心脏再同步治疗难治性心力衰竭的临床应用

目的评价心脏再同步治疗（CRT）难治性心力衰竭的临床疗效。方法21例难治性心力衰竭患者接受CRT治疗;左心室导线采用经心脏静脉血管径路植入或开胸直接缝合左心室心外膜导线。植入术后定期随访,分析患者心功能、活动耐量、生活质量评分、QRS时限、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、左心室舒张末内径（LVEDD）等指标的变化,评价CRT的临床疗效,测试起搏参数并在超声心动图指导下优化AV间期和VV间期。结果21例患者成功植入CRT,其中3例患者因心脏静脉血管畸形而采用开胸植入左心室心外膜导线。平均随访（9．8±9．5）个月,死亡3例;2例患者因心力衰竭症状复发再住院;其余患者心功能分级、生活质量评分、活动耐量较植入术前有显著改善;植入术后1个月LVEF明显提高（0．31±0．06对0．37±0．05,P〈0．01）;二尖瓣反流程度[（2．24±0．89）级对（1．43±0．75）级,P〈0．01];LVEDD植入术后6个月明显减小（（71．91±8．38）mm对（68．82±10．80）mm,P〈0．05];QRS时限分析显示CRT治疗有效组术后明显变窄（（162．50±24．08）ms对（142．50±19．15）ms,P〈0．05],无效组变化不明显[（148．00±10．95）ms对（138．00±4．47）ms,P〉0．05]。1例患者左心室导线脱位。右心房和右心室起搏导线的阈值、感知灵敏度及阻抗均在正常范围,左心室导线各参数,除1例患者阈值升高外余均正常。3例开胸植入心外膜导线患者除1例于植入术后第5个月心脏性猝死,余2例分别随访18个月和26个月,左心室导线阈值分别为0．5V／0．4ms和1．0V／0．4ms。CRT治疗的总临床有效率为76．2％。结论CRT治疗难治性心力衰竭有效,能恢复患者心脏电活动和机械活动的同步性,显著改善心功能。QRS时限变窄是CRT疗效的重要预测指标。     

Heart failure patients selection for cardiac resynchronization therapy

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established treatment for refractory chronic heart failure (CHF) patients with ventricular dyssynchrony. The patient selection for this therapy remains the basis for response improvement. Various parameters, methods and technology for identification of appropriate patient are under research. The influences of age and gender, disease progress stage such as mild and late stage CHF including right ventricular dysfunction, dyssynchrony and scar identified by imaging techniques like echocardiography, magnetic resonance and nuclear imaging, and atrial fibrillation on CRT benefits were respectively discussed. This review summarizes the current advancement in these areas.     

单中心心脏再同步治疗的长期病死率及原因分析

目的观察本中心心脏再同步治疗（CRT）的长期病死率,分析可能的相关因素。方法2001年3月至2010年4月135例患者行CRT治疗,男106例,平均年龄（59．95±11．14）岁。缺血性心肌病（ICM）44例,心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级（NYHA分级）,LVEF≤0．35。随访最长9年。结果全因死亡率为31．11％,其中心力衰竭占26．19％,猝死占38．1％。与存活患者比较,心力衰竭恶化死亡患者更年轻、CRT治疗前的临床指标差、肺动脉压高、左心室舒张末内径增大明显（P〈0．05）,而且PR间期明显延长（P〈0．05）,不理想的左心室电极导线位置（心中静脉和心大静脉）的比例增加（P〈0．01）。非心力衰竭死亡组CRT治疗后心功能的各项指标及活动耐量均改善,且随着时间延长改善更明显,而心力衰竭死亡组随着时间延长病情反复且加重。结论本中心CRT长期治疗的全因死亡率为31％,死亡原因中心脏性猝死发生率最高,心力衰竭恶化排第2位,经CRT后因心力衰竭和猝死导致的死亡率低于以前药物治疗（20％／4年和〉50％／5年）。对于心功能好转的患者预防猝死是重要的,心脏再同步治疗除颤器（CRT－D）应是首选治疗。     

影响慢性心力衰竭患者心脏再同步化治疗效果的因素分析

目的 观察慢性心力衰竭患者心脏再同步化治疗(cardiac resynchronization therapy,CRT)的临床疗效,比较CRT有反应和无反应患者的临床特征,分析不同因素对CRT反应及预后的影响.方法 选取在浙江大学医学院附属第二医院心血管内科成功置入CRT-P/D的慢性心力衰竭患者204例,收集术前临床资料、手术资料及术后随访资料,结合手术前后临床症状及超声心动图参数的改善,评估CRT疗效.比较有反应和无反应患者的临床特征,并通过多因素回归分析及生存分析比较不同因素对CRT反应及预后的影响.结果 纳入研究者共204例,其中男性130例,女性74例,平均年龄(64.8±11.9)岁,随访6～60个月.CRT有反应者125例(61.3％).有反应的患者中,女性、QRS波时限≥150 ms及QRS波形态呈完全性左束支传导阻滞(CLBBB)者所占比例分别为41.6％ (52/125)、58.4％(73/125)、65.6％(82/125),明显高于CRT无反应的患者(P＜0.05).多因素回归分析显示,QRS波时限≥150 ms是CRT有反应的唯一独立预测因子.Kaplan-Meier法分析显示CRT有反应的患者生存率高于无反应的患者(P＜0.001).结论 临床特征,包括女性、QRS波时限≥150 ms及CLBBB,与CRT反应密切相关,其中QRS波时限≥150 ms能独立预测CRT有反应.CRT有反应的患者预后优于无反应的患者.     

努力提高我国心脏再同步治疗的应用水平

心脏再同步治疗（CRT）已成为伴QRS波增宽的慢性心力衰竭患者的有效治疗方法。多中心临床研究证实,CRT不仅能改善慢性心力衰竭伴心脏收缩不同步患者的心功能,提高生活质量,而且可以降低死亡率,改善患者预后。2002年ACC／AHA／NASPE第一次将CRT治疗心力衰竭列入起搏适应证（Ⅱa类）。随着循证医学证据的不断积累,CRT治疗心力衰竭的地位不断提升。     

心脏再同步治疗是慢性心力衰竭伴心脏收缩不同步患者治疗的希望所在

慢性心力衰竭是各种心脏病发展的严重阶段,是目前心脏病学尚未解决的难题之一。超过4000例患者的随机临床研究业已证实,心脏再同步治疗（CRT）不仅能改善心力衰竭患者运动耐量、生活质量,而且能逆转心肌重构,降低病死率。CRT正在成为慢性心力衰竭患者的常规治疗方法,但临床实践仍有许多值得探讨的问题。     

心力衰竭患者心脏再同步化疗效的多因素分析

目的：探讨影响心力衰竭患者心脏再同步化治疗（CRT）效果的因素. 方法：入选因慢性心功能不全接受CRT的患者25例.CRT应答定义为术后6个月左室收缩末期容积（LVESV）减少＞15％以及纽约心功能改善1级以上（包括1级）,不达上述标准以及因心力衰竭死亡者定义为CRT无应答.对所有患者随访（26.0±15.9）个月,17例表现为CRT应答,8例表现为CRT无应答,分析两组患者的临床基线特征及治疗前后心功能分级、基线QRS波时限（QRSd）等指标,并作logistic回归分析. 结果：慢性心力衰竭患者对CRT的反应与QRSd（r=1.19,P=0.01）、术后QRSd缩短时间（ΔQRSd,r=1.28,P=0.01）相关.ROC曲线分析显示,基线QRSd＞135 ms预测CRT应答的敏感性为70.6％0、特异性为62.5％,ΔQRSd缩短25 ms预测CRT应答的敏感性为64.7％、特异性为90.9％. 结论：QRS波基线值和ΔQRSd是CRT应答的预测因子.     

心脏再同步治疗发展的新时期

无疑,心脏再同步治疗（CRT）已成为当下心力衰竭非药物治疗的一线选择。一系列大规模临床试验以及我们亲身的临床实践都证实了CRT在改善心力衰竭患者症状,降低住院率和死亡率的卓越疗效。经过十几年的发展,CRT应用进入了一个全新时期,其远期发展可能关注于两个方面。一是在遵从现有指南的基础上,如何进一步提高CRT反应率,二是扩展CRT植入适应证,使潜在人群获益。     

The association between cardiac resynchronization therapy response and sexual activity in patients with heart failure

BackgroundSexual activity is an important indicator of quality of life and is significantly impaired in patients with heart failure (HF). Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has positive effects on cardiac dysfunction and endothelial dysfunction that lead to erectile dysfunction (ED). We aimed to evaluate whether CRT may improve sexual activity in patients with HF.MethodsIn total, 136 patients (mean age 61.8 ± 12.8 years) were evaluated for the study. All patients filled the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) questionnaire for evaluation of their erectile functions before CRT device implantation. One hundred eighty days after CRT device implantation, the patients were re-evaluated with SHIM questionnaire.ResultsIn the whole study population, SHIM test scores were significantly increased after CRT (12.99 ± 3.22 vs. 18.03 ± 5.00; p<0.001). The patients were divided into two groups according to the CRT response. The increase in SHIM test scores was significantly more in the response (+) group than in the response (−) group [response (+) group: 6.94 ± 3.36; p<0.001 vs. response (−) group: 0.81 ± 1.77; p = 0.465]. A positive CRT response was found to be an independent predictor of SHIM score (p<0.001).ConclusionOur study showed that CRT had positive effects on ED of patients with HF.     

心脏再同步治疗对慢性心力衰竭的临床疗效观察

目的观察心脏再同步治疗（CRT）对慢性心力衰竭的长期临床疗效。方法24例接受CRT的慢性心力衰竭患者,心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级（NYHA分级）,左心室射血分数（LVEF）≤0．35,左心室舒张末内径（LVEDD）／〉55mm,QRS时限≥120／TIS。植入前超声心动图及组织多普勒检查以评价心功能及心脏收缩不同步指标,并指导左心室电极导线的植入。植入后3、6个月及随后的每6个月进行随访,随访内容包括临床症状、心电图、LVEDD、LVEF及多普勒超声评价心脏收缩同步性指标。结果随访时间（12．0±4．6）个月,结果显示患者临床症状明显改善,QRS时限植入后较植入前缩短[（137．50±38．96）ms对（144．60±45．78）ms,P=0．67],但差异无统计学意义。植人后LVEDD较植入前明显缩小[（6．24±0．89）cm对（6．78±0．42）cm,P=0．03];LVEF则明显提高（0．36±0．09对0．31±0．03,P〈0．01）,左心房内径（LAD）也较术前明显缩小[（4．22±8．43）cm对（5．32±7．63）cm,P=0．01]。心脏收缩不同步指标与植入前相比也明显改善。结论对慢性心力衰竭的患者,CRT治疗可改善左心室功能,逆转左心室重构。     

Long-term outcome in diabetic heart failure patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality in heart failure (HF) patients. AIMS: To compare functional and structural improvement, as well as long-term outcome, between diabetic and non-diabetic HF patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). METHODS: We compared response to CRT in 141 diabetic and 214 non-diabetic consecutive patients. Major events were; death from any cause, urgent heart transplantation and implantation of a left ventricular (LV) assist device. Frequencies of hospitalisation and defibrillator (CRT-D) discharges were also analyzed. RESULTS: CRT was able to significantly improve functional capacity, ventricular geometry and neurohumoral imbalance in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients over a median follow-up time of 34 months. Overall event-free survival was similar in diabetic and non-diabetic patients (HR 1.23, p=0.363), as was survival free from CRT-D interventions (HR 1.72; p=0.115) and hospitalisations (HR 1.12; p=0.500). On multivariable analysis, NYHA class IV (p=0.002), low LV ejection fraction (p=0.002), absence of beta-blocker therapy (p<0.001), impaired renal function (p=0.003), presence of an epicardial lead (p=0.025), but not diabetes (p=0.821) were associated with a poor outcome after CRT. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic HF patients treated with CRT had a very favourable functional and survival outcome, which was comparable to non-diabetic patients.     

Prospective comparison of echocardiographic atrioventricular delay optimization methods for cardiac resynchronization therapy

BACKGROUND: Atrioventricular (AV) delay optimization can be an important determinant of the response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with medically refractory heart failure and a ventricular conduction delay. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare two Doppler echocardiographic methods of AV delay optimization after CRT. METHODS: Forty consecutive patients (age 59 +/- 12 years) with severe heart failure, New York Heart Association class 3.1 +/- 0.4, QRS duration 177 +/- 23 ms, and left ventricular ejection fraction 26% +/- 6% referred for CRT were studied using two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography. In each patient, the acute improvement in stroke volume with CRT in response to two methods of AV delay optimization was compared. In the first method, the AV delay that produced the largest increase in the aortic velocity time integral (VTI) derived from continuous-wave Doppler (aortic VTI method) was measured. In the second method, the AV delay that optimized the timing of mitral valve closure to occur simultaneously with the onset of left ventricular systole was calculated from pulsed Doppler mitral waveforms at a short and long AV delay interval (mitral inflow method). RESULTS: The optimized AV delay determined by the aortic VTI method resulted in an increase in aortic VTI of 19% +/- 13% compared with an increase of 12% +/- 12% by the mitral inflow method (P <.001). The optimized AV delay by the aortic VTI method was significantly longer than the optimized AV delay calculated from the mitral inflow method (119 +/- 34 ms vs 95 +/- 24 ms, P <.001). There was no correlation in the AV delay determined by the two methods (r = 0.03). CONCLUSION: AV delay optimization by Doppler echocardiography for patients with severe heart failure treated with a CRT device yields a greater systolic improvement when guided by the aortic VTI method compared with the mitral inflow method.     

远程家庭监测功能在心脏再同步治疗中的应用

目的评价家庭监测功能在心力衰竭患者心脏再同步治疗（CRT）中的应用价值。方法应用远程无线家庭监测系统每日自动传输CRT信息。分析异常事件发生情况,比较异常事件发现时间以及较预期门诊随访提前时间。结果连续入选10例植入带有家庭监测功能的CRT患者,男性8例（80％）,女性2例（20％）,年龄19～70（56±15）岁。平均观察（90±63）d,发现异常事件83次,其中主要是疾病相关事件81次（97．6％）,系统相关事件2例（2．4％）。家庭监测发现异常事件时间较3个月门诊随访平均提前（68±17）d,较6个月随访平均提前（158±17）d。结论家庭监测是一种安全可靠的CRT监测方法。应用CRT家庭监测功能可以早期发现异常事件,从而及时处理并观察处理效果。其远期疗效尚待大规模随机临床试验证实。     

单中心心脏再同步治疗相关并发症分析

目的回顾性总结单中心心脏再同步治疗（CRT）相关并发症概况为临床对CRT患者的管理提供相关经验。 方法本研究为回顾性研究,纳入2009年6月至2021年6月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院心血管内科植入CRT的心力衰竭（心衰）患者,按照植入装置类型分为心脏再同步治疗除颤器（CRT-D）组和心脏再同步治疗起搏器（CRT-P）组,分析患者术中、术后发生左心室导线植入失败、膈肌刺激、冠状静脉系统损伤等相关并发症的情况及原因。 结果共纳入469例患者,其中男359例（359/469,76.55%）,年龄（62.31±11.69）岁,术前左心室射血分数为34.76%±7.96%,术前QRS时限为（161.82±30.57）ms。左心室导线植入成功率为95.1%（446/499）。术中膈肌刺激2例（0.43%）;急性左心衰竭3例（6.40%）;冠状静脉夹层15例（3.19%）;囊袋血肿4例（0.85%）;导线脱位10例（2.13%）,其中急性脱位2例（20%）、亚急性脱位4例（40%）、迟发性脱位4例（40%）。 结论CRT术中发生相关并发症的风险较高,同时也要警惕和排除发生相关术后并发症的可能。     

心脏再同步治疗术后患者死亡原因分析

目的探讨心力衰竭患者心脏再同步治疗（CRT）术后的死亡原因及相关影响因素。方法对110例行CRT的心力衰竭患者[其中7例植入带有心脏再同步治疗除颤器（CRT—D）]进行长期随访,观察患者术后的转归情况,以及死亡患者的死亡原因、生存时间和相关影响因素。结果110例患者中有92例患者完成随访研究,随访1～132（48±28）个月,共死亡30例,死亡率为32．6％,5年生存率为66．9％±5．8％。24例为心脏性死亡,占总体死亡的80％,其中包括11例为心力衰竭恶化导致的死亡,13例为心脏性猝死（SCD）,其余6例为非心脏性死亡。14例行CRT的持续性心房颤动（房颤）患者中有8例死亡;71例行CRT的窦性心律患者中死亡22例;前组的中位生存时间短于后组（50比87,P=0．013）;7例植人CRT—D的患者均无死亡;3组患者的死亡率差异有统计学意义（P=0．01）。合并慢性肾功能衰竭的CRT患者死亡率（66．7％）较无肾功能不良者（20．6％）高（相对危险度：3．24,95％CI1．88～5．59,P〈0．001）。结论CRT患者的主要死亡原因是心脏性死亡,其中包括心力衰竭恶化和SCD。CRT—D和CRT两组患者之间的死亡率差异有统计学意义,接受CRT的窦性心律患者较持续性房颤患者有显著的生存获益。合并慢性肾功能衰竭的CRT患者预后较差。对于合并持续性房颤的CRT患者同时给予房室结消融有可能进一步提高生存率。     

心脏再同步化治疗慢性心力衰竭伴持续性心房颤动的疗效

目的评价心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)慢性心力衰竭(简称心衰)合并持续性心房颤动(简称房颤)患者的临床疗效。方法选择慢性心衰患者53例,其中42例窦性心律患者及11例房颤患者接受双心室起搏治疗,术后3个月进行随访,观察患者的心功能分级,6 min步行距离,超声心动图测定各房室腔内径大小、左室射血分数(LVEF)、二尖瓣返流以及速度向量成像超声评价同步性参数的变化。结果 53例三腔起搏器置入术均取得成功。与术前相比,术后3个月房颤CRT患者心功能分级(2.30±0.47级vs 3.0±0.02级)、左房内径(44.9±3.8 mm vs52.2±4.2 mm,P<0.05),LVEF(0.43±0.02 vs 0.32±0.03)及二尖瓣返流(1.5±0.2 vs 3.18±1.75,P<0.01)均有明显改善,速度向量成像超声结果显示,室内不同步较术前有明显改善。窦性心律患者术后各项心功能及不同步指标较术前亦有明显改善,与房颤CRT患者比较差异无显著性。结论对于慢性心衰合并持续性房颤患者,CRT与窦性心律一样可以改善心功能。     

心脏再同步治疗的研究现状及进展

心脏再同步治疗 ( CRT)是一项有前途的治疗心脏病的新技术 ,它是借助于起搏技术使严重的房室传导阻滞或心室内传导功能障碍患者原固有的心脏循环同步状态得以恢复的方法。本文分别从原理、方法、心房再同步治疗、心室再同步治疗及临床效果等方面概述了该技术的研究现状及进展 ,旨在为临床治疗提供客观依据。