutagenic activity was determined in two different strains using both direct-acting [4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) or sodium azide] and indirect-acting [2-aminofluorene (2AF)] mutagens. The anticarcinogenic activity was evaluated based on the development of preneoplastic lesions in response to the chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). The results showed that the activity resulting from the 2AF mutagen was selectively greater than the activity from the direct-acting mutagens. Moreover, in general, acetone extracts were more potent in suppressing mutagenesis than the chloroform extracts. The antimutagenicity results obtained with extracts using the 2AF--TA100 system were comparable to the chemopreventive results with DMBA-induced mammary lesions. The order of activity in both tests was A. nilotica > A. auriculiformis. These results exhibited a good correlation between the antimutagenesis assay and the MMOC model, suggesting that these plants may contain active chemopreventive agents.     

Isolation and X-ray study of an anti-inflammatory active androstene steroid from Acacia nilotica

3beta-Acetoxy-17beta-hydroxy-androst-5-ene was isolated from aerial parts of Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd (Mimosaceae). The structure of this compound was established by spectral analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The steroid showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity against TPA-induced mouse earedema.     

Molluscicidal Properties of Agave Americana and Balanites Aegyptica

Abstract

Agave Americana and Balanites Aegyptica Were Evaluated For Molluscicidal Properties Against Eggs and Adults Of Three Species Of Freshwater Snails, Lndoplanorbis Exustus, Lymnaea Luteola and Gyrau-Lus Convexiusculus and For Haemolytic Activity With Sheep Red Blood Cells. Further Studies Were Then Performed With Extracts Of The Leaves Of A. Americana and The Fruits Of B. Aegyptica, and A. Americana Was Found To Be More Effective Against All Stages Of Snail Development.     

Strong antioxidant phenolics from Acacia nilotica: profiling by ESI-MS and qualitative-quantitative determination by LC-ESI-MS

Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. syn is a species rich in polyphenolic constituents, in which catechins are hypothesized to possess antioxidant properties and to play a role in the anti-inflammatory activity of several plants. Due to the complexity of catechin derivatives, the investigation of this class of natural compounds has been limited by difficulties in their separation. In this paper, rationalization of the phenolics occurring in the 80% EtOH extract of Acacia nilotica pods, on the basis of ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS profiles, has been proposed. Additionally, an LC-ESI-MS qualitative study has been performed by using a C18 polar endcapped stationary phase. The fragmentation pattern obtained evidenced the presence in A. nilotica pods of galloylated catechin- and gallocatechin derivatives along with galloylated glucose derivatives. The structures were confirmed by NMR, after isolation of the pure compounds.In addition, the radical scavenging activities of extracts and pure compounds were investigated, by using the TEAC assay. Furthermore quantitative analyses were performed by LC-ESI-MS/MS, confirming the interest of this species as a rich source of very strong antioxidant principles.     

Acacia nilotica (L.): A review of its traditional uses,phytochemistry, and pharmacology

Acacia nilotica (L.) is an important ornamental and medicinal plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions belongs to family Fabaceae of genus Acacia commonly known as babul, is a source of many active secondary metabolites which may serve as potential candidates for drug development with greatest possibility of success in near future. The present review aims at providing an up-to-date summary of the traditional usage, phytochemistry, and pharmacological profile of A. nilotica (L). An exhaustive survey of literature has revealed that tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, fatty acids and polysaccharides (gums) constitute major classes of phytoconstituents of this plant. Pharmacological data base reports have revealed significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiarrhoeal, antihypertensive and antispasmodic, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antiplatelet aggregatory, anticancer and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. Through this review authors have tried to explore the therapeutic potential of A. nilotica and thus may be a promising rout for new, safe, biodegradable and renewable source of drugs with high therapeutic index.     

(+)-Catechin-5-galloyl Ester as a Novel Natural Polyphenol from the Bark of Acacia nilotica of Sudanese Origin1

From the bark of ACACIA NILOTICA subsp. TOMENTOSA a novel polyphenol, (+)-catechin-5-galloyl ester ( 5), was isolated along with gallic acid ( 1), its methyl ester ( 2), naringenin ( 3), and (+)-catechin ( 4). The structure of 5 was determined by use of mass spectrometry as well as (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy.     

Molluscicidal Saponins of Xeromphis spinosa

From the ethanolic extract of the defatted leaves of XEROMPHIS SPINOSA (Thunb.) Keay two new oleanolic acid based glycosides have been isolated and characterized with the help of FABMS, (13)C-NMR and chemical studies.     

Molluscicidal properties of various saponins

A series of 24 different saponins isolated from various medicinal plants have been tested against BIOMPHALARIA GLABRATA, one of the snail vectors of schistosomiasis (bilharziasis). In general, monodesmosidic triterpenoid saponins exhibit strong molluscicidal activity whereas bidesmosidic saponins as well as the aglycones are fully inactive. Some dammarane glycosides and alkaloidal saponins have also been tested.     

Final report of the safety assessment of Acacia catechu gum, Acacia concinna fruit extract, Acacia dealbata leaf extract, Acacia dealbata leaf wax, Acacia decurrens extract, Acacia farnesiana extract, Acacia farnesiana flower wax, Acacia farnesiana gum, Acacia senegal extract, Acacia senegal gum, and Acacia senegal gum extract

These ingredients are derived from various species of the acacia plant. Only material derived from Acacia senegal are in current use according to industry data. The concentration at which these ingredients are reported to be used ranges from 9% in mascara to 0.0001% in tonics, dressings, and other hair-grooming aids. Gum arabic is a technical name for Acacia Senegal Gum. Gum arabic is comprised of various sugars and glucuronic acid residues in a long chain of galactosyl units with branched oligosaccharides. Gum arabic is generally recognized as safe as a direct food additive. Little information is available to characterize the extracts of other Acacia plant parts or material from other species. Acacia Concinna Fruit Extract was generally described as containing saponins, alkaloids, and malic acid with parabens and potassium sorbate added as preservatives. Cosmetic ingredient functions have been reported for Acacia Decurrens Extract (astringent; skin-conditioning agent--occlusive) and Acacia Farnesiana Extract (astringent), but not for the other Acacias included in this review. Toxicity data on gum arabic indicates little or no acute, short-term, or subchronic toxicity. Gum arabic is negative in several genotoxicity assays, is not a reproductive or developmental toxin, and is not carcinogenic when given intraperitoneally or orally. Clinical testing indicated some evidence of skin sensitization with gum arabic. The extensive safety test data on gum arabic supports the safety of Acacia Senegal Gum and Acacia Senegal Gum Extract, and it was concluded that these two ingredients are safe as used in cosmetic formulations. It was not possible, however, to relate the data on gum arabic to the crude Acacias and their extracts from species other than Acacia senegal. Therefore, the available data were considered insufficient to support the safety of Acacia Catechu Gum, Acacia Concinna Fruit Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Wax, Acacia Decurrens Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Flower Wax, Acacia Farnesiana Gum, and Acacia Senegal Extract in cosmetic products. The additional data needed to complete the safety assessment for these ingredients include (1) concentration of use; (2) identify the specific chemical constituents, and clarify the relationship between crude Acacias and their extracts and the Acacias and their extracts that are used as cosmetic ingredients; (3) data on contaminants, particularly relating to the presence of pesticide residues, and a determination of whether Acacia melanoxylon is used in cosmetics and whether acamelin (a quinone) and melacacidin (a flavin) are present in the Acacias that are being used; (4) skin sensitization study (i.e., dose response to be determined); (5) contact urticaria study at use concentration; and (6) ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrum; if there is significant absorbance in the UVA or UVB range, then a photosensitization study may be needed. It was also noted that other data may be needed after clarification of the chemical constituents of the Acacia-derived ingredients.     

Assessment of the cytotoxic and anti-viral potential of aqueous extracts from different parts of Acacia nilotica (Linn) Delile against Peste des petits ruminants virus

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV); a negative sense single stranded RNA enveloped virus that causes Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), is dramatically affecting the health status of ruminants all around the world resulting in extensive economical losses in livestock sector. Acacia nilotica (Linn) Delile; a tannin-rich medicinal plant distributed throughout subcontinent, is traditionally used as food for ruminants and possesses anti-viral potential against different RNA viruses. In the current study, aqueous extracts from the bark, leaves and pods of A. nilotica (Linn) Delile indica were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and anti-viral activities against PPRV by adopting MTT colorimetric assay and anti-viral assay using Vero cell line. Aqueous extract from the leaves presented significantly better (P < 0.05) anti-PPRV activities in comparison to pods extract. On the contrary, bark extract did not show any anti-viral activity. The data presented in the study could pave a way toward the discovery of novel anti-viral chemicals in the plants against PPRV and other viral diseases.     

Triterpene Saponins from Xeromphis nilotica

Photo-diode-array detector-assisted RP- and NP-HPLC analysis of a methanol extract of the seeds of Centaurea moschata L. (Compositae) led to the isolation of a novel steroidal glucoside which, on the basis of spectroscopic evidence, was identified as (20 R) -15a-hydroxy-8ß, 9a, 14a, 17a-pregn-4-en-3-one 20- O -ß-D-Glucopyranoside [1].     

Molluscicidal and antischistosomal activities of Zingiber officinale

Experiments were conducted to study the major constituents of Zingiber officinale responsible for its molluscicidal activity and the effect of the active component on different stages of Schistosoma mansoni. Gingerol and shogaol exhibited potent molluscicidal activity on Biomphalaria glabrata. Gingerol (5.0 ppm) completely abolished the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and cercariae in B. glabrata and mice, respectively, indicating that the molluscicide is capable of interrupting schistosome transmission at a concentration lower than its molluscicidal concentrations.     

Molluscicidal and trypanocidal activities of lapachol derivatives

The activity of the potassium salt of lapachol against the snail Biomphalaria glabrata and its egg masses was tested. The obtained IC50 values (2.70 ppm and 1.43 ppm, respectively) are indicative of a strong activity. Lapachol derivatives were also assayed against infective trypomastigote blood forms of T. cruzi and the triacetoxy derivative of reduced lapachol showed relevant trypanocidal activity, killing 95.7% of the parasites at the concentration of 42 microg/mL.