经皮椎体成形术:手术操作技术与相关问题

本文以作者自己的研究和经验为基础，系统地介绍经皮椎体成形术（PVP）的发展历史和现状，重点对这一技术的手术操作技术作了详细的叙述，并对PVP的适应证与禁忌证、PVP的充填材料、临床疗效及并发症等相关问题进行介绍和讨论。作者认为：PVP可有效地解除椎体肿瘤或骨质疏松症椎体压缩骨折患者的痛苦，提高和改善生活质量，延长生存时间，为一技术操作较简单和实用性极强的介入技术。但是，必须指出：只有熟练掌握PVP的穿刺定位技术，熟悉骨水泥的性状和使用方法才能保证这一技术安全和有效地开展。     

椎体压缩性骨折经皮椎体成形术后残余疼痛的危险因素分析

【摘要】 目的 分析探讨椎体压缩性骨折经皮椎体成形术后残余疼痛的相关危险因素。方法 选取 2021 年2 月至 2022 年 3 月南阳医学高等专科学校第一附属医院收治的 64 例拟行经皮椎体成形术治疗的椎体压缩性骨折患者作为研究对象, 收集患者性别、年龄、体重指数、术前视觉模拟评分法 (VAS) 评分、骨折椎体数量、有无腰背筋膜损伤、有无高血压、有无糖尿病以及手术时间、手术入路方式、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥分布等资料, 并根据经皮椎体成形术后 2 个月是否有残余疼痛将其分为疼痛组与无疼痛组, 多因素 Logistic 回归分析椎体压缩性骨折经皮椎体成形术后残余疼痛的相关危险因素。 结果 经皮椎体成形术后 2 个月, 64 例椎体压缩性骨折患者中 14 例 (21.88%) 患者有残余疼痛, 设为疼痛组, 其余 50 例 (78.12%) 患者无残余疼痛, 设为无疼痛组。单因素分析结果显示, 疼痛组骨折椎体≥2 个、有腰背筋膜损伤、骨水泥呈 O 型分布的患者比例均明显高于无疼痛组 (χ2 = 7.886、7.230、6.328, P = 0.005、0.007、0.012), 骨水泥注入量明显少于无疼痛组 ( t = 7.018, P<0.001)。 多因素 Logistic 回归分析结果显示, 骨折椎体≥2 个、有腰背筋膜损伤、骨水泥注入量少、骨水泥呈 O型分布是椎体压缩性骨折经皮椎体成形术后残余疼痛的独立危险因素 ( 95% CI 为 1.080～160.958、1.008～104.097、0.025～0.756、1.089～135.537, P= 0.043、0.049、0.023、0.042)。结论 椎体压缩性骨折经皮椎体成形术后残余疼痛的发生与骨折椎体数量、有无腰背筋膜损伤、骨水泥注入量及骨水泥分布情况密切相关。     

An evaluation of Fracture Liaison Services in the detection and management of osteoporotic fragility fractures: A narrative review

ObjectivesTo evaluate the current evidence for whether Fracture Liaison Services are being utilised effectively in the UK to aid in the prevention of fragility fractures.Key findingsRadiological under-reporting and non-standardised assessment of fragility fractures still persist, with low numbers of patients undergoing a risk assessment and treatment for secondary prevention of fracture. In order to improve care for these patients, the reporting of vertebral fractures must be improved and standardised in order to identify patients at increased risk of secondary fragility fractures. Fracture Liaison Services determine the need for anti-resorptive therapy for the prevention of future fragility fractures. Targeted treatment of at-risk patient groups has been shown to reduce the risk of further fracture.ConclusionFracture Liaison Services have been shown to be cost effective, while reducing the risk of secondary fractures, but they are not currently offered by all NHS providers.     

经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折疗效分析

目的 探究经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折(OVCF)的临床疗效。方法 选取2019年12月至2020年1 1月泰兴市中医院收治的154例OVCF患者作为研究对象,并按照随机数表法将其随机分为观察组(77例)与对照组(77例),观察组患者采用PVP治疗,对照组患者采用过伸复位治疗,对比观察两组患者疼痛程度、椎体功能、伤椎前缘高度、Cobb角以及并发症发生情况结果 术后1周及术后1、5个月,观察组患者视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分及Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评分均明显低于对照组(VAS:t=1.985、2.733、2.490,P=0.049、0.007、0.014;ODI:t=2.726、8.181、8.497,P=0.007、P<0.001、P<0.001);术后1个月,观察组患者伤椎前缘高度明显高于对照组(t=6.786,P <0.001),Cobb角明显小于对照组(t=20.927,P<0.001);观察组患者术后并发症发生率为5.19%,明显低于对照组患者的术后并发症发生率15.58%(χ²=4.464,...     

疼痛性骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的治疗分析:2755例回顾性研究

目的探讨疼痛性骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,OVCFs)的治疗选择。方法回顾性分析2010年1月1日—2017年12月31日陆军军医大学大坪医院OVCFs病例资料2 755例,按照治疗方式分为非手术治疗组774例、椎体强化组2 070例(包括103例非手术治疗无效转入椎体强化组患者)和开放手术组14例。分析各组性别、年龄、基本信息(受教育程度)病程、外伤史、脊柱畸形、椎体骨折史、椎体强化史、腰椎骨密度(L_1～L_4)、MRI特点与椎体骨折数量、骨质疏松治疗方案、随访时间及背痛变化VAS评分等。P<0.01为差异有统计学意义。结果男性592例,女性2 163例;年龄37～99岁,男性平均年龄(74.8±9.0)岁,女性平均年龄(71.3±8.5)岁。非手术治疗组中671例(86.70%)初始VAS评分(5.81±0.56)分,治疗3周～3个月(中位数6周)后VAS评分(1.02±0.83)分;103例(13.30%)初始VAS评分(6.74±0.24)分,随访3周～6周(中位数4周)VAS评分(5.35±0.73)分,疼痛缓解差转入椎体强化组进行椎体强化治疗。非手术治疗有效与无效亚组间比较,年龄、外伤史、强化史、脊柱畸形、病程、椎体骨折数量、初始VAS评分、MRI信号及骨质疏松程度差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。椎体强化组共2 070例,初始VAS评分(8.37±0.81)分,术后即刻VAS评分(2.04±0.93)分,其中2 037例(98.40%)患者术后即刻VAS评分≤2分。464例(16.84%)患者系再次椎体骨折入院,182例(39.22%)规范抗骨质疏松治疗,282例(60.78%)未持续抗骨质疏松治疗。开放手术组特征为骨质疏松性椎体塌陷(osteoporotic vertebral collapse,OVC)、畸形、失稳合并神经压迫,经后路减压、畸形矫正、骨水泥强化钉道、椎弓根螺钉固定术,随访14～30个月(中位数16个月)均获得骨融合,生活质量改善。结论年龄≤70岁、无外伤史、无强化史、无畸形、病程较短、单椎节骨折、VAS评分≤6分、MRI为局限性信号、骨密度稍低、轻中度疼痛OVCFs患者可尝试非手术治疗。椎体强化治疗止痛效果满意,术后需严格抗骨质疏松治疗,降低再骨折风险。椎体爆裂、神经/脊髓压迫、严重失稳者开放手术可改善生活质量。     

Percutaneous Vertebroplasty for Osteoporotic Compression Fracture: Multivariate Study of Predictors of New Vertebral Body Fracture

Purpose To investigate the risk factors and relative risk of new compression fractures following vertebroplasty. Methods Initially, we enrolled 104 consecutive patients with vertebral compression fractures caused by osteoporosis. A total of 83 of the 104 patients visited our hospital for follow-up examinations for more than 4 weeks after vertebroplasty. Logistic regression analysis of the data obtained from these 83 patients was used to determine relative risks of recurrent compression fractures, using 13 different factors. Results We identified 59 new fractures in 30 of the 83 patients: 41 new fractures in vertebrae adjacent to treated vertebrae; and 18 new fractures in vertebrae not adjacent to treated vertebrae. New fractures occurred in vertebrae adjacent to treated vertebrae significantly more frequently than in vertebrae not adjacent to treated vertebrae. Only cement leakage into the disk was a significant predictor of new vertebral body fracture after vertebroplasty (odds ratio = 4.633). None of the following covariates were associated with increased risk of new fracture: age, gender, bone mineral density, the number of vertebroplasty procedures, the number of vertebrae treated per procedure, the cumulative number of vertebrae treated, the presence of a single untreated vertebra between treated vertebrae, the presence of multiple untreated vertebrae between treated vertebrae, the amount of bone cement injected per procedure, the cumulative amount of bone cement injected, cement leakage into the soft tissue around the vertebra, and cement leakage into the vein.     

经皮椎体后凸成形术与经皮椎体成形术治疗老年椎体压缩性骨折疗效对比

目的 对比分析经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)与经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗老年椎体压缩性骨折的临床疗效。方法 选取2019年1月至2021年1月郑州市第七人民医院收治的87例老年椎体压缩性骨折患者作为研究对象,按照不同治疗方法将其分为PKP组(43例)和PVP组(44例),PKP组患者采用PKP治疗,PVP组患者采用PVP治疗,对比观察两组患者椎体恢复情况、疼痛程度以及生活质量。结果 术后即刻及术后3个月,PKP组患者椎体前柱高度、椎体中柱高度均明显高于PVP组(术后即刻:t=3.366、2.668,P=0.001、0.009;术后3个月:t=3.658、3.847,P<0.001、P=0.002),椎体前柱高度恢复率明显大于PVP组(t=8.115、6.065,P均<0.001),后凸角角度明显小于PVP组(t=4.655、5.716,P均<0.001)。术后3个月,PKP组患者视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分明显低于PVP组(t=2.652,P=0.009),健康调查量表36 (SF-36)中的生理机能、生理职能评分均明显高于PVP组(t=2.187、3.013,P=0...     

老年胸腰椎骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折经皮椎体成形术治疗效果不佳的影响因素分析

目的 探讨分析老年胸腰椎骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折(OVCF)经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗效果不佳的影响因素。方法 选取2021年1月至2022年1月安阳市第三人民医院收治的82例行PVP治疗的老年胸腰椎OVCF患者作为研究对象,收集患者性别、年龄、体重指数(BMI)、术前骨密度(BMD)、骨折椎体数、有无高血压、有无糖尿病、手术入路方式、单个椎体骨水泥注入量、有无骨水泥渗漏、术后是否规范行抗骨质疏松治疗等资料,并根据PVP术后1个月的治疗效果将其分为效果满意组和效果不佳组,多因素Logistic回归分析老年胸腰椎OVCF患者PVP治疗效果不佳的相关影响因素。结果 82例老年胸腰椎OVCF患者PVP术后1个月治疗效果满意67例(81.71%),设为效果满意组;治疗效果不佳15例(18.29%),设为效果不佳组。单因素分析结果显示,效果不佳组患者年龄明显大于效果满意组(t=3.745,P<0.001),术前BMD明显小于效果满意组(t=2.914,P=0.005),骨折椎体数≥2个、有骨水泥渗漏以及术后未规范行抗骨质疏松治疗者比例均明显高于效果满意组(χ²=9....     

Percutaneous vertebroplasty for patients with osteoporosis: a one-year follow-up

Purpose: To evaluate changes in height and wedge angle of treated vertebral bodies and kyphosis angle 1 year after vertebroplasty.

Material and Methods: We reviewed radiographs of 95 vertebral bodies treated with vertebroplasty in 60 patients with osteoporosis. Only vertebral bodies with imaging evidence of a new fracture or avascular necrosis received vertebroplasty. Images were obtained for evaluation before vertebroplasty (B), within 2 weeks after vertebroplasty (T), and after 1 year (T1).

Results: The mean wedge angle decreased by 5.4° from B to T1. Mean of the anterior, central, and posterior heights of the fractured bodies increased by 12.6%, 9.6%, and 3.1%, respectively, from B to T1. The kyphosis angle improved by 3.2° initially from B to T, but the improvement later disappeared. In 48% of these patients, a new fracture developed after vertebroplasty, and 63% of the fractures were adjacent to a vertebroplasty-treated vertebral body.

Conclusion: The increase in height and wedge angle of the vertebral bodies generally lasted at least 1 year. Improvement in kyphosis angles was lost 1 year after vertebroplasty because new fractures occurred in 48% of these patients. Prevention of new fractures after vertebroplasty remains an important task.     

A Simplified Method of Opacifying and Mixing Acrylic Cement for Percutaneous Vertebroplasty: A Clinical and In Vitro Study

The objective of this study was to simplify the opacifying mixing process of the bone cement and contrast used for percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP). We performed a biomechanical study of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (Corinplast^TM 3) using three different mixtures of PMMA, monomer, and contrast: group I, 2:1; group II, 3:2; group III, 3:2:1 ratio of powder/monomer/iodinated contrast (Omnipaque). In vitro biomechanical testing of ultimate compressive strength was carried out in all samples. Following the conclusion of a proper bone cement mixture regimen drawn from the in vitro study, PVP was performed in 125 patients: 58 with cancer, 12 with hemangioma, and 54 with osteoporotic fracture. The ultimate compressive strength in group III was decreased by 38% compared to groups II and I. Proper fluoroscopic visualization was achieved in all PVP procedures using this mixture. There were no major complications associated with injection of the cement mixture. Complete (CR) and partial response (PR) was obtained in 64% and 32.8%, respectively. No further vertebral collapse occurred during follow-up. The regimen using iodinated contrast for cement visualization during PVP provides a simple and convenient new method for mixing. Although the biomechanical strength is altered by the contrast medium added, it seems insignificant in clinical practice based on the authors’ limited experience.     

PVP与保守治疗骨质疏松椎体极重度压缩性骨折的临床疗效比较

目的比较经皮椎体成形术(PVP)与保守治疗极重度骨质疏松胸腰椎压缩性骨折临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年6月至2019年6月52例极重度骨质疏松胸腰椎压缩性骨折患者的随访资料,其中行PVP 25例(PVP组),保守治疗27例(保守组)。比较两组患者治疗前、治疗后6 d、1个月、3个月、6个月、1年伤椎前后缘高度、后凸角、疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)和活动能力。结果 52例患者均获得随访。平均随访15个月,治疗前两组患者具有可比性。治疗后6 d和随访期间PVP组的椎体前缘高度、后凸角、VAS评分、ODI、活动能力均较治疗前改善(P<0.01),而且明显优于保守组(P<0.01)。PVP组5例无症状骨水泥渗漏,4例其他节段骨折,保守组7例其他节段骨折(P>0.05)。结论 PVP治疗骨质疏松椎体极重度压缩性骨折与保守治疗比较能快速有效缓解患者疼痛,改善生活功能。     

高黏度骨水泥治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效观察

目的 观察高黏度骨水泥经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床疗效.方法 选择骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者80例随机分为两组,每组40例,均行PVP手术治疗,研究组给予高黏度骨水泥,对照组给予低黏度骨水泥,术后3d内CT复查观察椎体内骨水泥分布和椎旁渗漏情况.用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和日常生活活动能力评分(Barthel)评价两组疗效.比较两组骨水泥注入量、渗漏情况、手术费用和术中X线曝光时间.结果 80例患者PVP操作均成功,术前、术后24h、术后第7天VAS和Barthel评分两组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),同组患者PVP前后比较差异则有统计学意义(P＜0.05).骨水泥平均注入量:研究组4.60 ml,对照组4.41 ml(P＞0.05);X线曝光时间:研究组4.17 min,对照组3.93 min (P＞0.05);骨水泥渗漏:研究组4节段,对照组12节段(P＜0.05);手术费用:研究组26 132元/节段,对照组925 1.5元/节段(P＜0.01),研究组平均多耗费16 881元/节段.结论 采用高黏度和低黏度骨水泥治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折都能迅速减轻患者腰背部疼痛,提高日常生活活动能力.高黏度骨水泥可减少渗漏,但价格偏高.     

经皮椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎压缩骨折350例临床研究

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎压缩骨折的疗效、术中策略及并发症的预防。方法回顾性研究2004年6月—2010年6月采用经皮椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎压缩骨折350例,术后并发骨水泥渗漏2例术中骨水泥渗漏到椎管内,压迫脊髓神经产生腰背痛及下肢放射性疼痛,于术后12 d及23 d行椎管探查渗漏骨水泥清除术。结果随访12～22个月。VAS评分从术前(9.2±0.6)分到术后(2.3±1.5)分和最终随访(2.6±1.2)分(P<0.05)。Oswestry功能评分由术前(64±8.1)分到术后(25±4.4)分和最终随访(27±3.7)分(P<0.05)。结论椎体成形术(PVP)是微创治疗椎体骨质疏松压缩骨折的有效方法。通过充分的术前准备及术中策略可有效减少并发症的发生。     

椎体成形术与保守方法治疗椎体骨折的对照研究

目的 通过经皮椎体成形术(PVP)与保守方法治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCF)的初步对照研究结果,探讨OVCF的更有效治疗措施.方法 自2009年12月至2010年12月以相同的研究标准对来院接受PVP或保守治疗的OVCF患者进行前瞻性分组研究,以疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)及Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)问...     

Percutaneous Cervical Vertebroplasty in a MultifunctionalImage-Guided Therapy Suite: Hybrid Lateral Approach to C1 andC4 Under CT and Fluoroscopic Guidance

A 76-year-old patient suffering from two painful osteolytic metastases in C1 and C4 underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty by a hybrid technique in a multi-functional image-guided therapy suite (MIGTS). Two trocars were first placed into the respective bodies of C1 and C4 under fluoroscopic computed tomography guidance using a lateral approach. Thereafter, the patient was transferred on a moving table to the digital subtraction angiography unit in the same room for implant injection. Good pain relief was achieved by this minimally invasive procedure without complications. A hybrid approach for vertebroplasty in a MIGTS appears to be safe and feasible and might be indicated in selected cases for difficult accessible lesions.     

Fracture of the humerus in ball throwers A consequence of idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis in a female handball player?

We report a case of a spontaneous humeral shaft fracture sustained during pitching by a 22-year-old previously healthy female European team handball player. The fracture was treated by closed reposition followed by immobilization in a hanging cast. The fracture healed uneventfully, and normal function and range of motion were reached within 6 months. Between 1 and 2 years after the fracture, bone mineral measurements showed a decreased bone mass (1.43–2.56 SD below mean values of normal women) at all measuring sites; proximal tibia bilaterally (bone mineral content (right) = 2.68 g/cm, bone mineral content (left) = 2.79 g/cm), lumbar spine (bone mineral density (L2–4) = 0.814 g/cm²), and right hip (bone mineral density (neck) = 0.697 g/cm², bone mineral density (Ward's) = 0.626 g/cm²). A thorough endocrinological examination indicated that a state of bone loss existed, but no specific endocrine disease was found. The unusual fracture presented must be considered the result of the torsional forces transmitted to a severely osteoporotic bone.     

Percutaneous vertebroplasty in the therapy of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a critical review

Percutaneous vertebroplasty has become an efficient technique for the treatment of painful vertebral fractures. Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures are characterized by severe back pain and immobilization causing other complications like thrombosis or pneumonia. Vertebral cement augmentation provides increased strength of the vertebral body and an obvious pain relief. Between 1989 and 2004, 30 studies and a total of 2,086 treated patients have been published in literature. A review of these studies has been performed. The number and age of the patients, number of treated vertebrae, pre- and postoperative outcome of pain and complications of the different studies were assessed and analyzed. Percutaneous vertebroplasty is an efficient technique with low complication rates and a significant reduction in pain. It rapidly improves the mobility and quality of life of patients with vertebral compression fractures. With an increasing number of treated patients, experience with this interventional technique has become excellent. But still there are no randomized controlled trials available, showing that percutaneous vertebroplasty has a significantly better outcome than other treatment options, especially after a long-term follow-up. K. Hochmuth and D. Proschek contributed equally to this work.     

Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Bone Cement Leakage: Clinical Experience with a New High-Viscosity Bone Cement and Delivery System for Vertebral Augmentation in Benign and Malignant Compression Fractures

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of and venous leakage reduction in percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) using a new high-viscosity bone cement (PMMA). PV has been used effectively for pain relief in osteoporotic and malignant vertebral fractures. Cement extrusion is a common problem and can lead to complications. Sixty patients (52 female; mean age, 72.2 ± 7.2) suffering from osteoporosis (46), malignancy (12), and angiomas (2), divided into two groups (A and B), underwent PV on 190 vertebrae (86 dorsal, 104 lumbar). In Group A, PV with high-viscosity PMMA (Confidence, Disc-O-Tech, Israel) was used. This PMMA was injected by a proprietary delivery system, a hydraulic saline-filled screw injector. In Group B, a standard low-viscosity PMMA was used. Postprocedural CT was carried out to detect PMMA leakages and complications. Fisher’s exact test and Wilcoxon rank test were used to assess significant differences (p < 0.05) in leakages and to evaluate the clinical outcome. PV was feasible, achieving good clinical outcome (p < 0.0001) without major complications. In Group A, postprocedural CT showed an asymptomatic leak in the venous structures of 8 of 98 (8.2%) treated vertebrae; a discoidal leak occurred in 6 of 98 (6.1%). In Group B, a venous leak was seen in 38 of 92 (41.3%) and a discoidal leak in 12 of 92 (13.0%). Reduction of venous leak obtained by high-viscosity PMMA was highly significant (p < 0.0001), whereas this result was not significant (p = 0.14) related to the disc. The high-viscosity PMMA system is safe and effective for clinical use, allowing a significant reduction of extravasation rate and, thus, leakage-related complications.     

A subchondral fracture in transient osteoporosis of the hip

Although subchondral changes are reported to be associated with transient osteoporosis of the hip (TOH), the etiology of this disorder is unknown.In this paper, we describe a 45-year-old man with TOH who underwent both MRI and CT examinations. Plain radiographs obtained 2 months after the onset of hip pain showed a focal loss of radiodensity in the left femoral head. MRI revealed a bone marrow edema pattern in the left femoral head and neck with an associated subchondral serpiginous low signal intensity line on the T1-weighted images. A CT scan showed a subchondral fracture in the corresponding area. The hip pain and imaging abnormalities resolved spontaneously following conservative treatment.This case study demonstrated that a subchondral fracture of the femoral head was associated with TOH using MRI and CT examinations, and suggests that the presence of a subchondral fracture may be important for the pathophysiology of TOH.     

Pain Relief Following Percutaneous Vertebroplasty: Results of a Series of 283 Consecutive Patients Treated in a Single Institution

The aim of this study was to assess if percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) could relieve back pain, reduce drug consumption, and improve the mobility of patients with metastases and vertebral compression fractures. From August 2002 to July 2004, 283 patients (216 females; mean age: 73.8 ± 9.9 years) underwent PVP on 749 vertebrae. Pain was evaluated with the pain intensity numeric rating scale (PI-NRS) (0 = no pain; 10 = worst pain) before the procedure and at the end point in September 2004 (follow-up:1–24 months; median: 7 months). A reduction of at least two points of the PI-NRS score was considered clinically relevant. Two hundred four patients were available for evaluation at the end point. Overall results showed a reduction of the median pain score from 8 at baseline to 1 at the end point (p < 0.0001); a clinically relevant pain reduction was observed in 176/205 patients (86%); 89/147 patients (61%) gave up a brace support (p < 0.0001); and 117/190 patients (62%) gave up drug therapy. Results were similar in different subgroups stratified according to age, underlying pathology, number of fractured or treated vertebrae, and length of follow-up. This study adds evidence that PVP is effective in treating painful vertebral fractures. A significant reduction in drug assumption and significant mobility improvement can also be achieved.