阻断迷走神经对心房肌有效不应期及其离散的影响

用动物实验模拟快速房率来观察阻断迷走神经对心房有效不应期 (AERP)及其离散 (dAERP)的影响。用 8只杂种犬自身前后对照 ,观察阻断迷走神经张力不同状态下犬的AERP及dAERP的变化及其关系。结果 :① 80 0次/分的快速心房刺激很快引起AERP缩短 ,dAERP无明显变化。停止刺激后AERP恢复很快 ,dAERP明显升高。②刺激前单用阿托品阻断迷走神经 ,AERP和dAERP无明显变化 ,快速刺激仍能引起AERP缩短 ,刺激终止后dAERP升高不明显。③刺激前联用阿托品和普奈洛尔同时阻滞交感及迷走神经 ,AERP明显升高 ,dAERP无明显变化 ,快速刺激仍能引起AERP缩短 ,刺激终止后dAERP升高不明显。结论 :心房快速刺激时 ,阻断迷走神经不能阻止AERP的缩短 ,交感和迷走神经对快速刺激终止后的dAERP逐渐升高可能有作用     

迷走神经活动对心房电重构的影响

目的 研究迷走神经干预对心房电重构的影响.方法 24只杂种犬随机分为3组,为排除交感神经对心房电重构的影响,3组犬均应用美托洛尔阻断交感神经效应.A组10只犬快速心房起搏过程中无迷走神经干预,B组8只犬应用阿托品阻断迷走神经效应,C组6只犬在快速心房起搏过程中同时进行迷走神经刺激.在右心房(RA)、冠状静脉窦(CS)和右心室(RV)放置多极导管.通过RA电极导管进行600次/min心房起搏30 min构建急性心房电重构模型.在右心房快速起搏前后测量基础状态(无迷走神经刺激)和迷走神经刺激下的心房有效不应期(AERP)和心房颤动(房颤)易感窗口(VW).结果 A组犬右心房快速起搏后基础状态下及迷走神经刺激时的AERP较起搏前明显缩短(P＜0.05).B组犬右心房快速起搏后基础状态下及迷走神经刺激时的AERP较起搏前无明显变化(P＞0.05).C组犬右心房快速起搏后基础状态下及迷走神经刺激时的AERP较起搏前明显缩短(P＜0.05).A组及C组右心房快速起搏后AERP缩短值明显大于B组(P＜0.05),但A组及C组AERP缩短值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).迷走神经刺激下,B组犬在右心房快速起搏前后均较难诱发房颤(VW接近0),A组及C组犬右心房快速起搏后较起搏前容易诱发房颤(P＜0.05).结论 短期右心房快速起搏导致的心房电重构过程中伴随着迷走神经兴奋性增强.迷走神经兴奋性增强及迷走神经刺激加重心房电重构,导致房颤易感性增加.迷走神经阻滞能减轻心房电重构,降低房颤易感性.     

自主神经系统阻断对经肺静脉短阵快速起搏犬心房急性电重构的影响

目的探讨阻断自主神经系统对经肺静脉快速起搏造成的急性电重构的影响。方法成年杂种犬22只,随机分为对照组、阿托品组、美托洛尔组和阿+美组。首先测量起搏周长（PCL）分别为350 m s、400 m s时心房有效不应期（AERP）,以能够1∶1起搏肺静脉的最快频率刺激肺静脉10 m in,在刺激中止后即刻、5、10、15、20 m in时重复测量AERP。比较各组在起搏前后AERP和AERP频率适应性的变化。结果短阵快速肺静脉刺激可引起AERP明显缩短,AERP频率适应性下降,阻断迷走神经后明显减小电重构的程度。结论阻断迷走神经能明显减小短阵快速肺静脉刺激造成的心房电重构的程度     

肺静脉隔离对迷走神经对心房电生理特性调节及对心房颤动易感性的影响

目的越来越多的证据表明肺静脉隔离(PVI)不仅去除了心房颤动(房颤)的触发病灶,也可能改变了房颤赖以维持的物质基础,但PVI如何改变了房颤的维持机制的研究较少.研究目的在于PVI对迷走神经对心房电生理特性调节及对房颤易感性的影响.方法11只成年杂种犬,全麻及机械通气下行颈部交感-迷走神经干剥离术,经右颈内静脉穿刺术放置右心室及冠状窦导管,经左股静脉放置右心房导管,经房间膈穿刺途径放置消融及标测导管于左心房.静脉应用普萘洛尔阻断交感神经活性.分别于肺静脉消融前后在基础状态及迷走神经刺激时测量右心耳(RAA)、左心房游离壁(LAFW)、冠状窦近段(CSP)及冠状窦远端(CSD)的不应期(ERP)及心房易感窗口(VW).不应期缩短值为基础状态下的ERP与迷走神经刺激时的ERP的差值,VW定义为引起房性早搏或房颤的最长与最短S1S2间期的差值.结果(1)有效不应期的变化消融术前,迷走神经刺激能明显缩短心脏各部位的ERP.消融术后,左心房内迷走神经刺激所致的ERP缩短值明显降低[LAFW(43.64±21.57)ms与(11.82±9.82)ms,78,P＜0.001;CSP(50.91±26.25)ms与(11.82±14.01)ms,P＜0.001;CSD(50±31.94)ms与(17.27±20.54)ms,P＜0.005]右心房内变化不明显[(58.18±28.22)ms与(50.91±22.12)ms,P=0.245].(2)VW的变化消融术后,基础状态下测得的VW无明显变化[RAA(32.5±37.32)ms与(21.25±27.48)ms LAFW(31.25±28.5)ms与(35±35.46)msCSP(20±23.3)ms与(22.5±26.05)ms;CSD(30±32.95)ms与(27.5±31.51)ms.P=0.21-0.74],而迷走神经刺激时左房内测得的VW明显降低[LAFW(36.25±11.88)ms与(11.25±16.42)msP＜0.001;CSP(52.5±19.82)ms与(13.75±19.96)msP＜0.005;CSD(43.75±19.23)mS与(17.5±19.82)ms,P＜0.05],右心房内无明显变化[(52.5±22.52)ms与(42.5±10.35)ms,P=0.316].结论PVI能导致左心房(包括冠心窦)去迷走神经反应,引起迷走神经刺激时的心房不应期延长及心房易感窗口缩短.提示PVI所致的左心房去迷走神经反应可能为PVI改变房颤赖以维持的物质基础的机制之一.     

自主神经对左上肺静脉电生理特征的影响

目的研究迷走神经刺激和心脏自主神经阻断对左上肺静脉(LSPV)电生理特征影响。方法用7只成年杂种犬自身对照,观察基础状态、左侧迷走神经干刺激、阻断迷走神经和阻断自主神经等不同状态下犬的心房和LSPV远端(LSPV-D)、中端(LSPV-M)、近端(LSPV-P)有效不应期(ERP)的变化,以及起搏肺静脉时心房颤动(简称房颤)诱发率的变化。结果①迷走神经刺激时LSPV的ERP均较基础状态下缩短,房颤的诱发率最高(71.4%)。②单用阿托品阻断迷走神经时LSPV-M的ERP较基础状态下延长(125.8±9.1msvs112.9±13.8ms,P<0.05),LSPV-P和LSPV-D无变化,但房颤诱发率较基础状态下和迷走神经刺激时下降(17.1%vs24.8%,71.4%,P<0.05)。③联合应用阿托品和普奈洛尔阻断自主神经时LSPV-D、LSPV-M和LSPV-P的ERP均显著延长,房颤的诱发率最低(7.6%)。④基础状态下LSPV-D的ERP长于LSPV-P(118.6±17.5msvs106.4±10.7ms,P<0.05),阻断自主神经时LSPV-D的ERP短于LSPV-P(135.0±8.2msvs151.4±12.1ms,P<0.05)。结论LSPV的电生理特征存在“异质性”,对阻断自主神经的药物反应性也不同,对房颤的发生和维持有重要作用。而自主神经张力的变化可以改变LSPV的电生理特性,其中交感神经也是主要原因之一。     

迷走神经干预对犬心房电生理的影响

目的心房电重构可导致心房有效不应期缩短,通过测量心房有效不应期来研究迷走神经对心房电重构的影响。方法 10只成年犬给予酒石酸美托洛尔和阿托品阻断交感神经和迷走神经。分别测量心房电重构前后基础状态及迷走神经刺激下的心房有效不应期（ERP）和房颤易感窗口（VW）。结果①阿托品应用前后基础状态下的ERP无变化。阿托品应用前后迷走神经刺激下的ERP变化明显;②心房电重构后ERP：基础状态及迷走神经刺激下,无论右心房还是冠状静脉窦远端测得的ERP与重构前（阿托品应用后）ERP相比无明显差异（p值均〉0.05）;③VW的变化：阿托品应用前,迷走神经刺激下容易诱发房颤。阿托品应用后,心房电重构前后无论基础状态或迷走神经刺激均不能诱发房颤。结论迷走神经阻滞能减轻心房电重构所导致的心房不应期缩短,从而抑制迷走神经介导的房颤诱发。     

犬心脏第3脂肪垫对左心房及左上肺静脉电生理特性的影响

目的研究犬心脏第3脂肪垫（SVC-AO FP）对左心房及左上肺静脉有效不应期（PERP）及心房有效不应期（AERP）离散度的影响。方法10只犬麻醉后,自颈部离断并结扎双侧迷走神经,正中开胸暴露SVC-AO FP,右肺静脉（RPV）及下腔静脉（IVC）脂肪垫。消融RPV和IVC后,分别测定基础状态下、SVC-AO FP刺激后、SVC-AO FP消融后的左AERP、不应期离散度（dAERP）及左上PERP。结果SVC-AO FP刺激后AERP从基础状态下的（135±14）m s缩短至（106±16）m s（P<0.05）,消融后延长至（140±9）m s;dAERP从（15±4）m s,增加至（26±6）m s（P<0.05）,消融后为（11±9）m s;PERP从（131±12）m s缩短至（108±17）m s（P<0.05）,消融后的延长至（136±10）m s。结论刺激犬心脏SVC-AO FP缩短心房和肺静脉的有效不应期,增加心房有效不应期离散度。左心房及左上肺静脉的迷走神经支配部分可能直接来自SVC-AO FP。     

心脏血管内迷走神经丛刺激与阵发性心房颤动的动物模型制作

探讨心脏血管内迷走神经丛刺激与阵发性心房颤动 (简称房颤 )的动物模型制作。 32条Mongrel狗活体心脏大血管 :冠状窦、左右肺动脉、左房、上下腔静脉等处插入 7F蓝状电极进行迷走神经丛刺激 ,刺激频率为 2 0Hz,刺激间期 0 .1ms,刺激电压 1～ 4 0V ,刺激时间 30～ 5 0s。为了避免神经丛刺激直接对心房的影响 ,于刺激迷走神经丛的同时在P波后发放 2 0 0Hz、2 0～ 5 0ms的PS2 心房高频刺激 ,使迷走神经刺激落入心房的不应期。在这些心脏血管迷走神经丛刺激时减慢窦性心律 ,且减慢速度呈电压依赖。在一定的刺激强度下 ,窦性心律能够达到最大减低 (从75 0± 10 2ms至 15 6 0± 2 30ms) ,心房肌不应期显著缩短 (从 175± 13ms缩至 96± 2 3ms) ,同时出现房性早搏、房性心动过速和房颤 ,且重复性很好。应用 β 阻断剂 (esmolol1mg/kg)时 ,提高了房颤诱发域值 ;迷走神经阻断剂 (atropine1～ 2mg/kg)可以完全阻断房颤的诱发。结论 :蓝状电极非常有利于快速在静脉血管腔内找到迷走神经丛刺激位点 ;心脏大血管处存在迷走神经丛 ,刺激这些神经丛能够复制出与临床灶性阵发性房颤非常类同的房颤 ,迷走神经阻断剂可阻断这类房颤的诱发。     

上腔静脉隔离对迷走神经功能及心房颤动易感性的影响

目的 通过分析迷走神经调节的心房电生理指标(心房有效不应期及心房颤动易感窗口)的变化,间接揭示上腔静脉(SVC)隔离对犬的心房迷走神经功能及心房颤动(房颤)易感性的影响.方法 9条成年杂种犬,全身麻醉下行颈交感-迷走神经干剥离术.经右颈内静脉穿刺放置冠状静脉窦导管,经股静脉穿刺放置右心室导管(行临时右心室起搏)、环状标测导管(Lasso导管)及消融导管.静脉应用美托洛尔阻断交感神经活性.分别于SVC隔离前后在基础状态及迷走神经刺激时测量右心耳(RAA)、冠状静脉窦近端(CSp)和冠状静脉窦远端(CSd)的不应期(ERP)、心房易感窗口(VW)及窦性周长(SCL).结果 (1)窦性周长的变化SVC隔离前迷走神经刺激明显缩短SCL[(65.78±28.49)次/min vs(142.67±15.42)次/min,P《0.001],SVC隔离后基础状态及迷走神经刺激下SCL差异无统计学意义[(134.89±19.19)次/min vs(114.33±31.41)次/min,P》0.05].(2)有效不应期的变化SVC隔离前,迷走神经刺激下测得的心房ERP较基础状态下明显缩短[右心耳(RAA)分别为(51.11±18.33)ms vs(101.11±27.59)ms;CSd分别为(56.67±22.36)ms VS(98.89±14.53)ms;CSp分别为(48.89±25.22)ms vs(101.11±12.69)ms,P《0.001].SVC隔离后,迷走神经刺激所致的心房ERP缩短的能力明显下降(RAA分别为(94.40±16.70)ms vs(94.44±16.67)ms;CSd分别为(89±15)ms vs(96.7±18.0)ms;CSp分别为(93.3±18.7)ms vs(98.9±20.3)ms,P》0.05].(3)心房易感窗口的变化 SVC隔离前后基础状态下测得的VW无变化.SVC隔离后迷走神经刺激时测得的VW较隔离前明显降低[RAA分别为(6.67±11.18)ms vs(21.11±20.88)ms,CSd分别为(8.89±14.52)ms vs(16.66±23.97)ms,CSp分别为(2.22±6.67)ms vs(22.22±18.55)ms,P《0.05].结论 SVC隔离能导致迷走神经介导的窦房结抑制、心房不应期缩短能力及房颤易感窗口增加能力明显下降.提示SVC隔离可导致心房局部去神经反应,抑制迷走神经介导的房颤发生.     

丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠对家兔快速心房起搏时心房动作电位及有效不应期的影响

研究丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠(TSN)对家兔短期快速心房起搏时在体心房单相动作电位(AMAP)及心房有效不应期(AERP)的影响,探讨其防治心房颤动的可能机制。家兔24只,随机分为对照组与TSN组各12只。将电极经颈内静脉置入右房记录AMAP,观察基础状态下、给药后0.5h及以600次/分心房快速起搏后0.5,8hAMAP及其频率适应性的变化。结果:与起搏前相比对照组在S1S1200ms刺激时测量的AERP(AERP200)在起搏后0.5h缩短21.2ms,起搏后8h缩短21.6ms(P<0.05),且心房肌的频率适应性丧失。TSN在基础状态下对AMAPA、AMAPD无明显影响,但使AERP200由105.9±3.8ms延长至114.7±7.2ms(P<0.05)。起搏后TSN组维持原有的心房肌频率适应性。结论:快速心房起搏使心房肌的频率适应性丧失而致电重构,TSN能减轻短期快速心房起搏所致电重构。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.