Primary malignant lymphoma of the breast

Primary malignant lymphoma of the breast is a rare tumor. Recently, we encountered a case of primary malignant lymphoma of the breast and present here the mammographic and ultrasonographic (US) findings with the pathology of this rare breast tumor. The patient was a 47-year-old woman with a left breast mass. Mammography showed a 3.0 × 1.5 cm, lobulated high-density mass with well-defined margins. US revealed a lobulated mass with fairly well-defined borders, hypoechoic and heterogenous internal echoes, and posterior acoustic enhancement. It was difficult to differentiate malignant lymphoma from breast carcinoma by imaging studies. This type of breast cancer should be added to a differential diagnosis when a solitary tumor is found in the breast on mammography.     

颞下窝原发肿瘤的CT及MR表现

目的：探讨颞下窝原发肿瘤CT及MRI表现。方法回顾性分析20例经病理证实的颞下窝原发肿瘤的CT及MR资料。结果颞下窝肿瘤形态多不规则。神经鞘瘤多边界清楚（5/6）,MR T1WI为等信号,T2WI为高信号肿物伴线状分隔样低信号,2例通过卵圆孔伸入中颅窝呈哑铃状生长。恶性外周神经鞘膜肿瘤边界多不清楚（4/5）,MR T1WI为等信号,T2WI为不均匀高信号,病变可侵犯邻近肌肉及骨质。横纹肌肉瘤MR T1WI为等信号,T2WI为高信号。孤立性纤维性肿瘤边界清楚,MR T1 WI等信号,T2 WI为混杂略高信号,增强后较明显强化。腺样囊性癌边界不清,沿神经浸润生长。侵袭性多形性腺瘤MR T1 WI为等、低信号,T2 WI为高信号,侵犯邻近肌肉。淋巴瘤形态不规则,边界清楚,MR T1WI为低信号,T2WI为中高信号,轻度强化,内有线样血管影穿行。结论熟悉颞下窝原发肿瘤CT及MRI表现,有助于提高该部位病变诊断及鉴别诊断水平。     

Inflammatory breast cancer: imaging findings

To assess the imaging findings of inflammatory breast cancer, we retrospectively analyzed the mammography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of nine patients with inflammatory breast cancer. Inflammatory breast cancer showed skin thickening and nipple-areolar swelling on mammography, ultrasonography, and MRI. Tumor with lymphatic dilatation on ultrasonography and enhancement of thickened skin and parenchyma on MRI can be useful findings in the diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer.     

Gadolinium-enhanced dynamic MRI of breast hemangioma

We describe a patient with hemangioma of the breast. The tumor showed an Ill-defined hypointense mass on T1-weighted imaging and hyperintense mass on T2-weighted imaging. After bolus gadolinium injection, the tumor showed heterogeneous enhancement in early phase and in the time-intensity an early intensive enhancement was followed by a plateau. This intensive enhancement in the early phase is not limited to breast carcinoma but can be found in breast hemangiomas as well.     

男性乳腺少见疾病的数字钼靶X线及临床分析

目的：提高对男性乳腺少见疾病的 X 线影像表现和临床特征的认识。方法收集手术病理证实的12例男性乳腺少见疾病患者的全部资料,分析其数字钼靶 X 线征象及临床特征。结果(1)术后病理：脂性肉芽肿1例,浆细胞性乳腺炎2例,表皮囊肿继发感染1例,导管内乳头状瘤1例,乳腺癌6例(浸润性导管癌4例,低分化腺癌1例,黏液腺癌1例),非霍奇金淋巴瘤1例。(2)数字钼靶 X 线摄影表现为乳房内单发肿块11例,多发者1例,10例肿物位于乳晕后方,2例远离乳头方向,肿物边缘模糊者9例,毛刺征1例、分叶征1例、伴微钙化1例,无单纯微钙化者,10例伴有乳头内陷和乳晕区皮肤增厚,1例伴有腋前淋巴结肿大。(3)本组 X 线诊断符合率41%(5/12),其中男性乳腺癌的诊断符合率最高(83.3%);总误诊率为59%(7/12),其中良性病变误诊率高达80%(4/5)。结论男性乳腺少见疾病发病率低且病种繁杂,良恶性病变的 X 线征象及临床表现无特异性,误诊率较高。     

头颈部孤立性纤维瘤的影像学表现

目的：探讨头颈部孤立性纤维瘤(SFT)的影像特征,提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析10例经手术病理证实的头颈部 SFT 患者的 CT 和 MR 表现。10例均行 CT 平扫及双期增强扫描、2例行 MR 检查。结果10例病灶均表现为孤立的肿块,最大径20~115 mm,中位最大径约35.5 mm。肿瘤发生于眼眶2例、鼻腔鼻窦4例,腮腺、面颊、锁骨上区及枕部各1例。病变边界清楚8例、模糊2例,呈椭圆形7例,分叶状3例。CT 平扫呈等或稍低密度,其中4例密度均匀,6例密度不均匀(2例见多发囊变区,1例见结节状钙化灶)。增强后9例呈明显均匀(n=3)或不均匀(n=6)强化,1例呈轻度均匀强化。CT 双期增强强化模式包括快速强化缓慢廓清8例、快速强化快速廓清1例和延迟强化1例。与脑实质相比,T1 WI 呈均匀等信号1例,等、低混杂信号1例;T2 WI 呈均匀等信号1例,等、高混杂信号(多发囊变)1例;增强后分别呈均匀和不均匀显著强化。结论头颈部不均匀的富血供肿瘤要考虑到 SFT 的可能。瘤体 T2 WI 与脑实质相比呈等或稍低信号,CT 增强扫描明显强化,双期增强呈快速强化缓慢廓清的强化模式可能是有诊断价值的影像特点。     

A case of suspected primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma: An uncommon cause of sudden death

Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMLBCL) is an aggressive tumor originating from thymic B-cells. Clinically, it presents with general signs such as cough, chest pain and dyspnea. Although these symptoms are not specific, they are severe enough to reveal the disease. We report an autopsy case of a 25-year-old man, with a recent past history of cough and dyspnea, for which he consulted twice the emergency department and no diagnosis was made. He presented to the Emergency Unit, with a sudden onset of a dyspnea followed by a loss of consciousness. He was shortly declared dead after, a medico-legal autopsy was requested. On external examination, no traumatic lesions on the body were found, an important cyanosis of the face and ears, was, however, found. On autopsy, a mediastinal mass was found, measuring 19 cm × 25 cm and weighing 600 g, extending to the infra-hyoid region and to the thoracic cage and infiltrating the pericardium. Trachea had a necrotic mucosa with a partially obstructive lymph node mass. The diagnosis of a primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma was suspected based on pathological and immunohistochemical findings. The cause of death was finally attributed to respiratory failure due to this tumor.     

鼻咽非霍奇金淋巴瘤的MRI表现与侵犯特点

目的 探讨鼻咽非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)的MRI表现特征及鉴别诊断.方法 回顾性分析41例经病理证实的鼻咽NHL的MRI表现.评价病灶的大小、分布、侵犯范围及淋巴结累及情况.对B细胞型和T或NK/T细胞型2组NHL的侵犯生长方式比较采用Fisher确切概率法或Pearson卡方检验.结果 41例患者中,成熟B淋巴细胞肿瘤26例,成熟T淋巴细胞肿瘤2例,NK/T细胞瘤13例.病灶以鼻咽黏膜增厚或形成软组织肿块为主要表现,在T2WI上呈稍高信号,T1WI呈等信号,增强后均匀轻到中度强化.均匀累及鼻咽各壁24例,伴溃疡形成5例,超腔生长9例,累及舌或腭扁桃体共23例,邻近肌肉受侵20例,颅底骨质破坏12例.41例患者中,25例合并咽后淋巴结受侵,27例合并颈部淋巴结受侵.NK/T淋巴细胞型鼻咽NHL更易超腔生长、咽旁结构侵犯、溃疡形成(T或NK/T淋巴细胞型鼻咽NHL分别为8、11、4例,B淋巴细胞型鼻咽NHL分别为4、10、1例),B淋巴细胞型鼻咽NHL扁桃体侵犯更常见(B淋巴细胞型鼻咽NHL为18例,NK/T淋巴细胞型鼻咽NHL为5例).结论 鼻咽NHL在MRI上表现具有一些特点,鼻咽各壁均匀增厚多见,常累及鼻腔或扁桃体,当肿瘤体积较大但没有或仅有少许深度侵犯时要考虑NHL.不同病理类型鼻咽NHL其MRI表现有一定差异.

Abstract：

Objective To characterize the features of Nasopharyngeal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) on MR imaging and find the main points to differentiate it from the other nasopharyngeal tumors.Methods The MR images of 41 patients with pathologically and immunohistochemically proven nasopharyngeal NHLs were reviewed retrospectively. Images were assessed by the size, invasive extent,signal intensity of primary nasopharyngeal tumor, and the distribution of cervical lymphadenopethy. The difference of regional tissues invasion and cervical lymphadenopathy distribution between the patients with B-cell NHLs and the patients with T-cell or NK/T-cell NHLs were analyzed by Pearson's Chi-Square test or Fisher's exact test Results Of the 41 patients, 26 patients had mature B-cell lymphoma, two patients with mature T-cell Iymphoma, and thirteen patients showed Nature killer/T-cell lymphoma in nasopharynx. MRI revealed that NHLs of nasopharynx can be showed as thickening of nasopharyngeal mucosa and (or) lumps in nasopharynx, which were slightly hyper-intensity on T2-weighted images, and intermediate signal intensity (similar to muscle) on T1 -weighted images, with mild or moderated enhancement following contrast medium administration. Twenty four cases had symmetrical disease of all walls of nasopharynx, and 17 cases had unsymmetrical tumor. Of all cases, 5 cases had superficial ulcerations, 9 cases had exceed nasoharynx invasion spreads superficially along the mucosa, 23 cases had invasion of lingual and (or) palatine tonsils,20 cases showed invasion of parapharygeal muscles, 12 cases suffered from skull base bone infiltration,25 cases had retropaharyngeal lymphadenopathy, and 27 cases had cervical lymhadenopathy. Patient with nasopharyngeal Nature killer/T-cell lymphoma had a higher incidence of exceed nasopharynx invasion,parapharyngeal structures invasion, and superficial ulcerations (the cases were 8, 11, 4 in patient with T-cell or N K/T-cell lymphoma, and 4, 10, 1 in patients with B-cell lymphoma, respectively). Patients with nasopharyngeal B-cell lymphoma had a higher incidence of inasion of lingual and (or) palatine tonsils.Conclusions Nasopharyngeal NHL is a homogeneous tumor that tends to diffusely involve all walls of the nasopharynx and spread in an exophytic fashion to fill the airway, rather than infiltrating into the deep tissues. Different pathological types of nasopharyngeal NHLs have some different appearance on MRI between each other. A large tumor in nasopharynx that fills the nasopharynx cavity, with no or minimal invasion into deep structures, but with invasion extend down into the lingual and(or)palatine tonsils, may suggest the diagnosis of nasopharyneal NHL.     

18F-FDG PET在原发性乳腺淋巴瘤诊疗中的应用进展

原发性乳腺淋巴瘤（PBL）是一种罕见的、原发于乳腺组织的恶性结外肿瘤,其临床表现常缺乏特异性,且病程进展较快,早期诊断有利于改善患者预后。 18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）PET作为一种日趋成熟的分子影像技术,联合CT或MRI对PBL具有较高的诊断灵敏度和准确率,且在PBL的分期和疗效评价中具有重要价值。笔者就...     

Unusual extra-axial central nervous system involvement of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: magnetic resonance imaging

The MR imaging findings in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with unusual involvement of the sella, pituitary stalk and left parasellar region are reported here. On the basis of the MR imaging findings, the initial differential diagnosis included invasive pituitary adenoma, a granulomatous lesion and en plaque meningioma. Trans-sphenoidal biopsy of the sellar mass showed chronic inflammatory changes and the patient was initially treated for tuberculosis. Because follow-up imaging showed the lesion to be progressive, a biopsy was done of an enlarged right inguinal lymph node. This revealed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.     

Angiosarcoma of the breast. Radiological aspects. About one case

Angiosarcoma of the breast in an uncommon entity. The authors report a well documented case of angiosarcoma. The patient, a 23 years old woman, had a voluminous mass of the left breast without inflammation. The evolution was rapidly fatal. Physical examination revealed a large painful breast mass with purplish discoloration cutaneous area in front of the lesion. The palpation revealed a thrill. The mammography had shown an area of increased density in the left breast. A complementary ultrasound examination detected a well circumscribed voluminous mass with hypoechogenic heterogenous echostructure. The Doppler examination detected a venous blood flow in the tumor. This finding was compatible with vascular tumor as angioma or angiosarcoma. The angioscanner showed a peripheral vascular enhancement and a centripetal diffusion of the contrast product. This vascular kinetic is seen commontly in the angioma. Magnetic resonance imaging in the T1 and T2 relaxation times detected an intermediate signal mass with bleeding areas. The patient had had a mastectomy and the histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnostic of angiosarcoma. The radiological aspacts of angiosarcoma of the breast are discussed depending on the literature data.     

Fibroadenoma of the axillary accessory breast: diagnostic value of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging

Accessory breast is synonymous with polymastia or supernumerary breast tissue. An accessory breast without a nipple or areola is rare. We report a case of fibroadenoma of an accessory breast with no nipple or areola in a 41-year-old woman who presented with a right axillary mass associated with five small nodules in the normally situated breast. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the accessory breast surrounding the tumor. We ignored the presence of the component surrounding the mass and made a preoperative diagnosis of an axillary mass of possible metastases from multiple breast cancers or breast cancer of unknown origin associated with multiple breast fibroadenomas. From a retrospective view, based on the histological results, MRI and dynamic MRI demonstrated a tiny component of breast-like tissue surrounding the axillary mass and an enhancement pattern typical of fibroadenoma for the axillary mass. For the later diagnosis of the axillary mass, the interpretation of whether the component of breast tissue surrounding the axillary mass was present is crucial. If the component exists, a tumor that originated from the accessory breast should be foremost in the differential diagnosis. Dynamic MRI appears to contribute to the diagnosis of fibroadenoma of an accessory breast before biopsy or surgical resection.     

F-18 FDG positron emission tomography in non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast

The breast is an uncommon site of development of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Both primary and secondary involvement of the breast have been reported. A 36-year-old woman diagnosed with NHL underwent multimodality imaging for staging of the disease. CT of the chest revealed no significant abnormalities. Whole-body FDG PET imaging showed intense FDG uptake in the left breast. Cytologic examination confirmed breast involvement by diffuse large B-cell NHL. Although rare, breast involvement characterized by increased FDG uptake can occur in patients with lymphoma. This case highlights the role of FDG PET in patients with suspected lymphoma in dense breasts that can be missed by CT scan and mammogram.     

MR imaging features of breast lymphoma

Mammographic, ultrasonographic and MR imaging features in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are reported in this paper. Mammography and ultrasonography revealed ill-defined, round masses with skin thickening. Precontrast T1W images demonstrated multiple well-defined, hypointense masses, which showed rapid rim enhancement in dynamic postcontrast sequence. The enhancement rate indicated malignant pathology. MR imaging demonstrated the extent of involvement more apparently than conventional imaging. Although, not pathognomonic for lymphoma, MR imaging may be helpful in evaluation and follow-up of breast masses in patients with previous lymphoma.     

The value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in diagnosis of malignant lymphoma of the head and neck

In this study, we attempted to diagnose malignant lymphoma on the basis of magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). Eighteen lesions (in eight patients), all of which had been proven histopathologically, were detected on MRI. The eight patients included five patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, one with B-cell low-grade MALT lymphoma, one with follicular lymphoma, and one with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Nine lesions were located in the submandibular region, three in the buccal region, two in the orbit region, two in the submental region, and one each in the palatal and tonsil regions. The diameter of the lesions ranged between 9 and 42.2 mm (average: 22.4 mm). The signal intensities (SIs) of the 18 lesions were examined on T1-weighted (T1WI), T2WI, and gadopentetate (Gd)-T1WI. One lesion in case 8 was excluded from DCE-MRI findings, i.e., the regions of interest could not be adequately set on DCE-MRIs. The contrast index (CI) curves of the remaining 17 lesions were prepared. All 18 lesions showed almost the same images on T1WI, T2WI, and Gd-T1WI, although they represented four types of lymphoma. The images showed homogeneous SI that was intermediate to slightly high SI on T1WI, slightly high SI on T2WI, and moderately enhanced on Gd-T1WI. Thus, the cases of malignant lymphoma in this study showed relatively characteristic features based on MRI; however, these features might be non-specific. The CI curves in this study showed a relatively rapid increase, reaching a maximum CI at 45-120 s, and a relatively rapid decrease in most lesions (14/17; 82.4%); on the other hand, the curves of 3 of the 15 lesions (17.6%) showed relatively rapid increase, sustenance of a plateau, and a gradual decrease thereafter. These patterns of CI curves may indicate characteristic features useful for distinguishing malignant lymphomas from other lesions.     

MR findings of nine cases of palatal tumor.

PURPOSE: To assess the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of pathologically confirmed palatal tumors. METHODS: Nine cases of palatal tumor were studied. Clinical data, MRI findings, and pathological diagnoses were evaluated. RESULTS: Five cases were tumors of the hard palate and four of the soft palate. Signal intensity on T1-weighted images varied, and hyperintensity was observed on T2-weighted images. Adenoid cystic carcinoma and diffuse large B cell lymphoma showed homogenous signal intensity. Other tumors showed heterogeneous signal intensities. On dynamic contrast analysis, malignant pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and peripheral T cell lymphoma showed early enhancement. On post-contrast T1-weighted images, hard palate pleomorphic adenoma, malignant pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and peripheral T cell lymphoma showed strong enhancement. Although the borders of the tumors were classified as clear in 6 cases treated surgically, macroscopic and microscopic borders of the tumors were unclear. Adenoid cystic carcinoma and hard palate diffuse large B cell lymphoma invaded the maxillary bone. CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance findings of palatal tumor varied in different histologies. Even with a small palpable portion, malignant tumors could directly infiltrate surrounding structures, which demonstrated well on MRI.     

Rapidly progressive dementia caused by nonenhancing primary lymphoma of the central nervous system.

A 76-year-old woman had rapidly progressive dementia over 4 months. Proton density- and T2-weighted MR images of the head showed increased signal in the periventricular and subcortical white matter of both cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem. Enhancement was not seen after administration of contrast material. Because of the rapid progression of the dementia and increasing signal abnormalities within the cerebral white matter, the patient underwent a craniotomy with biopsies of the right frontal lobe. Pathologic specimens were positive for malignant large-cell lymphoma, B-cell phenotype. The MR appearance is atypical for primary lymphoma of the central nervous system.     

Primary cardiac lymphoma: computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging features

Primary cardiac lymphoma is a rare, extremely aggressive malignancy. Early diagnosis and treatment is important for patient survival. We present a case of a 76-year-old woman admitted for worsening dyspnea caused by a large tumor in the right atrium. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography clearly depicted the primary cardiac tumor, and histopathological study of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. This paper was presented at the 68th Congress of the Japan Society of Cardiovascular Radiology.     

MR imaging of mucocutaneous malignant melanoma in the head and neck

MR imaging was performed in three patients with mucocutaneous malignant melanoma of the head and neck, and surgical specimens were investigated in MR-pathological correlation. Two of 3 cases were revealed to be melanotic melanoma; one arose in the maxillary sinus, and another in the bulbar conjunctiva. The remaining case was amelanotic melanoma originating in the nasal cavity. Two cases of melanotic melanoma showed different intensity on T1WI according to the melanin concentration; the more the melanin-producing process existed, the higher intensity in the tumor was shown. On T2WI there were also some differences in signal intensity; the case having more concentration of melanin changed lower partially in the areas where very high intensity was noted on T1WI, while another case remained unchanged. These findings are based on the inherent paramagnetic effect mostly compatible with the previous reports. On the other hand, the amelanotic melanoma was demonstrated as an intermediate intensity both on T1- and T2WI. Because of the higher incidence of hemorrhage in/around the tumor, it is an important diagnostic clue to this tumor, as in our case of amelanotic type. On reviewing the three cases, we consider that MR imaging offers a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma.     

原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的磁共振成像表现

目的探讨原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤（PCNSL）的磁共振成像（MRI）特征及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析15例经手术病理证实的PCNSL的MRI表现。结果病理检查均为B细胞来源的弥漫性大B细胞性淋巴瘤。15例PCNSL19个病灶,单发13例（87％）,多发2例（13％）共6个病灶。病灶常位于脑表浅部位和近中线部位,T1wI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI及液体衰减反转恢复序列（FLAIR）呈等或稍高信号,弥散加权成像（DWI）呈高信号。所有病灶均明显强化,增强后病灶大多呈均匀实质团块状或结节状强化,典型的可出现“尖角征”、“握拳征”,3例可见小囊变,呈“硬环征”。结论PCNSL的MRI表现具有一定的特征性,术前MRI检查有助于诊断及鉴别诊断,结合患者影像学及临床资料,术前可作出明确诊断。