Femoropopliteal tibial bypass: What price failure?

The consequences of failure in 235 femoropopliteal and femorotibial operations are reviewed and compared with the benefits of success so that an accurate perspective of risk-benefit analysis can be achieved. In 72 operations performed for claudication, 10 grafts thrombosed early. The cost included nine reoperations to achieve eight patent grafts and a 12 day average increase in hospital stay. There were no deaths. The benefit obtained was 70 of 72 (97 percent) asymptomatic limbs.In 163 grafts placed for limb salvage, there were 58 initial thromboses. Reoperation in 28 produced an additional 14 patent grafts. The cost of thrombosis was an increase in mortality from 5.6 to 10.7 percent, a 12 day average increase in hospital stay, and raising of preoperative predicted amputation level from below to above the knee in 11 patients with thrombosed grafts whose distal anastomoses were below the knee. This contrasted with a 73 percent limb salvage rate in 104 patients whose preoperative predicted amputation level was below the knee, and a 54 percent limb salvage rate and a 12 percent lowering of amputation level in 39 patients whose preoperative amputation level was above the knee. Of patients with patent grafts, 89 percent achieved limb salvage. We conclude that the benefits of success in attempted vascular reconstruction for threatened limb loss far outweigh the risks of failure and that the combined results were far superior to the expected outcome in comparable patients undergoing primary amputation.     

股-股动脉人工血管转流术21例临床分析

目的 探讨股-股动脉人工血管转流手术的临床应用及并发症.方法 回顾性分析我院2001年1月至2011年5月21例施行股-股动脉搭桥手术患者的临床资料,其中单侧髂动脉严重狭窄或闭塞行手术者16例,主髂动脉瘤腔内修复术同时行该手术者5例.结果 本组21例手术均成功完成.2例术后残留轻度间歇性跛行,1例在术后11个月出现静息痛.2例分别于术后6、17个月发现人造血管闭塞,术后平均2年通畅率为90％.结论 股-股动脉人工血管转流术是治疗单侧髂动脉严重狭窄或闭塞的一种简单而有效手术,也适用于特殊类型动脉瘤的腔内联合治疗.     

Femoropopliteal bypass for claudication: Vein vs. PTFE

The vascular graft of choice for femoropopliteal bypass in patients with intolerable claudication is controversial. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with 239 patients suffering from claudication secondary to superficial femoral artery obstruction. Femoropopliteal reconstruction was performed with saphenous vein to the below-knee popliteal artery in 66 patients (BK-vein). Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was used in 128 patients as a bypass graft to the above-knee popliteal artery (AK-PTFE) and 45 patients had a PTFE graft to the below-knee popliteal artery (BK-PTFE). All patients were enrolled in a postoperative graft surveillance program with graft revision when appropriate. There was one perioperative death (0.4%). Primary patency at 5 years for AK-PTFE, BK-PTFE, and BK-vein was 58.0%, 55.0%, and 60.3%, respectively, and was not significantly different among the graft groups. Graft revision for failed/failing grafts resulted in 5-year secondary patency rates of 79.2% (AK-PTFE), 73.3% (BK-PTFE), and 74.4% (BK-vein). These secondary patency rates were not statistically different. Eventual conversion to a vein graft in patients initially treated with PTFE maximized patency in the femoropopliteal segment with 5-year patency rates of 84.6% and 93.0% for the AK-PTFE and BK-PTFE graft groups, respectively. Major leg amputation was necessary during the entire course of the study in eight (3.3%) patients. We conclude that long-term patency rates for femoropoliteal bypass in patients with intolerable claudication are similar for PTFE and autologous saphenous vein grafts.Presented at the Twentieth Annual Meeting of the Peripheral Vascular Surgery Society, New Orleans, La., June 10, 1995.     

Femoropopliteal bypass grafting: predictive value of preoperative angiography.

Our experience with femoropopliteal grafting was reviewed to determine whether quantitative grading of the preoperative angiogram could be correlated with the outcome of the grafting procedure. The series consisted of 53 bypass grafts in 50 patients. The quantitative grading of the preoperative arteriogram correlated with the graft closure rate during the follow-up period of 48 months. The group with the most advanced arterial occlusive disease on angiography had a 32 per cent failure rate, while those with the least severe disease had a 6.7 per cent failure rate. The intermediate group had a 16.7 per cent closure rate. Using linear regression analysis, the data indicated a correlation between the time of graft failure in the first 18 months and the angiographic grade (p less than 0.01).     

Femoropopliteal bypass in elderly diabetic patients.

The records of sixty-nine consecutive elderly diabetic patients over age 70 years who underwent femoropopliteal bypass at the New England Deaconess Hospital from 1966 to 1975 were reviewed and analyzed statistically. Grafts were classified as patent only if the patient had a palpable distal pulse postoperatively. No hospital deaths occurred. The patency rate declined with decreasing runoff below the knee. Patients receiving insulin had a patency rate of 7 per cent, compared with a rate of 35 per cent in patients treated with diet or oral agents (p < 0.05). Cross analysis disclosed no other significant difference between these two groups. No benefit from Dextran was demonstrable in our series. Graft closure carried a 36 per cent risk of above knee amputation. Life table analysis of patients who underwent autogenous vein graft (fifty-seven patients) showed one and three year patency rates of 72 and 56 per cent, respectively. Conversely, grafts of Dacron had one and three year patency rates of 48 per cent and less than 10 per cent, respectively. In a favorable subset of twenty-six patients who (1) were receiving insulin, (2) had either previously successful bypass or no previous vascular surgery, (3) had arteriographic evidence of one or more vessel runoff, and (4) had autogenous vein grafts, the one and three year patency rates were 91 and 82 per cent, respectively. Our experience shows that femoropopliteal bypass is safe and effective when patients are carefully selected. We strongly discourage the use of Dacron materials in elderly diabetic patients.     

Femoropopliteal bypass with a Goretex prosthesis: a long-term follow-up

This report describes a series of 101 femoropopliteal bypasses performed on 85 patients (16 bilateral procedures), in whom a 6 mm diameter polytetrafluoroethylene prosthesis (Goretex) was used. The indication for operation was severe claudication in 58 cases and pregangrene in 43 cases. After one year there was a statistically significant difference between the cumulative patency rates for these two subgroups at 66 and 29 per cent respectively (P less than 0.001). In patients with good 'run-off, i.e. three patent vessels in the lower leg, there was a tendency for the bypasses to remain patent for longer than in patients in whom there were only one or two vessels present (e.g. 58 and 33 per cent respectively at 2 years), although this trend was not statistically significant. At 3 years the cumulative patency rate for the whole group was 36 per cent and for claudicants alone was 48 per cent.     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症临床分析（附138例报告）

目的 总结原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的诊治体会。方法 回顾性分析本院普通外科2015年1月至2017年11月经手术治疗的138例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症病人的临床资料。结果 138例病人,男30例,女108例,均行手术治疗,其中甲状旁腺危象5例,1例行急诊手术治疗。切除病变甲状旁腺150枚。术后病理检查显示：123枚（82.0%）为甲状旁腺腺瘤,9枚（6.0%）为甲状旁腺增生,4枚（2.7%）为甲状旁腺癌,10枚（6.6%）为甲状旁腺囊肿,4枚（2.7%）为甲状旁腺非典型腺瘤。术后第1天甲状旁腺素（parathyroid hormone, PTH）均降至正常,血钙下降。其中48例术后出现低血钙症状,经补充活性维生素D和葡萄糖酸钙,恢复正常。无喉返神经损伤等并发症发生。结论 血钙和PTH可作为原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的初步诊断方法。甲状旁腺切除术是有效治疗手段。术前准确定位有助于缩小探查范围。对于甲状旁腺危象,给予水化利尿及双膦酸盐降钙治疗、及时早期行甲状旁腺切除术,可取得良好治疗效果。     

Femoropopliteal in situ saphenous vein bypass: Technical aspects and factors determining patency

The results and the factors influencing long-term patency rates in two technical variations of femoropopliteal «in situ» saphenous vein bypass procedures were evaluated retrospectively. Technique I (n=33) consisted of a limited approach to the saphenous vein, destruction of the valves with a Cartier stripper and no tributary ligation. Technique II (n=55) included complete exposure of the saphenous vein valvular destruction using Hall’s stripper and ligation of all tributaries. Early thrombosis was observed in 21% and 3.6% of cases in techniques I and II, respectively. The frequency of local complications was identical in both techniques (18%). Overall actuarial primary patency at 4 years was 70%. Secondary patency (including patency following reoperations for graft failure) was 88 % overall, 78.5% in technique I and 95% in technique II (p<0.05). The site of the distal anastomosis significantly influenced the four year cumulative patency rate (upper popliteal ?100%, lower popliteal ?93.6%, tibioperoneal vessels ?70.5%, p<0,05), whereas the number of patent leg vessels, the clinical stage of disease and the site of the proximal anastomosis (common femoral or superficial fernoral artery) did not. Results obtained with the in situ saphenous vein bypass using technique II were better than with technique I. Close follow-up and preventive reoperations clearly enhanced patency rates. The site of distal anastomosis significantly affected long-term results.     

Autologus saphenous vein femoropopliteal bypass: analysis of 298 cases.

A retrospective review of 298 saphenous vein femoropopliteal bypasses performed for femoral artery occlusive disease over a 13 year period was carried out. The purpose of the study was to assess factors which influence long-term graft patency. Follow-up was 95.3 percent complete. Results were analyzed with the aid of IBM data processing equipment and standard statistical methods.     

Femoropopliteal bypass with either adequate ipsilateral reversed saphenous vein or obligatory polytetrafluoroethylene

The results are presented of a 10-year experience with 312 femoropopliteal bypasses performed in 285 patients using ipsilateral autologous reversed greater saphenous vein when available and adequate and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) when not. The indications for operation were severe claudication in 121 (39%), rest pain in 95 (30%), and minor tissue loss in 96 (31%) limbs. There were 235 (75%) saphenous vein bypasses, of which 157 were above and 78 below the knee, and 77 (25%) PTFE bypasses, 58 above and 19 below the knee. Of these, 232 (79%) saphenous vein and 62 (21%) PTFE bypasses were primary procedures. The 30-day mortality rate was 3% (7/285) and the 30-day amputation rate was 2% (6/312). Overall, 24 (10%) saphenous vein and 30 (39%) PTFE grafts ultimately failed. The cumulative primary patency of all bypasses was 77% ± 4% (mean ± 1 SE) (85% to 69%, 95% confidence interval) at 3 years and 75% ± 4% (86% to 64%) at 5 years. Saphenous vein primary patency was superior to that of PTFE at 3 years, 87% ± 4% (97% to 77%) vs. 54% ± 12% (65% to 41%), (p<0.01), and at 5 years, 81% ± 6% (96% to 67%) vs. 48% ± 16% (63% to 33%) (p<0.01). Above-knee saphenous vein bypass primary patency was slightly better than below-knee patency at 3 years, 89% ± 4% vs. 84% ± 6%, and at 5 years, 83% ± 7% vs. 80% ± 8%. This was superior to above-knee PTFE patency at 3 years, 54% ± 14%, and at 5 years, 34% ± 16% (p<0.01). The overall PTFE failure rate was three to four times that of the saphenous vein rate. These results strongly support the use of autologous greater saphenous vein for all femoropopliteal bypasses when it is available and of good quality. PTFE grafts are valuable secondary conduits when the vein is not available or is inadequate. This series was not randomized since PTFE was used only in patients with inadequate or unavailable ipsilateral greater saphenous veins. When this protocol was followed, the patency rate for greater saphenous vein was excellent and its use is recommended for femoropopliteal bypass when it is available and of good quality.Presented in part at the Fortieth Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, Chicago, Ill., June 9– 10, 1992.     

Budd-Chiari综合征介入治疗138例分析

目的探讨不同类型Budd-Chiari综合征(Budd-Chiari syndrome, BCS)介入治疗的选择和疗效. 方法 138例BCS根据下腔静脉(inferior vena cava,IVC)和肝静脉造影分为4种主要类型(I型,IVC膜性狭窄、闭塞;Ⅱ型,IVC节段性狭窄;Ⅲ型,IVC节段性闭塞;Ⅳ型,IVC基本通畅)和9种亚型.治疗方法:经股静脉、右颈静脉或锁骨下静脉进行下腔静脉球囊扩张成形术(percutaneous transluminal angioplasty,PTA)和支架放置术;经皮经肝、经右颈静脉或下腔静脉行肝静脉PTA和支架放置术. 结果 I型成功率100%(83/83),Ⅱ型成功率75.0%(9/12),Ⅲ型成功率81.6%(31/38),Ⅳ型成功率60.0%(3/5).死亡1例(0.7%,1/138).并发症4例(2.9%,4/138),其中误穿心包2例,支架脱落1例,肝脏出血1例.治疗成功的126例随访3～96个月,平均26个月.复发8例,其中2例死亡;肝癌死亡2例. 结论介入治疗BCS创伤小,操作简单,相对安全,疗效满意,成为首选的治疗方法.     

主动脉-肾动脉自体大隐静脉旁路术治疗大动脉炎性肾动脉狭窄33例分析

目的 分析主动脉-肾动脉自体大隐静脉旁路术治疗大动脉炎性肾动脉狭窄的近期及中长期疗效.方法 回顾性分析1997年3月至2009年3月采用主动脉-肾动脉大隐静脉旁路术治疗的连续33例大动脉炎性肾动脉狭窄患者的临床资料.其中男性9例,女性24例;年龄8 ～ 54岁,平均(25±11)岁;病程3～26个月,平均(9±5)个月.所有患者存在高血压,其中17例为难控性高血压,平均血压( 175±26)/(100±19)mmHg(1 mmHg =0.133 kPa),平均降压药物用量(2.1±0.6)个每日规定量(DDD).3例合并充血性心力衰竭,1例依靠持续血液滤过治疗生存.术前估算肾小球滤过率为(78±5)mL/min.结果 共对39条肾动脉行旁路术治疗,包括单侧27例和双侧6例.肾动脉即时复通率100％.所有患者存活并成功随访12～146个月,平均(56±18)个月.随访过程中发生移植物闭塞2例,移植物狭窄4例,4例狭窄均通过经皮球囊扩张术成功治疗,其中1例6个月后发生再狭窄.1年、3年、5年一期通畅率分别为92％、89％、79％,一期辅助通畅率和二期通畅率相同,分别为95％、95％、91％.末次随访平均血压降至136/80 mmHg(P =0.000),平均降压药物用量降为0.6 DDD(P =0.000),平均估算肾小球滤过率增至91 ml/min(P =0.044).3例充血性心力衰竭均缓解,1例肾功能不全患者不再依赖持续血液滤过治疗.结论 主动脉-肾动脉自体大隐静脉旁路术治疗大动脉炎性肾动脉狭窄近远期疗效确实,通畅率高.     

慢性胰腺炎138例分析

目的：探讨慢性胰腺炎（CP）的发病因素及诊治特征。方法：回顾性分析138例CP患者一般资料、临床表现、治疗方法,探讨主要危险因素与临床特征的关系,根据2012年中华医学会CP诊治指南对进行患者临床分型、分期,用M-ANNHEIM的评分系统分析患者治疗（手术治疗与保守治疗）前后CP病情变化。结果：138例CP患者中,116例（84.1%）以腹痛为主要表现;长期饮酒者44.2%（61/138）,长期吸烟42.8%（59/138）、高脂血症39.9%（55/138）、胆道疾病20.2%（28/138）;I型11例,II型58例,III型47例,IV型22例;1期69例,2期47例,3期22例。大量饮酒患者胰腺钙化比例高于非饮酒患者,而长期吸烟患者胰腺钙化比例与糖尿病比例均高于非吸烟患者（均P<0.05）。1期患者保守治疗与手术治疗效果差异无统计学意义（P=0.744）,2期患者手术治疗效果优于保守治疗（P<0.05）,3期患者保守治疗治疗效果优于手术治疗（P<0.05）。结论：饮酒、吸烟、高脂血症、胆道疾病依然是CP的主要致病危险因素,不同因素所致CP的特征有所不同,应该根据CP诊治指南并结合患者具体情况,制定合理的治疗方案。