130例室性心动过速导致晕厥的住院患者诊治分析

目的分析室性心动过速(室速)导致晕厥的住院患者的临床特征及诊治现况。方法连续入选2014年9月至2019年6月中国医学科学院阜外医院心律失常中心二病区收治的552例晕厥患者,采集患者临床资料,排查晕厥病因。552例晕厥患者在住院期间由3位心内科(含电生理专业)医师制定诊疗计划。分析出院诊断为室速导致晕厥患者的临床特点以及诊治现况。结果经病史采集、体格检查、实验室检查,确诊为室速导致晕厥者130例(23.6%,130/552),其中男65例(50.0%,65/130),年龄(47.9±19.9)岁。伴有器质性心脏病70例(53.8%,70/130),离子通道疾病11例(8.5%,11/130),特发性室速49例(37.7%,49/130)。院前接受电复律32例(24.6%,32/130),包括已经植入心律转复除颤器(ICD)正确识别室速并放电治疗15例。68例具备ICD适应证的患者中10例(14.7%,10/68)拒绝植入,其中2例接受了导管消融治疗,8例仅药物治疗。已经植入的ICD正确识别治疗15例仍出现晕厥的室速患者,均系植入术后首次发作室速,给予调整ICD参数及调整药物治疗。共39例(30.0%,39/130)患者接受了导管消融治疗室速(占适应证的75.0%);较同期入院的晕厥病因为缓慢性心律失常及反射性晕厥者,室速导致晕厥的患者更年轻[3组依次为(64.5±15.3)岁、(52.8±15.8)岁、(47.9±19.9)岁,P<0.001],更常见器质性心脏病[3组依次为52例(23.6%)、13例(18.1%)、70例(53.8%),P<0.001],且左心室射血分数(LVEF)更低(61.5%±9.5%、65.2%±4.4%、55.9%±14.1%,P<0.001);院前曾电复律治疗室速的患者较无电复律史患者LVEF低(47.6%±11.9%、56.7%±14.0%,P=0.038)。结论本研究显示室速所致晕厥患者较缓慢性心律失常或反射性晕厥患者平均年龄小,其中合并器质性心脏病者占比较后者两组高,且LVEF更低。室速患者虽然发生了晕厥,拒绝ICD的比率仍较高,依从性有待提升。     

Low doses of intravenous epinephrine for refractory sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia

We report three cases of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia(VT) in the setting of coronary artery disease,resistant to beta-blockers in two patients and to amiodarone in all,successfully terminated by low doses of intravenous(IV) epinephrine.VT was the first manifestation of coronary artery disease in one patient,whereas the other two patients had a previous history of myocardial infarction and were recipients of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator(ICD).One of these two patients experienced an arrhythmic storm.All had hemodynamic instability at the time of epinephrine administration.A single slow administration of IV epinephrine(0.5 to 1 mg administered over 30 to 60 s) restored sinus rhythm after 30-90 s with only minor side effects.In the ICD patient with recurrent VT and several cardioversions due to transformation of VT to ventricular fibrillation,epinephrine injection led to the avoidance of further shocks.Although potentially harmful,low doses of IV epinephrine used alone or in combination with beta-blocker treatment and electrical cardioversion may be an alternative effective therapy for sustained monomorphic VT refractory to amiodarone.The role of epinephrine in the termination of VT should be studied further,especially in patients pre-treated with amiodarone in combination with beta-blockers.     

The incidence and morphology of ischaemic ventricular tachycardia

Ventricular arrhythmias are a frequent cause of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. The incidence and relationship of ventricular tachycardia to periods of myocardial ischaemia in these patients has not been fully investigated. Ambulatory ST-segment monitoring was performed in 100 consecutive patients with chest pain, of whom 74 had significant coronary artery disease. Recordings were analysed for ST-segment changes and episodes of ventricular tachycardia (greater than 3 beats, rate greater than 100 beats min-1). None of the 26 patients with normal coronary arteries, one of the 22 patients (4.5%) with single vessel disease, one of the 22 patients (4.5%) with double vessel disease and four of the 30 patients (13%) with triple vessel disease, had episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. Four of these six patients had episodes of reversible ST-segment change but ventricular tachycardia was related to these episodes in only two patients. These two patients had multiple episodes of tachycardia which occurred after the onset of ST-segment change and terminated before the ST-segment returned to baseline; they occurred in clusters with a mean of 12 episodes in each cluster. ST-segment change did not follow episodes of ventricular tachycardia in any patient. The number of ventricular complexes in each episode varied between three and 24 beats and were uniform in three of the six patients. The mean heart rate before the onset of tachycardia was 79 +/- 8 beats per minute and the rate of tachycardia had a mean of 170 +/- 34 beats a minute. Less than 10% of the episodes had a prematurity index of less than 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Management of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia electrical storm in structural heart disease

Electrical storm (ES) is a life-threatening condition that is defined by three or more episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), or appropriate shocks from an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) within 24 hours. The most common form of ES is monomorphic VT. It carries poor outcome despite all available intervention therapies. The therapies include rapid recognition of the condition, treatment of the reversible causes, ICD-reprogramming, antiarrhythmic drugs, sedation, and catheter ablation (CA). The first line antiarrhythmic drugs are amiodarone and β-blockers with superiority of propranolol over the others. The long-term use of the antiarrhythmic drugs is limited due to their adverse effects and drug-related proarrhythmic effect. The basic mechanism of monomorphic VT is re-entry pathway which can be targeted by CA. CA should be considered in drug refractory ES and patients should be referred in early course of disease. There are reported studies which showed the superiority of CA over the medical treatment in reducing the arrythmia burden and ICD appropriate shock. The survival benefit has been reported after successful ablation of ES in case series but to date no randomized control trial shows mortality benefit.     

QT间期离散度预测冠心病室性心动过速的临床意义分析

目的　探讨冠心病患者QT间期离散度 (QTD)值在预测持续性室性心动过速 (室速 )发生方面的临床意义。方法　以程序刺激法诱发室速 ,比较室速诱发成功组 (室速组 )和室速诱发未成功组 (非室速组 )体表心电图QTD值的改变并与心室晚电位 (VLP)检测结果作比较。结果　室速组QTD明显大于非室速组 [(76± 34)ms和 (49± 2 3)ms,P <0 0 1];QTD≥ 70ms预测室速的敏感性及阴性预测值明显高于VLP阳性 (6 6 7%和 5 0 0 % ,P <0 0 1;72 7%和 6 4 7% ,P <0 0 5 ) ,特异性及阳性预测值和VLP阳性相似 (91 4 %和 94 3% ,P >0 0 5 ;88 9%和 90 0 % ,P >0 0 5 ) ;如将QTD≥ 70ms和VLP阳性结合起来考虑则可获得较单一指标满意的预测价值。结论　QTD≥ 70ms可作为预测冠心病患者室速发生的一项简便可靠的指标     

Surgery for ventricular tachycardia in patients undergoing surgical ventricular restoration: The Karolinska approach

This article presents a review on the efficacy of surgical ventricular restoration and direct surgery for ventricular tachycardia in patients with left ventricular aneurysm or dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy. The procedure includes a non-electrophysiologically guided subtotal endocardiectomy and cryoablation in addition to endoventricular patch plasty of the left ventricle. Coronary artery bypass surgery and mitral valve repair are performed concomitantly as needed. In our experience, this procedure yielded a 90% success rate in terms of freedom from spontaneous ventricular tachycardia, with an early mortality rate of 3.8%. A practical guide to the pre- and postoperative management of these patients is provided. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

His-Purkinje system re-entry in patients with clustering ventricular tachycardia episodes

Aims: Multiple arrhythmia re-inductions were recently shown in His-Purkinjesystem (HPS) ventricular tachycardia (VT). We hypothesized thatHPS VT was a frequent mechanism of repetitive or incessant VTand assessed diagnostic criteria to select patients likely tohave HPS VT. Methods and results: Consecutive patients with clustering VT episodes (>3 sustainedmonomorphic VT within 2 weeks) were included in the analysis.HPS VT was considered plausible in patients with (i) impairedleft ventricular function associated with dilated cardiomyopathyor valvular heart disease; or (ii) ECG during VT similar tosinus rhythm QRS or to bundle-branch block QRS. HPS VT was plausiblein 12 of 48 patients and HPS VT was demonstrated in 6 of 12patients (50%, or 13% of the whole study group). Median VT cyclelength was 318 ms (250–550). Catheter ablation was successfulin all six patients. Conclusion: His-Purkinje system VT is found in a significant number of patientswith repetitive or incessant VT episodes, and in a large proportionof patients with predefined clinical or electrocardiographiccharacteristics. Since it is easily amenable to catheter ablation,our data support the screening of all patients with repetitiveVT in this regard and an invasive approach in a selected groupof patients.     

室性心动过速的动态心电图特征及其临床意义

为探讨室性心动过速的临床意义,分析46例器质性心脏病(Ⅰ组)与20例非器质性心脏病(Ⅱ组)患者室性心动过速的动态心电图和临床特征。结果,Ⅰ组室性心动过速阵次高、频率快,室性期前收缩级别高;Ⅰ组多形性室性心动过速、心室晚电位阳性、左室射血分数≤40％和伴心力衰竭的发生率均高于Ⅱ组。提示:室性心动过速若发生在心室晚电位阳性、左室射血分数≤40％和心力衰竭的患者中,常预示预后不良,有发生猝死的危险。     

Successful catheter ablation of a ventricular tachycardia storm originating from the left ventricular posterior papillary muscle involved with a remote myocardial infarction

A 61-year-old man with a remote posterior myocardial infarction underwent electrophysiological testing for a ventricular tachycardia (VT) storm. Repeated cardioversions terminated the VT with immediate resumption after one sinus beat. Pacing neither terminated the VT nor demonstrated transient entrainment. Echocardiographically guided electroanatomic mapping revealed a centrifugal activation from the septal mid-apical region of the left ventricle on the septal portion of the posterior papillary muscle where a high frequency potential was observed within the local ventricular electrogram. Irrigated radiofrequency current at this site eliminated the VT. This case suggested that papillary muscles may be a target for catheter ablation of electrical storms after myocardial infarctions.