The Individual Nutrition Education Needs among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes at the Public Health Centers in Padang,Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The Indonesian Public Health Care (PHC) of Management Nutrition Therapy (MNT) guidelines describe that individual nutrition education is aimed to improve quality of MNT services. The guidelines were originally developed for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), not specially for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) purposes. The reluctance of patients with T2DM to attend individual nutrition education is a common public health care issue in Padang (Indonesia). Methods: The presented cross-sectional study aimed to determine the individual nutrition education needs among people with T2DM. A set questionnaire was distributed to 11 PHC selected from 11 districts in Padang and 179 patients with T2DM were recruited and interviewed. Results: Among the 179 patients with T2DM, 76.5% were females and housewives (49.2%), a slight majority (57.8%) were ≤58 years old and 45.9% had graduated from primary school. The highest numbers of patients with T2DM were in PHC Andalas (20.7%). Some 74.9% (134) of the people with T2DM routinely attended individual nutrition education classes for less than 30 min (60.3%). Patients with T2DM followed individual nutrition education at a PHC every 1–2 months (59.8%), and a majority of the individual nutrition education was given by a medical doctor (57.5%). In contrast, 42.3% of patients with T2DM did not attend individual nutrition education due to a lack of recommendation from a medical doctor and their reluctance (33.3%). Although a majority of patients with T2DM (62.6%) were satisfied with their individual nutrition education, (20.4% of patients with T2DM recommended the availability of booklets during individual nutrition education that can be read at home. Patients with T2DM needed individual nutrition education (88.8%) and the majority (25.1%) requested individual nutrition education topics about diabetes food recommendation. Even though patients with T2DM followed health professionals’ advice (78.2%), however, their HbA1c (76.5%) wasnot reduced. Patients with T2DM agreed that individual nutrition education can increase their knowledge (51.9%), unfortunately, they still have difficulty to control their blood glucose (5.6%). Conclusions: According to the patients with the T2DM perspective stated above, it is crucial to develop the tool kits and educate patients with T2DM following the Diabetes Nutrition Education (DNE) curriculum to improve glycemic control.     

Currents Nutritional Practices of Nutritionists in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Patients at Public Health Centres in Padang,Indonesia

(1) Background: The interest in nutrition practices and education is slowly gaining traction among Indonesian nutritionists. However, there is a lack of local studies that evaluate nutritional practices, especially in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the nutritional practices among nutritionists and the adequacy of the current practices in the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients at the Public Health Clinic in Padang (PHC), Indonesia. (2) Methods: An online survey form was distributed to all the nutritionists (n = 50) involved in the management of T2DM patients in their daily practices at the PHC. Socio-demographic characteristics, the current practice of T2DM, the need for DM nutrition education, and an evaluation questionnaire on the Indonesian Non-Communicable Diseases guideline and the Public Health Centre guideline were captured in the survey. (3) Result: A total of 48 completed survey forms were received, providing a response rate of 96% from the recruited nutritionists. One-third (37.5%) of the respondents counselled between one and ten patients per day. Nearly half (41.7%) conducted a monthly follow-up session for the patients at their respective PHC in the previous three months. Each nutritionist educated five to ten T2DM patients. The most common nutrition education topics delivered included appropriate menus (89.6%) as well as the etiology and symptoms of T2DM (85.5%). Almost all the nutritionists (93.8%) used leaflets and about 35.4% used poster education. Around 70.8% of counseling sessions lasted 30 min and two-thirds (66.7%) of the sessions included nutrition education. Based on the results, about half (52.1%) of them claimed that T2DM patients were reluctant to attend individual nutrition education. One-fifth of them (20.8%) claimed that it was because the T2DM patients were not interested in the tool kits and materials used. (4) Conclusions: T2DM patients are reluctant to attend individual nutrition education due to uninteresting tool kits and materials.     

Transcultural Diabetes Nutrition Algorithm (tDNA): Venezuelan Application

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is a necessary component of comprehensive type 2 diabetes (T2D) management, but optimal outcomes require culturally-sensitive implementation. Accordingly, international experts created an evidence-based transcultural diabetes nutrition algorithm (tDNA) to improve understanding of MNT and to foster portability of current guidelines to various dysglycemic populations worldwide. This report details the development of tDNA-Venezuelan via analysis of region-specific cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, lifestyles, anthropometrics, and resultant tDNA algorithmic modifications. Specific recommendations include: screening for prediabetes (for biochemical monitoring and lifestyle counseling); detecting obesity using Latin American cutoffs for waist circumference and Venezuelan cutoffs for BMI; prescribing MNT to people with prediabetes, T2D, or high CVD risk; specifying control goals in prediabetes and T2D; and describing regional differences in prevalence of CVD risk and lifestyle. Venezuelan deliberations involved evaluating typical food-based eating patterns, correcting improper dietary habits through adaptation of the Mediterranean diet with local foods, developing local recommendations for physical activity, avoiding stigmatizing obesity as a cosmetic problem, avoiding misuse of insulin and metformin, circumscribing bariatric surgery to appropriate indications, and using integrated health service networks to implement tDNA. Finally, further research, national surveys, and validation protocols focusing on CVD risk reduction in Venezuelan populations are necessary.     

Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Patients with Diabetes on Metformin: Arab Countries

Background: Diabetes is a global pandemic, especially in Arab countries. Aim: The goal of this study was to review the published studies that were conducted to determine the relationship between metformin treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and vitamin B12 deficiency and to identify possible complications in this relationship. Methods: I searched for all relevant studies published in English before 2020 on the PubMed and Web of Knowledge databases using the following terms: “metformin”, “vitamin B12”, “neuropathy”, “diabetes mellitus”, and Middle Eastern countries. Results: Eleven studies were included in this review which indicated an association between taking metformin and B12 deficiency in patients with T2DM in Arab countries. This B12 deficiency was found to be negatively associated with the dose and duration of metformin therapy. The physician’s knowledge of current ADA recommendations regarding supplementation with and screening of the B12 level for T2DM patients on metformin was also found to have an effect. Conclusion: Metformin therapy is associated with B12 deficiency among people with T2DM in Arabic countries. Thus, diabetes must be managed in compliance with current guidelines and recommendations, and B12 levels must be routinely monitored, particularly in those who have been long-term takers of metformin, to ensure the suitable management of diabetes and its complications.     

深圳市宝安区2型糖尿病患者自我管理模式效果评价

目的 评价2型糖尿病患者自我管理模式干预效果.方法将319例社区2型糖尿病患者随机分为自我管理模式组（干预组）和社区常规管理组（对照组）,对照组按照常规的管理模式对糖尿病患者进行健康教育、发放健康教育宣传资料、随后定期进行电话随访和面对面随访;干预组在对照组的基础上,强调患者自我管理的重要性,传授自我管理知识,定期开展活动,并有针对性地进行干预.采用改良密西根糖尿病知识测试问卷（DKT）、参考Deborah的糖尿病自我管理量表（DCP）进行效果评价.干预1年后,比较干预组（161例）和对照组（158例）患者血糖控制率、糖尿病知识水平和自我管理得分等方面的变化情况.结果 干预组血糖控制率从28.71％升高为59.63％,对照组从22.78％升高为29.75％,干预组优于对照组x2=28.787,P＜0.001）;干预组糖尿病知识水平得分、饮食依从性及用药依从性得分高于对照组（P＜0.05）,运动依从性和检查依从性与对照组比较无明显差异（P＞0.05）.结论 自我管理模式在血糖控制、糖尿病知识水平提高和饮食依从性及用药依从性提高方面明显优于常规的糖尿病管理模式.     

Transcultural Diabetes Nutrition Algorithm: Brazilian Application

The prevalence of obesity, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide, especially in the developing nations of South America. Brazil has experienced an exponential increase in the prevalence of these chronic non-communicable diseases. The rising prevalence is probably due to changing eating patterns, sedentary living, and a progressive aging of the population. These trends and their underlying causes carry untoward consequences for all Brazilians and the future of Brazilian public health and the healthcare system. Lifestyle changes that include healthy eating (nutrition therapy) and regular physical activity (structured exercise) represent efficient inexpensive measures to prevent and/or treat the aforementioned disorders and are recommended for all afflicted patients. Regrettably, the implementation of lifestyle changes is fraught with clinical and personal challenges in real life. The transcultural Diabetes Nutrition Algorithm (tDNA) is a therapeutic tool intended to foster implementation of lifestyle recommendations and to improve disease-related outcomes in common clinical settings. It is evidence-based and amenable to cultural adaptation. The Brazilian Diabetes Association, Society of Cardiology and Ministry of Health guidelines for nutrition therapy and physical exercise were considered for the Brazilian adaptation. The resultant tDNA-Brazil and its underlying recommendations are presented and explained.     

社区糖尿病患者服药依从性水平及其影响因素分析

目的了解糖尿病患者服药依从性现状及其影响因素,为进一步开展糖尿病的社区干预工作提供依据。方法对300例大庆地区的社区糖尿病患者进行治疗依从性问卷调查,评价依从性水平,分析患者服药依从性的影响因素。结果服药依从性好的患者占48.3%。服药依从性与其糖尿病知识度、重视自身健康、社区管理方式的种类和时间呈正相关。结论通过开展健康教育、个性化生活方式指导、健康档案管理和定期随访为一体的、综合性规范化的社区管理,提高糖尿病患者的服药依从性。     

2型糖尿病患者行为依从性及血糖控制达标现状调查

目的 调查2型糖尿病患者行为依从性及血糖控制达标现状,为2型糖尿病患者血糖控制及行为干预提供参考资料。方法 2020年10月至2021年12月以与某三甲医院合作的社区卫生服务中心登记在册的2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象,以调查问卷方式获取其基本资料及行为依从性情况,检测血生化指标评估血糖控制达标情况,分析2型糖尿病患者行为依从性对血糖达标的影响。结果 共纳入研究对象1 949例,有效研究对象1 872例,有效率96.05%。血糖控制达标1 021例,达标率54.54%。不同年龄、文化水平、病程、其他基础疾病的2型糖尿病患者血糖达标率比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。遵医嘱用药、控制饮食种类、按时进餐、经常参加体育锻炼、戒烟、戒酒、保证睡眠时间、血糖监测依从性良好率分别为64.37%、52.67%、58.49%、49.79%、82.43%、78.69%、76.87%、48.13%。多因素Logistic回归分析提示年龄（OR=0.779）、文化水平（OR=2.257）、病程（OR=0.689）、其他基础疾病（OR=0.483）、遵医嘱用药（OR=3.543）、控制饮食种类（OR=2.675）、按时进餐（OR=1.988）、经常参加体育锻炼（OR=2.054）、戒酒（OR=2.208）、血糖监测（OR=1.960）是2型糖尿病患者血糖控制达标率的影响因素。结论 2型糖尿病患者行为依从性有待提升,尤其遵医嘱用药、控制饮食种类、按时进餐、经常参加体育锻炼、戒酒、血糖监测依从性与血糖控制达标率密相关,应加强针对性干预对策,提高患者行为依从性,控制2型糖尿病病情发展。     

Impact of Dietitian-Led Nutrition Therapy of Food Order on 5-Year Glycemic Control in Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes at Primary Care Clinic: Retrospective Cohort Study

The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the effect of 5-year follow-up of dietitian-led medical nutrition therapy (eating vegetables before carbohydrates) on glycemic control in outpatients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) at a primary care clinic. A total of 138 patients with dietitian-led medical nutrition therapy (intervention group) and 104 patients without dietitian-led nutrition therapy (control group) were compared for glycemic control, serum lipid, blood pressure, and diabetic complications for 5 years. Each patient in the intervention group received dietary education focused on food order (eating vegetables before carbohydrates) by dietitians. A significant improvement in HbA1c after 5 years in the intervention group [8.5 ± 1.7% (69 mmol/mol) to 7.6 ± 1.1% (59 mmol/mol), p < 0.001] was observed, whereas no change was observed in the control group [7.9 ± 1.2% (62 mmol/mol) to 8.0 ± 1.2% (63 mmol/mol)]. Dietary intake of protein, fat, carbohydrates, cholesterol, and salt in the intervention group demonstrated significant reduction, while the intake of dietary fiber significantly increased after the dietary education. Simple dietary education of ‘eating vegetables before carbohydrates’ presented by dietitians achieved good glycemic control after a 5-year period in outpatients with T2DM at primary care clinic.     

Adherence to Dietary Guidelines among Women with and without Gestational Diabetes: Evidence from the Growing up in New Zealand Study

Diet is thought to play a role in the development and management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Dietary guidelines provide practical recommendations for achieving nutrient requirements and mitigating the risk of chronic disease. The aim of this study was to describe the adherence to dietary guidelines by women with and without GDM and determine whether adherence is associated with the development of GDM. Adherence to Ministry of Health food group recommendations was assessed in 5391 pregnant women participating in the Growing Up in New Zealand study. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) administered during pregnancy provided dietary data. The presence of GDM was determined using diagnostic coding in clinical data and blood glucose results. A quarter of women did not meet any food group recommendations. There were no significant differences in the number of food group targets met by women with or those without GDM. Meeting food group recommendations was not associated with odds of having GDM in adjusted analyses. This study found adherence to dietary recommendations is poor in both women with and without GDM and no association between adherence to food group recommendations and the development of GDM. Greater support is required to assist women to achieve food and nutrition recommendations.     

The Reliability and Validity of the Perceived Dietary Adherence Questionnaire for People with Type 2 Diabetes

Nutrition therapy is essential for diabetes treatment, and assessment of dietary intake can be time consuming. The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid instrument to measure diabetic patients’ adherence to Canadian diabetes nutrition recommendations. Specific information derived from three, repeated 24-h dietary recalls of 64 type 2 diabetic patients, aged 59.2 ± 9.7 years, was correlated with a total score and individual items of the Perceived Dietary Adherence Questionnaire (PDAQ). Test-retest reliability was completed by 27 type 2 diabetic patients, aged 62.8 ± 8.4 years. The correlation coefficients for PDAQ items versus 24-h recalls ranged from 0.46 to 0.11. The intra-class correlation (0.78) was acceptable, indicating good reliability. The results suggest that PDAQ is a valid and reliable measure of diabetes nutrition recommendations. Because it is quick to administer and score, it may be useful as a screening tool in research and as a clinical tool to monitor dietary adherence.     

Adherence to COVID-19 Nutrition Guidelines Is Associated with Better Nutritional Management Behaviors of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Good nutritional support is crucial for the immune system to fight against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, in the context of a pandemic with a highly transmissible coronavirus, implementation of nutrition practice may be difficult. A multicenter electronic survey involving 62 dieticians was conducted, in order to understand barriers associated with dieticians’ adherence to nutrition guidelines for hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Indonesia. 69% of dieticians felt under stress when performing nutrition care, and 90% took supplements to boost their own immunity against the coronavirus. The concerns related to clinical practice included a lack of clear guidelines (74%), a lack of access to medical records (55%), inadequate experience or knowledge (48%), and a lack of self-efficacy/confidence (29%) in performing nutritional care. Half (52%) of the dieticians had performed nutrition education/counseling, 47% had monitored a patient’s body weight, and 76% had monitored a patient’s dietary intake. An adjusted linear regression showed that guideline adherence independently predicted the dieticians’ nutrition care behaviors of nutrition counselling (ß: 0.24 (0.002, 0.08); p = 0.04), and monitoring of body weight (ß: 0.43 (0.04, 0.11); p = 0.001) and dietary intake (ß: 0.47(0.03, 0.10); p = 0.001) of COVID-19 patients. Overall, adherence to COVID-19 nutrition guidelines is associated with better nutritional management behaviors in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.     

Genetically Guided Mediterranean Diet for the Personalized Nutritional Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The current consensus for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is that high-quality diets and adherence to a healthy lifestyle provide significant health benefits. Remarkably, however, there is little agreement on the proportions of macronutrients in the diet that should be recommended to people suffering from pre-diabetes or T2DM. We herein discuss emerging evidence that underscores the importance of gene-diet interactions in the improvement of glycemic biomarkers in T2DM. We propose that we can achieve better glycemic control in T2DM patients by coupling Mediterranean diets to genetic information as a predictor for optimal diet macronutrient composition in a personalized manner. We provide evidence to support this concept by presenting a case study of a T2DM patient who achieved rapid glycemic control when adhered to a personalized, genetically-guided Mediterranean Diet.     

膳食模式与2型糖尿病

糖尿病已成为一个严重影响人类健康的全球性公共卫生问题,给个人、社会和经济带来了沉重的负担。全球2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)的流行是由肥胖率上升驱动的,T2DM的管理显得尤为重要。生活方式和医学营养疗法(medical nutrition therapy,MNT)被认为是T2DM预防和治疗的重点,但是在如何使用这些方法预防和治疗该疾病方面尚未达成明确的共识。就目前流行的五种膳食模式对T2DM的影响展开综述,旨为T2DM的医学营养治疗提供参考。     

The relationship between organizational culture and implementation of clinical practice guidelines: a narrative review

The context in which critical care providers work has been shown to be associated with adherence to recommendations of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Consideration of contextual factors such as organizational culture may therefore be important when implementing guidelines. Organizational culture has been defined simply as "how things are around here" and encompasses leadership, communication, teamwork, conflict resolution, and other domains. This narrative review highlights the results of recent quantitative and qualitative studies, including studies on adherence to nutrition guidelines in the critical care setting, which demonstrate that elements of organizational culture, such as leadership support, interprofessional collaboration, and shared beliefs about the utility of guidelines, influence adherence to guideline recommendations. Outside nutrition therapy, there is emerging evidence that strategies focusing on organizational change (eg, revision of professional roles, interdisciplinary teams, integrated care delivery, computer systems, and continuous quality improvement) can favorably influence professional performance and patient outcomes. Consequently, future interventions aimed at implementing nutrition guidelines should aim to measure and take into account organizational culture, in addition to considering the characteristics of the patient, provider, and guideline. Further high quality, multimethod studies are required to improve our understanding of how culture influences guideline implementation, and which organizational change strategies might be most effective in optimizing nutrition therapy.     

低血糖生成指数膳食在维吾尔族糖尿病营养干预中的应用研究

目的探讨低血糖生成指数(GI)膳食在维吾尔族糖尿病患者中的应用效果,为新疆糖尿病防治工作积累经验。方法选择符合条件的80名2型糖尿病患者随机分为实验组和对照组各40例,实验组以GI知识为主要教育内容,对照组以食物交换份法和平衡膳食教育为主,通过社区授课、实物演示、门诊和电话咨询等方式进行营养干预和膳食指导6个月。采用24h膳食回顾法和体格测量。结果与营养干预前和同期对照组相比,实验组干预后钙、VitA和VitC的摄入增加,分别为(590.20±173.45)mg、(374.37±191.02)μgRE、(79.92±19.52)mg。脂肪摄入量降低,为(67.24±31.92)g(P0.05或P0.01)。两组营养干预前后体格指标比较,差别无统计学意义。结论在社区糖尿病防治工作中进行低GI膳食指导,可有效地改善维吾尔族2型糖尿病患者的饮食结构。     

Awareness and compliance with the australian dietary guidelines: A descriptive study of Melbourne residents

A detailed questionnaire, designed to assess awareness, understanding and compliance with the Australian dietary guidelines was administered by mail to a random sample of Melbourne residents in June 1984. Seven hundred and thirty people responded, representing a response rate of 76%.

Only one in ten respondents could name the three major causes of death of Australians in correct order; most considered excessive stress to be the major cause of vascular disease. Over-consumption of starch-carbohydrates, fat and salt, and lack of vitamins and minerals in the diet were seen as major nutritional problems. Lack of need to change and taste preferences were seen as principal barriers to dietary change. Ninety six percent of respondents had not heard of the term “Australian dietary guidelines”, although up to one third, mainly women and the tertiary educated, were currently attempting dietary activities recommended by the guidelines. It is concluded that, to date, the Australian dietary guidelines appear to have had a lesser effect on the population than traditional beliefs. Recommendations for nutrition education are indicated.     

Practice patterns of rural family physicians based on the American Diabetes Association standards of care

The purpose of this study was to examine practice patterns of rural family physicians in the care of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus based on the standards of care of the American Diabetes Association (ADA). One hundred patient charts were randomly chosen, twenty for each physician, from the practices of five family physicians in rural Ohio. A standardized collection protocol was used, based upon the ADA recommendations. The charts were reviewed for compliance with the ADA parameters. The patients' records demonstrated 66% compliance with dietary counseling and 33% with counseling about exercise. Moreover, there was low compliance with physical examination guidelines. Specifically, 66% of the patients had fundoscopic examination and 64% had a complete foot examination done. With respect to the laboratory guidelines, 70% of the charts reviewed had a urinalysis ordered and 45% annual lipids measured. However, glycosylated hemoglobin was performed in only 15% of the patients. The results suggest that rural family physicians do not consistently follow the ADA standards of care.     

Dietary Management of Heart Failure: DASH Diet and Precision Nutrition Perspectives

Heart failure (HF) is a major health care burden increasing in prevalence over time. Effective, evidence-based interventions for HF prevention and management are needed to improve patient longevity, symptom control, and quality of life. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet interventions can have a positive impact for HF patients. However, the absence of a consensus for comprehensive dietary guidelines and for pragmatic evidence limits the ability of health care providers to implement clinical recommendations. The refinement of medical nutrition therapy through precision nutrition approaches has the potential to reduce the burden of HF, improve clinical care, and meet the needs of diverse patients. The aim of this review is to summarize current evidence related to HF dietary recommendations including DASH diet nutritional interventions and to develop initial recommendations for DASH diet implementation in outpatient HF management. Articles involving human studies were obtained using the following search terms: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH diet), diet pattern, diet, metabolism, and heart failure. Only full-text articles written in English were included in this review. As DASH nutritional interventions have been proposed, limitations of these studies are the small sample size and non-randomization of interventions, leading to less reliable evidence. Randomized controlled interventions are needed to offer definitive evidence related to the use of the DASH diet in HF management.     

Assessment of Daily Food and Nutrient Intake in Japanese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Using Dietary Reference Intakes

Medical nutrition therapy for the management of diabetes plays an important role in preventing diabetes complications and managing metabolic control. However, little is known about actual eating habits of individuals with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM), especially in Japan. Therefore, we sought to (1) assess the dietary intake of individuals with T2DM, and (2) characterize their intake relative to national recommendations. This cross-sectional study involved 149 patients (77 males and 72 females) aged 40–79 years with T2DM recruited at a Kyoto hospital. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Under-consumption, adequacy, and over-consumption, of nutrients were compared to the age- and sex-based standards of the Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes. Among the results, most notable are (1) the inadequacy of diets in men with respect to intake of vitamins and minerals, likely owing to low intake of vegetables and fruits; (2) excess contributions of fat intake to total energy in both sexes; and (3) excess consumption of sweets and beverages relative to the national average. The prevalence of diabetes complications may be increasing because of a major gap between the typical dietary intake of individuals with T2DM and dietary recommendation.