乳管镜下乳管内病变的诊断及定位技术

目的：评价乳管内窥镜和乳腺定位针对乳管内病变的诊断和定位价值。方法：用奥林巴斯硬性乳管内窥镜系统及计算机帮助设备，对22例乳头溢液患者进行检查，采集图像，进行回顾性分析，并对30例患者在乳管镜引导下经溢液孔穿刺定位。结果：220例患者中发现早期乳腺癌11例（5％），重度不典型增生6例（2．7％），乳管内乳头状瘤93例（42．3％），乳头状瘤病15例（6．8％），导管扩张症或伴有炎症95例（43．2％）。结论：乳管内窥镜能直接观察乳头溢液患者乳管内病变情况，提高乳头溢液患者病因诊断的准确性，而在其协助下经溢液乳孔放置乳腺定位针，能够避免手术盲目性，为病灶的检出提供可靠的帮助。     

纤维乳管镜下乳管内占位病变的诊断及定位技术

目的：探讨纤维乳管镜（fiberopticductoscopy，FDS）对乳管内占位病变的诊断和定位价值。方法：分析我院2006年8月至2008年5月经纤维乳管镜检查诊断为乳管内占位病变并接受手术治疗的61例乳头溢液病例，对比并评价不同手术定位方式的手术效果。结果：本组病例中35例行定位针术中定位手术切除病灶，病理检出率为97．1％（34／35）。26例经溢液乳管内美蓝注入，选择性区段切除病灶，病理检出率为73．I％（19／26）。定位针术中定位组病理检出率明显高于美蓝注入组（P=0．018）。结论：纤维乳管镜是乳管内占位病变的可靠诊断方法，在其引导下行定位针术中定位切除病变的方法具有良好的临床应用价值。     

乳管内乳头状瘤的现代诊治——附89例报告

目的：研究纤维乳管内视镜诊断乳管内乳头状瘤的价值及合理的治疗模式。方法：分析我院1996年8月-2001年12月不同方法诊治的乳管内乳头状瘤89例，总结乳头状瘤的诊断、易发部位、定位方法以及治疗评价。结果：乳管内乳头状瘤表现以血性及浆液性溢液最常见，占98．7％，1、2级导管多发，占88．6％。纤维乳管内视镜检查乳头状瘤有特征性图象，诊断准确率可达91．7％，可以术前定位病变。导管和区段切除治疗效果满意。结论：乳管内视镜是目前导管内乳头状瘤的最佳检查手段，治疗有向微创手术发展的趋势。     

乳管内窥镜在乳头溢液诊治中的临床应用(附1 000例分析)

背景与目的：乳头溢液是乳腺科门诊常见的症状，而临床上大约有1％的乳腺癌是乳头溢液为首发症状，大量临床摸不到的肿块的乳头溢液患者进行筛检可以早起发现乳腺癌，1997年国内发展新科技一乳腺纤维导管内视镜，用一根外径0．7mm光导镜，自乳头溢液管151插入，用过内视镜成像技术观察并记录乳腺导管内正常及异常病变情况，优势在于不仅诊断敏感性较高（〉90％），而且还行准确定位，用于早期诊断乳腺导管内疾病及早期乳腺癌。本研究评估纤维导管内窥镜在无肿块的乳头溢液诊断及治疗的临床价值。方法：用纤维导管内窥镜对1000例乳腺溢液患者进行检查和治疗。结果：本研究对1000例无肿块乳头溢液患者检查发现早期乳腺癌33例（3．3％），乳头状瘤392例（39．2％），乳头状瘤病20例（2％），导管扩张伴慢性炎症480例（48％），正常导管75例（7．5％），活检吸取肿块8例，3例报告导管内癌，导管慢性炎药物冲洗220例（22％），手术患者453例。经病理证实与导管镜检查符合率90．7％。结论：乳管内窥镜可插入到5级乳腺导管，能早期发现乳腺癌，对部分导管慢性炎症可用药物冲洗治疗，乳管内窥镜定位、定性准确，乳管内窥镜对早期乳腺癌的诊断和治疗具有深远价值。     

乳管内视镜下病理活检的诊断价值

对乳头溢液患者行乳管内视镜检查，选择部分病例行镜下活检。与术后组织学对照，统计其诊断符合率。共选择89例患者行镜下活检，有67例在本院手术，与术后病理诊断符合率94．0％(63／67)。其中，活检诊断为导管内乳头状瘤49例，与术后病理诊断符合率93。9％(46／49)；乳腺导管内癌5例，与术后病理诊断符合率5/5。乳腺导管炎11例，与术后病理诊断符合率90．9％(10／11)：乳腺导管扩张2例，与术后病理诊断符合率2／2；初步研究结果提示，乳管内视镜下病理活检对乳管内病变可作出明确的诊断和定位，对乳头溢液的病因诊断及治疗则具有非常重大的意义。     

乳管镜下置入定位针在乳管内病变切除中的应用

乳管镜检查可直接观察乳腺导管系统内病变,是诊断病理性乳头溢液的理想方法之一。对于有占位性病变的导管需手术切除病变导管及所属区段乳腺组织,传统的手术定位采用体表定位结合溢液乳管内注射亚甲蓝的方法,但是定位往往不准确,导致手术切除范围过大。近年来,有报道经乳管镜在病变乳管内置定位针的方法,有助于术中准确地找到病灶。笔者通过两种定位方式的对照,评估乳管镜下置入定位针在乳管内肿瘤手术中的临床应用价值,现将结果报告如下。     

乳管镜在乳腺导管隆起性病变中的诊断价值

目的：评价纤维乳管镜在乳头溢液中诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变的价值。方法：应用BladeFVY-780型纤维乳管镜,配备FVS检查系统对115例乳头溢液病人进行检查诊断,手术病例与术后病理诊断作比较。结果：115例乳头溢液病人发现乳管内隆起性病变53例,导管内乳头状瘤28例,导管内乳头状瘤病24例,乳腺癌1例。术后病理证实导管内乳头状瘤26例,导管内乳头状瘤病21例,乳腺导管内癌1例。2例导管内乳头状瘤诊断为导管扩张。3例导管内乳头状瘤病诊为单发乳管内乳头状瘤,乳腺癌1例。结论：乳管镜能明确乳头溢液病因,确定病变部位,在诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变中准确率高,是诊断以乳头溢液为症状的乳腺导管隆起性病变的首选检查方法。     

乳管镜在乳腺导管隆起性病变中的诊断价值

目的:评价纤维乳管镜在乳头溢液中诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变的价值.方法:应用BladeFVY-780型纤维乳管镜,配备FVS检查系统对115例乳头溢液病人进行检查诊断,手术病例与术后病理诊断作比较.结果:115例乳头溢液病人发现乳管内隆起性病变53例,导管内乳头状瘤28例,导管内乳头状瘤病24例,乳腺癌1例.术后病理证实导管内乳头状瘤26例,导管内乳头状瘤病21例,乳腺导管内癌1例.2例导管内乳头状瘤诊断为导管扩张.3例导管内乳头状瘤病诊为单发乳管内乳头状瘤,乳腺癌1例.结论:乳管镜能明确乳头溢液病因,确定病变部位,在诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变中准确率高,是诊断以乳头溢液为症状的乳腺导管隆起性病变的首选检查方法.     

乳管内视镜定位在乳导管解剖术中的应用

目的 探讨乳管内视镜直视下金属线定位用于引导乳头溢液患者导管解剖手术的价值.方法 174例经乳管内视镜确诊为乳管内占位性病变的乳头溢液患者接受了乳导管解剖术,其中68例术前在乳管内视镜直视下,将带倒勾的金属丝送至病灶处固定,并标记体表投影,以定位金属丝为引导实施乳导管解剖术,术中冰冻病理取材循定位导丝寻找病灶;另外106例采用传统的术中置平头针法或经溢液乳孔注射美兰法,作为对照.结果 乳管内视镜定位组68例患者中,导管内乳头状瘤64例,导管原位癌4例,恶性率为5.9%,一次性病灶切除率、病理诊断与乳管内视镜诊断符合率均为100.0%,术后无一例发生局部变形.对照组106例患者中,导管内乳头状瘤96例,导管原位癌6例,恶性率为5.7%,乳腺腺病4例,一次性病灶切除率为77.4%,病理诊断与乳管内视镜诊断符合率为96.2%,术后26例发生局部变形.结论 乳管内视镜直视下金属线定位引导乳导管解剖术具有定位精确、创伤小、冰冻病理取材准确、无局部乳腺组织变形等优点,既能提高乳腺导管疾病的诊断率,又能减少乳腺组织损伤,值得进一步研究与推广.     

溢血乳管内注水行高频超声检查对乳头血性溢液的诊断价值

目的探讨溢血乳管注水行高频超声检查诊断乳头血性溢液的价值。方法2001年10月至2003年10月对24例乳头血性溢液病人给溢血乳管注人生理盐水进行高频超声检查，观察乳管有无扩张及乳管内病变，并为手术标记病变乳管在体表的方位。结果溢血乳管注水B超检查有导管扩张23例，其中乳管内乳头状瘤14例，乳腺恶性肿瘤2例。非手术治疗6例，手术治疗18例。乳管注水B超与手术病理对比诊断导管扩张、乳管内乳头状瘤、乳腺恶性肿瘤的准确率分别为100％、78．6％、66．6％。结论溢血乳管注水B超检查为诊断乳管及乳管内病变提供一种新的安全、方便、无创方法。并能为手术治疗准确标记病变导管在体表的方位。     

The Impact of Breast Density on Breast Cancer Risk and Breast Screening

Whether measured by qualitative assessment of the parenchyma pattern or quantitatively by percent mammographic density, breast density is consistently a strong and independent risk factor for breast cancer (BC). Density is also a relatively common risk factor, and therefore an important contributor to BC risk at a population level. Including density (with other risk factors) in risk prediction models improves predictive accuracy; however, better standardization and/or automation of density measures will make the integration of breast density into risk assessment, and its application in tailored screening and primary prevention, more feasible. High breast density reduces screening sensitivity and is associated with risk of interval BC in screening; it is also associated with cancers that have poorer prognostic features. Non-randomized studies of adjunct ultrasound screening in women with mammography-negative dense breasts have provided evidence on incremental detection of BC with adjunct ultrasound and high false-positives but have not examined impact on clinical end-points, mortality, or balance of potential benefits versus harms.     

乳腺干细胞和乳腺癌

乳腺干细胞是一种未分化的细胞，具有永远增殖和自我更新能力。乳腺癌中的癌症干细胞可能起源于正常干细胞，以细胞表面标志CD44^＋/CD24^-/low识别。癌症干细胞可能为肿瘤转移和复发的原因。识别乳腺癌干细胞和普通癌症细胞之间的差异，可以发展更有效的诊断和治疗方法。     

乳腺癌保留乳房治疗10a疗效分析

目的:研究评价保乳治疗的效果,分析1985年—1995年111例在该院行保乳治疗患者的远期疗效。方法:111例临床Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期患者行保乳手术,术后行全乳放疗,局部缩野照射。用SAS软件分析患者年龄,肿瘤大小,组织学类型,切缘,淋巴结转移,术后放疗与复发的关系,分析切除组织量与复发率和美容效果的关系。结果:中位随访10 a,10 a复发率10 % ,转移率27 %,生存率81 %。年龄、组织学类型、淋巴结转移与复发无显著性关系(P >0.05)。肿瘤大小,切缘情况与复发有关(P <0.01)。术后未行放疗的复发率高,达75 %。60Co放疗复发率高于加速器(11 % vs 5 %)。单纯局部复发与转移无明显相关性(P >0.05)。行象限切除复发率不低于肿瘤扩大切除(P >0.05),但明显影响美容效果。结论:保乳治疗适合不同年龄、不同组织学类型的早期乳腺癌,在保证切缘阴性的前提下,扩大切除范围不提高疗效反而会影响美容效果。放疗技术的提高有助于减少复发。     

Breast Ductal Lavage for Assessment of Breast Cancer Biomarkers

Lavage of the ductal systems of the breast provides fluid (DLF) containing hormones and products of hormone actions that may represent more accurately the composition of the breast than samples collected from blood or urine. The present study was undertaken to assess the presence of potential cancer biomarkers, their variation among individuals at high risk for breast cancer, and differences associated with menopause and tamoxifen treatment. Seventy seven tamoxifen-eligible subjects with a 5-year breast cancer risk estimate (Gail > 1.6%)(N = 53) or recently diagnosed breast cancer (N = 24) were offered tamoxifen therapy; those not accepting tamoxifen were under observation only. After six months, all subjects underwent ductal lavage (DL) in an unaffected breast. Estradiol (E2), estrone sulfate, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, progesterone, cathepsin D and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were measured in DLF by immunoassays. Data were expressed as the mass of analyte per mg of protein in DLF and normalized by natural log transformation. With the exception of DHEA, none of the analytes measured were significantly lower in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. The mean log(e) concentration difference in estradiol was 10.9%. Tamoxifen treatment for 6 months did not result in a significantly greater concentration of E2 or in any of the other analytes in DLF of pre- or postmenopausal women. The between-duct variance of the concentration of free steroids within the same breast averaged 51% less than that between subjects, and was similar to that of non-diffusible proteins. The maintenance of estradiol concentrations in the breast after menopause demonstrates the importance of local biosynthesis. The fact that DLF E2 does not reflect the high serum concentrations of E2 during tamoxifen treatment indicates that breast concentrations of estradiol may be under feedback control. Unlike studies of low risk populations, progesterone concentrations were not significantly less in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women. The similarity in variance of free steroids and protein analytes between ducts of a breast indicates little transfer of steroids between lobules.     

Management of Rare Breast Tumors and Male Breast Cancer

Purpose of Review

There is very little clinical trial data available to guide the management of uncommon breast cancers. This review draws on classic and recent retrospective data to synthesize a clearer understanding of the biology and behavior of these rare tumors.

Recent Findings

Avoid disfiguring surgery in the pursuit of very wide margins for benign phyllodes tumors unless there are adverse histological features. Encapsulated papillary carcinoma is very good prognosis breast cancer; do not over treat. Metaplastic carcinoma is a basal type breast cancer that may be more responsive to “BRCA1-like” treatments. Complete excision of the capsule is curative for most implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphomas. Aromatase inhibitors are still controversial for male breast cancer; tamoxifen is standard.

Summary

Available data are useful for guiding the treatment of rare breast cancers, but it must be recognized that there is still a great deal to be learned about each of these entities.

     

乳腺癌保乳治疗的临床研究体会

回顾乳腺癌保乳治疗的演变，结合206例实践及学习体会，从病例选择，手术要点，放疗及其它辅助治疗，前哨淋巴结活检，保乳美容评估等方面，探讨保乳综合治疗模式。     

Diagnostic Performance of Breast MRI in the Evaluation of Contralateral Breast in Patients with Diagnosed Breast Cancer

Aims: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of contralateral breast  in patients with diagnosed breast cancer. A secondary objective was to determine accuracy of breast MRI in diagnosing multi-focal and multicentric lesions in the ipsilateral breast. Materials and Methods: Using a non-probability convenience sampling technique, patients with histopathologically diagnosed breast cancer with MRI of breast performed to exclude additional lesions were included. MRI findings were correlated with histopathology. In addition, follow-up imaging with mammography and ultrasound was also assessed for establishing stability of negative findings and for the detected of benign lesions. Results: Out of 157 MRI breast conducted during the period of 2008 to 2013, 49 were performed for patients with diagnosed breast cancer. The sample comprised of all females with mean age 50.7±11.0 years. The patient follow-up imaging was available for a period of 2-5 years. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of MRI in the detection of multifocal/multicenteric lesions was 85.7%, 88.8%, 60% and 96.6% respectively and for the detection of lesions in the contralateral breast were 100%, 97%, 83.3% and 100% respectively. Conclusions: Our study highlights the diagnostic performance and the added value of MRI in the detection of multifocal /multicenteric and contralateral malignant lesions. In patients with diagnosed breast cancer having dense breast parenchyma and with infiltrating lobular carcinoma as the index lesion MRI is particularly useful with excellent negative predictive value in the exclusion of additional malignant foci in the ipsilateral and contralateral breasts.     

A Review of Breast Density Implications and Breast Cancer Screening

Breast density is an independent risk factor for breast cancer and significantly decreases the sensitivity of mammography. Assessing a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer is becoming increasingly important for establishing individual screening recommendations and preventive strategies. This article reviews the factors influencing mammographic density (MD), the available methods of MD assessment, and its effect on breast cancer. Finally, we discuss the supplemental screening methods for women with dense breast tissue.     

血管生成在乳腺非典型增生及癌变过程中的作用

为探讨乳腺非典型增生至癌变过程中血管生成的作用及其规律以及血管生成与非典型增生程度及癌变的关系，本研究应用免疫组化法，以ＦⅧ为标志物对８６例良、恶性乳腺病变组织中的血管内皮细胞进行组化染色。分别以微机图像分析系统和人工计数对微血管内皮细胞面积（ＭＥＡ）和微血管密度（ＭＶＤ）进行定量分析。结果发现，中重度非典型增生及癌变组织中的血管生成量ＭＥＡ和ＭＶＤ均明显高于正常乳腺、单纯上皮增生和轻度非典型增生（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：乳腺非典型增生过程中已有血管生成并随非典型增生程度的增加而增多；乳腺增生组织中的血管生成可反映乳腺癌前病变的恶性倾向