Surgical treatment of rheumatic tricuspid valve disease

The rheumatic tricuspid valve is relatively rare in this country. We report the study on surgical treatment of 27 patients with rheumatic tricuspid valve. Surgical procedure on 7 cases out of them was tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) with bioprosthesis and tricuspid valvuloplasty (TVP) was performed in the remaining 20 cases. There were two operative deaths in TVR group, however, there were no major complications, such as thrombosed valve, the valve dysfunction or prosthetic valve endocarditis in the remaining five cases after the operation. The method of TVP in twenty cases consisted of two Kay's TAPs, six tricuspid commissurotomies (OTC), ten OTC with Key's TAPs and two OTC with DeVega's TAPs. Doppler cardiography (DCG) revealed residual tricuspid regurgitation (TR) more than 3/4 degrees in 7 cases of TVP group immediately after operation. Moreover, the increment of residual TR was seen in 7 cases during the following period and TVR was performed in 3 cases out of these 7 cases. In conclusion, it is suggested that TVR may be preferred to TVP for the rheumatic tricuspid valve because of severe residual TR in many cases of TVP group.     

≥65岁老年人心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗

目的总结老年人瓣膜病的手术效果。方法 1993年至2004年252例≥65岁老年瓣膜病病人接受瓣膜手术,占同期瓣膜手术5．5％(252／4546例),其中男147例,女105例;平均年龄(67．9± 2．9)岁。风湿性瓣膜病201例(79.8％),非风湿性瓣膜病51例(20．2％)。术前心功能Ⅲ-Ⅳ级141例 (56．0％)。主动脉瓣置换63例,二尖瓣置换93例,二尖瓣成形42例,主动脉瓣置换+二尖瓣置换或成形47例,三尖瓣置换或成形7例。同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术34例。结果手术死亡23例(9．1％), 逐年病死率有下降趋势。与同期瓣膜手术16-64岁组相比,术后ICU时间显著延长[(60．1±101．2)h对 (43．0±70．6)h,P=0．00],术后带气管插管时间明显延长[(30．6±42.8)h对(24．1±45．0)h,P=0．02], 术后并发症发生率明显高(10．6％对6．4％,P=0．01),住院时间明显延长[(25．7±41．3)d和(19．6± 14．4)d,P=0．00]。手术死亡病人术前心功能级别明显高于生存者[(2．8±1．0)级对(2.4±1．0)级,P< 0．05];术前射血分数差异无统计学意义(55．8％对59．5％)。结论老年人瓣膜病手术总体手术病死率可以接受,近2年手术病死率已接近5％。多元回归分析显示,并行冠状动脉旁路移植术、主动脉瓣和二尖瓣双瓣手术、术后急性肾衰需要透析、体外循环时间长、主动脉阻断时间长是住院病死率的独立预测因子。     

非特异性主动脉炎合并主动脉瓣病变的外科治疗

目的 总结非特异性主动脉炎合并主动脉瓣病变初次和再次手术的方法和疗效.方法 2000年1月至2011年6月手术治疗34例非特异性主动脉炎合并主动脉瓣病变患者,其中23例主动脉炎,11例白塞病.初次手术行Bentall术18例,主动脉瓣置换术(AVR) 16例.16例AVR者14例术后并发严重瓣周漏再次手术,其中根部置换术10例,人工带瓣管道8例,同种带瓣管道2例;非原位AVR术后4例.结果 初次手术行Bentall术者18例,随访4个月～11年,均长期生存,无根部假性瘤.再次手术14例均生存,出院.1例行同种带瓣管道置换术患者术后14个月因根部假性瘤破裂死亡.结论 非特异性主动脉炎合并主动脉瓣病变患者术前明确诊断困难,漏诊率极高.初次手术应采用根部置换术,再次手术十分困难,根部置换术可取得比较好的疗效,非原位AVR术操作简单、术中止血容易,术后疗效可靠,是一种可供选择的有效方法.     

Surgical treatment of infective valve endocarditis in children with congenital heart disease

Abstract Objective: This study assesses surgical procedures, operative outcome, and early and intermediate‐term results of infective valve endocarditis in children with congenital heart disease. Methods: Seven consecutive children (five females, two males; mean age, 10.8 years) who underwent surgery for infective valve endocarditis between 2006 and 2010 were included in the study. The aortic and mitral valves were affected in two and tricuspid in five patients. Indications for operation included cardiac failure due to atrioventricular septal rupture, severe tricuspid valve insufficiency, and septic embolization in one, moderate valvular dysfunction with vegetations in three (two tricuspid, one mitral), and severe valvular dysfunction with vegetations in the other three patients (two tricuspid, one mitral). The pathological microorganism was identified in five patients. Tricuspid valve repair was performed with ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure in five patients. Two patients required mitral valve repair including one with additional aortic valve replacement. Results: There were no operative deaths. Actuarial freedom from recurrent infection at one and three years was 100%. Early echocardiographic follow‐up showed four patients to have mild atrioventricular valve regurgitation (three tricuspid and one mitral) and three had no valvular regurgitation. No leakage from the VSD closure or any valvular stenosis was detected postoperatively. Conclusions: Mitral and tricuspid valve repairs can be performed with low morbidity/mortality rates and satisfactory intermediate‐term results in children with infective valve endocarditis . (J Card Surg 2012;27:93‐98)     

人工心脏瓣膜心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的 总结人工心脏瓣膜心内膜炎(PVE)的外科治疗。方法 1990年至2003年8月，手术治疗PVE病人21例，其中亚急性16例，急性5例。血细菌培养阳性13例。心脏超声检查主动脉瓣瓣周漏6例，二尖瓣瓣周漏3例，主动脉瓣区赘生物3例，二尖瓣区5例。应用机械瓣再次手术行二尖瓣置换11例，主动脉瓣置换10例，同期行升主动脉假性瘤切除和主动脉修补成形1例。术中均见有赘生物；二尖瓣环脓肿7例，瓣周脓肿3例；主动脉瓣环脓肿8例，瓣周脓肿4例。结果术后早期死亡5例，其中3例死于感染复发，2例死于多脏器功能衰竭；晚期死亡1例。随访4个月至13年，1例PVE再发，内科治疗无效，死亡。结论及时诊断PVE，正确掌握手术时机，彻底清除感染组织和围术期应用大剂量敏感抗生素，是提高PVE手术效果的关键。     

Surgical strategy for tricuspid valve disease

The most common cause of tricuspid valve dysfunction is functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) secondary to mitral valve disease. Annuloplasty is feasible in most patients with functional TR, and valve repair can also be performed in most patients with tricuspid valve dysfunction of other etiologies. Valve replacement is considered to be indicated only for those patients whose tricuspid valves have severe organic change or have been damaged by infective endocarditis. Although good long-term results of tricuspid valve replacement using bioprostheses have been reported, a bileaflet mechanical prosthesis may be an acceptable alternative in those patients who undergo concomitant valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis in the mitral or aortic position or who may have persisting pulmonary hypertension after surgery.     

风湿性心脏病左心瓣膜置换术后晚期重度三尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的 探讨风湿性心脏病(风心病)左心瓣膜置换术后晚期重度三尖瓣关闭不全(TR)的发生机制、手术指征、手术方法和疗效.方法 风心病左心瓣膜置换术后5～16年出现重度TR病人37例,均有不同程度的右心衰竭表现,左室射血分数(LVE)0.52±0.05,肺动脉收缩压(37.6±7.8)mm Hg.经右胸前外侧切口或正中切口再次手术行三尖瓣置换(TVR)25例,改良DeVega环缩术4例,带环成形术8例.结果 术后住院死亡4例,其中死于呼吸衰竭2例、多脏器功能衰竭和肾功能衰竭各1例.随访2个月～10年,死于右心衰竭3例,严重心律失常1例;生存的25例临床症状均有明显改善.结论 左心瓣膜置换术后晚期重度TR与肺动脉高压持续存在、风湿性三尖瓣病变、初次未作三尖瓣环缩术或方法不确实等有密切关系.左心功能良好、右室收缩功能无严重损害,无严重肺动脉高压是再次手术的指征,并主张尽早行TR纠正术.保留全瓣结构行三尖瓣置换有助于提高手术疗效.影响术后长期疗效仍是右室收缩功能.     

Surgical treatment of patients with nonrheumatic aortic valve failure and ischemic heart disease

54 patients aged 65-88 years (mean age 68,4±5,9) were operated during 1994-2009. 50 patients underwent aortic valve replacement combined with coronary bypass grafting, 3 patients underwent aortic and mitral valve replacement combined with bypass grafting. Ascending aorta replacement according to Bentall - de Bono method with coronary bypass grafting was carried out to 1 patient. Aortic root plasty was applied in 4 observations. 106 distal bypasses with coronary bed were formed in 54 patients; myocardial revascularization index amounted 1,9. Hospital mortality amounted 3,7% (2 patients). Causes of lethal outcome were: complex rhythm disturbances, augmenting cardiovascular failure. Low hospital mortality and low amount of complications allow recommending more aggressive approach in establishing indications for operative treatment in this group of patients.     

Surgical treatment of native valve endocarditis]

Twenty eight patients with native valve endocarditis (NVE) were subjected to this study. Thirteen patients underwent an operation at the chronic phase, and 15 patients at the active phase. One of the 13 patients at the chronic phase died of cardiac rupture due to myocardial infarction which had occurred preoperatively, and one of 10 patients at active phase without annular infection died of rupture of mycotic cerebral aneurysm early postoperatively. Among 5 patients at the active phase with annular infection, prosthetic valve endocarditis occurred in one patient 1.5 months after supraannular aortic valve replacement, and the second operation with a translocation technique was needed. This patient was lost from low output syndrome. Another patient in this group, who underwent a translocation technique because of mycotic annular abscess, died of intestinal infarction late postoperatively. The other 24 patients went a good postoperative course. Five patients with annular infection at the active phase had a shorter duration from the infectious onset to operation (20 days to 2 months, average 38 days), and the causative microorganisms were streptococcus faecalis, staphylococcus epidermidis and gram-negative coccus. One patient, who died of mycotic cerebral aneurysmal rupture, had candida albicans as a causative microorganism. For patients with NVE, an early aggressive operation is essential before infection extends to the annulus or to other vital organs, especially when these microorganisms are identified.     

Surgical treatment of absent pulmonary valve syndrome

The absent pulmonary valve syndrome includes agenesis of the pulmonary valve, annular stenosis, and pulmonary insufficiency. The pulmonary arteries are aneurysmal and usually compress the tracheobronchial tree. These features are associated with a ventricular septal defect and right ventricular hypertrophy. Nineteen children aged 5 days to 11 years were treated between 1976 and 1983. Nine were younger than 1 year. Intractable respiratory symptoms and heart failure were the main features in the infant group; five required preoperative assisted ventilation. Older children had decreased exercise tolerance and repeated respiratory infections. Several surgical techniques were used in this series. The best results were achieved when the size of the main, right, and left pulmonary arteries was reduced by extensive anterior resection; the ventricular septal defect was closed; and an aortic homograft was interposed between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Four infants and four children treated in this way survived the operation. Five of the nine operated infants died (56%); all older children survived the operation. At follow-up, six children were asymptomatic and one was in New York Heart Association Class II. All four infants were progressing satisfactorily although all had some residual pulmonary symptoms. Closure of the ventricular septal defect, reduction of the size of the pulmonary arteries, and insertion of an aortic homograft was the optimal treatment in our series.     

Surgical treatment of active native valve endocarditis

A report is presented of 24 patients (23 male), mean age 38 years, who underwent surgery for active native valve endocarditis of the left heart in 1975-1988. The aortic valve was affected in all patients, and also the mitral valve in five. Pre-existing aortic valve disorder was present in 17 cases (13 congenitally bicuspid 4 rheumatic affection). There were five hospital deaths (20.8%). Staphylococci as causal organism and extensive infection predicted the highest mortality and morbidity. The mean follow-up time was 39.7 (range 2-114) months. Two reoperations because of prosthetic valve dehiscence revealed endocarditis of the implanted valve. Strong correlation was found between favourable postoperative course and rapid normalization of C-reactive protein levels, which did not fall in patients with persistent infection. Early surgery is recommended if the course of bacterial endocarditis is severely complicated.     

人工瓣膜功能障碍的外科治疗

目的 总结41例人工心脏瓣膜功能障碍(PHVD)的临床特点、外科治疗方法 及围术期处理经验.方法 手术均在全麻低温体外循环下进行;1例采取股动脉插管左侧开胸,40例均经原切口,主动脉、上下腔静脉插管建立体外循环.38例行瓣膜置换术,使用机械瓣35枚(二尖瓣位23枚,主动脉瓣位11枚,三尖瓣位1枚),生物瓣6枚(二尖瓣位3枚、主动脉瓣位2枚、三尖瓣位1枚);2例行瓣膜角度矫正术;1例行异物清除术.急诊手术13例,择期手术28例.结果 全组气管插管5.1～243.0 h,平均63.3 h,中位时间15.3 h;气管切开5例.全组死亡6例,病死率14.6%,均发生于急诊手术后,死因为低心排血量综合征3例、多器官衰竭2例及恶性心律失常1例.并发症包括感染性心内膜炎、顽固性呃逆及切口感染各1例.结论 对急性PHVD,无论是生物瓣或机械瓣,均应立即进行急诊手术.对慢性PHVD亦应强调及早再次手术.     

1 137例三瓣膜病变的外科治疗

目的 总结三瓣膜病变的外科治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析1985年5月至2005年5月1137例施行三瓣膜手术病人的临床及随访资料。统计分析术后早、晚期病死率、死亡原因、并发症以及影响疗效的危险因素等。结果 早期死亡98例（8．62％），死因包括心力衰竭、多脏器功能衰竭、肾功能衰竭、呼吸功能衰竭、顽固性心律失常、纵隔感染、颅内出血、人工瓣膜心内膜炎或左心室破裂等。晚期死亡81例，死因主要是慢性心衰和抗凝相关性并发症。术后5、10与15年累计生存率分别为89％、84％与65％。84％的病人心功能（NYHA）恢复至Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论 随着手术技术的进步和心肌保护方法的改善，三瓣膜手术的疗效已经显著改善。虽然早期病死率偏高，但只要维持术后心功能的良好状态和规律服用抗凝药物，术后远期病人心功能改善显著。     

人工瓣膜功能障碍的外科治疗

Objective To review our clinical experience with 41 reoperatioas of prosthetic heart valve dysfunction be-tween October 1996 and October2008. Methods There were 16 malas and 25 females with an average age of (44.5±12.6)years. All 41 patients underwent reoperation under hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, including 38 heart valve replace-ments, 2 disc rotations and cut of the excessive knot in 1 case. There were 13 emergency and 28 elective procedures. Results The median time for extubation was 15.3 hours and tracheostomy was needed in 5 cases. There were 6 deaths, all of which occurred in emergency cases, with a mortality rate of 15.4%. No death occurred in patients implanted with a bioprosthetic valve previously. Postoperative complications included 1 infective endocarditis, 1 intractable hiccup and 1 wound infection. Conclusion Prosthetic heart valve dysfunction is catastrophic. Early diagnosis and reoperation is mandatory.     

人工瓣膜功能障碍的外科治疗

Objective To review our clinical experience with 41 reoperatioas of prosthetic heart valve dysfunction be-tween October 1996 and October2008. Methods There were 16 malas and 25 females with an average age of (44.5±12.6)years. All 41 patients underwent reoperation under hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, including 38 heart valve replace-ments, 2 disc rotations and cut of the excessive knot in 1 case. There were 13 emergency and 28 elective procedures. Results The median time for extubation was 15.3 hours and tracheostomy was needed in 5 cases. There were 6 deaths, all of which occurred in emergency cases, with a mortality rate of 15.4%. No death occurred in patients implanted with a bioprosthetic valve previously. Postoperative complications included 1 infective endocarditis, 1 intractable hiccup and 1 wound infection. Conclusion Prosthetic heart valve dysfunction is catastrophic. Early diagnosis and reoperation is mandatory.     

Surgical treatment of duplication of the mitral valve

Two cases of duplication of the mitral valve were found at operation. One was associated with isolated mitral regurgitation (Case 1) and the other with the intermediate type of atrioventricular canal (Case 2). In Case 1, the fibrous band between the major orifice and accessory orifice was cut, and the anterior mitral valve was extended by glutaraldehyde-treated homopericardium after the cleft had been repaired. On the other hand, a small accessory orifice encountered in Case 2 was closed by direct sutures and the same method of mitral valve extension was employed for mitral valve reconstruction as in Case 1. Surgical correction of duplication of the mitral valve is mandatory depending on the associated cardiac malformation, the type and size of the defect, and the surgeon's experience.