腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣治疗足踝部软组织缺损

目的：探讨腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣治疗足踝部软组织缺损的效果。方法：以小腿腓肠神经营养血管为蒂设计并切取皮瓣,逆行转移修复踝部、足跟部、足背及足内侧皮肤软组织缺损26例。结果：26例皮瓣中除1例修复前足内侧皮瓣远端发生脂肪液化外,余25例皮瓣全部成活。随访1~12个月,皮瓣色泽、质地、弹性良好,无破溃发生。结论：腓肠神经营养血管蒂皮瓣是修复踝部、足跟部、足背及足内侧皮肤软组织缺损的理想方法。     

大隐静脉-隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨大隐静脉-隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的临床应用.方法 2002年5月-2006年1月,对26例踝关节周围及足背软组织缺损患者行大隐静脉-隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣转移修复术.皮瓣面积最大为14 cm×7 cm,最小为6.5 cm×5.5 cm,平均9.3 cm×6.1 cm;蒂长3～7 cm,蒂宽3～4 cm,表面均保留1.5～2 cm宽的皮桥行明道转移.结果 25例皮瓣成活,随访6～18个月,皮瓣质地满意;1例皮肤坏死,但皮下组织部分存活,经游离皮片移植后创面愈合良好.结论 大隐静脉-隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣是修复下肢远端软组织缺损的一种良好方法.     

远端蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

足踝部血液循环比较差,外伤或手术后常易发生皮肤软组织缺损,伴有肌腱、骨骼外露,感染等并发症。随着对神经营养皮瓣的临床应用研究,选择隐神经血管营养远端蒂皮瓣转移以修复足踝部的缺损,既减少了手术风险以及供受区代价,同时又较好地满足了组织修复的需要[1-3]。我科自2004-08～2012-06行足踝部组织缺损隐神经修复23例,效果满意,现报道如下。     

逆行腓肠神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣临床应用体会

目的总结逆行腓肠神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣临床应用经验。方法回顾2003年至2007年临床应用的10例逆行腓肠神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣修复小腿下部组织缺损的临床资料。结果10例皮瓣安全存活,皮瓣切取最大面积可达25cm×12cm,最小面积4cm×4cm,可修复小腿、内外踝部、足跟部、足背部创面。手术方法安全性大,效果优良。结论逆行腓肠神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣,手术设计、操作简便,易于切取,不牺牲小腿主要动脉,不吻合血管,且皮瓣成活率高。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮肤筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的应用及静脉并发症的预防处理

目的探讨腓肠神经营养血管皮肤筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部创面的效果及静脉并发症的预防和处理。方法切取腓肠神经营养血管皮肤筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣时筋膜皮肤蒂保留3cm宽皮肤,其宽度尽量与皮瓣宽度一致;选择性在旋转轴点附近结扎小隐静脉远心端;明道转移;术后弹性绷带适当加压包扎。结果本组23例皮瓣全部成活,无严重静脉并发症发生。结论腓肠神经营养血管皮肤筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣是修复足踝部创面的理想术式,静脉并发症完全可预防或处理。     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的:探讨应用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿下端、踝周和足部皮肤软组织缺损的可靠性.方法:对18例小腿下端、踝周和足部皮肤软组织缺损病人选择腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复,皮瓣最大17cm×11cm、最小6cm×5cm.结果:皮瓣Ⅰ期愈合15例,Ⅱ期愈合3例.随访6个月～2年,皮瓣质地、颜色良好.结论:腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣血管蒂恒定,层次清晰,操作简单,皮瓣不牺牲主干血管,对小腿功能和外形影响小,皮瓣转移幅度大,是修复小腿中下段、踝周、足跟等软组织缺损的良好修复方式.     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的　探讨腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的优越性。方法　用逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣对 1 5例患者的足背、内外踝、小腿中下段、胫前部皮肤缺损进行修复 ,同时观察腓肠神经及营养血管的走行特点。结果　 1 5例完全成活 ,无 1例坏死或部分坏死。转移的皮瓣均于术后 6个月恢复感觉。结论　腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣切取简便 ,成功率高 ,最远可达足前中部 ,是修复足跟、足背、内外踝、及小腿中下段软组织缺损的理想供区。     

隐神经营养血管皮瓣的基础研究和临床进展

解剖研究发现皮神经周围存在血管网,使皮神经皮瓣临床应用获得成功,隐动脉与胫后动脉分支吻合形成链状血管与隐神经伴行并营养皮肤,以此可切取游离、远端蒂、近端蒂皮瓣修复小腿、足、踝部创面。近年,静脉周围也发现血管网存在,为静脉皮瓣提供理论指导。本文就隐神经营养血管皮瓣及大隐静脉皮瓣的解剖研究及临床进展作一综述。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用9例

足踝部和小腿是常见的损伤部位,由于组织解剖和功能特点,损伤后常有骨和肌腱组织暴露,而局部可供的皮肤少,使得修复困难。笔者2001年1月-2007年4月共收治小腿及足踝部软组织缺损患者9例,均采用带腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣予以修复,疗效满意。     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的解剖研究和临床应用

目的：研究腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的血供和临床应用。方法：依据10侧下肢标本的解剖结果，采用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复软组织缺损11例。结果：腓肠神经营养血管与腓动脉穿支之间形成广泛的链式血管网，临床应用的皮瓣全部成活，效果满意。结论：该皮瓣是修复足踝部软组织缺损的理想的皮瓣。     

臀部皮瓣术后VSD辅助切口愈合的临床研究

目的研究臀部皮瓣术后应用VSD(负压封闭吸引)辅助切口愈合的效果。方法笔者选择南方医科大学附属南方医院整形美容外科2013年10月~2014年12月因压疮行臀部皮瓣手术治疗的患者16例(观察组),术后行封闭负压吸引辅助固定;选择同一医院2012年8月~2013年10月因压疮接受臀部皮瓣手术治疗,术后棉垫绷带包扎固定的18例患者(对照组),比较两组一次手术成功率、并发症发生率、创面愈合时间及住院时间。结果观察组一次手术成功率和并发症发生率分别为93.75%和6.25%,与对照组的61.11%、38.89%比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组创面愈合时间[(20.45±2.36)VS(29.29±5.04)d]、住院时间[(28.78±4.16)VS(35.63±3.27)d]比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论臀部皮瓣手术后应用VSD辅助固定和加压能促进切口愈合,显著提高一次手术成功率,减少并发症,值得临床推广。     

Degradable gelatin microspheres as an embolic agent: an experimental study in a rabbit renal model.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the basic characteristics of degradable gelatin microspheres (GMSs), including their embolic behavior and degradation periods when they are used as embolic materials in the renal arteries of rabbit models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on the GMS particle size, 24 kidneys were divided into 3 groups of eight kidneys, and each group was embolized with a different GMS particle size (group 1: 35-100 microm, group 2: 100-200 microm, and group 3: 200-300 microm). From each group, two rabbits were sacrificed immediately after embolization (day 0), and a pair of rabbits from each group underwent an angiogram and were sacrificed on days 3, 7, and 14, respectively, after embolization. The level of arterial occlusion, the pathological changes in the renal parenchyma, and the degradation of the GMSs were evaluated angiographically and histologically. RESULTS: A follow-up angiogram on days 0, 3, 7, and 14 revealed the presence of wedge-shaped poorly-enhanced areas in the parenchymal phase as seen in all groups. The size of these areas tended to increase with the particle diameter, and persisted up to day 14. On days 3, 7, and 14, parenchymal infarctions were observed histologically in all cases, and this observation corresponded with the parenchyma being supplied by the embolized arteries. GMSs of group 1 mainly reached the interlobular arteries, while those of group 3 mainly reached the interlobar arteries. In all but two cases, the GMSs were identified histologically even on day 14, and sequential degradation was histologically identified in all GMS groups. CONCLUSION: GMSs can be used as degradable embolic materials which can control the level of embolization.     

低浓度α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯栓塞兔VX2肝脏肿瘤的实验研究

目的 观察低浓度α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(NBCA)经肝动脉栓塞兔肝脏肿瘤的可行性、安全性和有效性.方法 24只实验兔,开腹在肝脏左叶种植瘤细胞建立VX2肝脏肿瘤模型,建模后14 d CT扫描测量肿瘤大小,并用数字表法随机等分为3组,后通过肝动脉对肿瘤进行栓塞.A组为空白对照组,B组为超液化碘油组,C组为2.5% NBCA组.肝脏损害通过检测血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)评价.栓塞术后第7天再次通过CT扫描测量肿瘤体积,肿瘤生长比率(术后7 d肿瘤体积与术前肿瘤体积之比);并于栓塞治疗后记录各组实验兔的生存时间.对ALT和AST采用重复测量方差分析,肿瘤生长比率和生存时间采用单因素方差分析比较.结果 所有动物模型均成功建立并插管治疗.A、B、C各组实验兔在栓塞前后不同时间ALT和AST均值的差异有统计学意义(ALT的 F值分别为10.508、16.443、19.828,AST 的F值分别为23.696、23.334、15.594,P值均＜0.05).栓塞治疗后第4天A、B、C组ALT水平分别为(49.4±13.5)、(115.2±48.8)、(124.7±49.4)U/L,AST水平分别为(52.3±12.0)、(128.3±50.1)、(137.0±66.9)U/L,B组和C组血清ALT和AST水平均较A组高(P值均＜0.05).B、C组术后第4天ALT、AST均较术前明显升高(P值均＜0.05).各组ALT和AST术后第7天和术前相比,差异均无统计学意义.术后第7天肝脏肿瘤生长比率在3组之间差异有统计学意义(F=110.865,P=0.000);C 组的肿瘤生长比率为(0.839±0.144)%,显著低于A 组的(2.978±0.547)%(P=0.000),与B组的(0.871±0.073)%相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.845).栓塞治疗后C组生存期为(38.9±4.0) d,明显长于A组的(32.1±3.1) d(P=0.006);与B组的(36.9±4.8)d相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.366).结论 经肝动脉栓塞低浓度NBCA治疗兔VX2肝脏肿瘤是一种可行的、安全的治疗方法,为治疗肝脏肿瘤提供一种新的选择,可能有潜在的临床推广价值.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of transarterial embolization with low concentration of n-butyl cyanoacrylate(NBCA) in rabbit VX2 liver tumor models. MethodsTwenty-four rabbits were implanted with VX2 hepatic tumors into the left hepatic lobes, and were scanned with CT to measure the volume of the tumor after 14 days. They were randomly divided into three groups with 8 rabbits assigned to each group. Transarterial embolization was conducted with physiological saline in control group A, with pure Lipiodol in group B, with 2.5% NBCA in group C. Hepatic toxicity was evaluated by blood biochemical analysis of the plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). One week later, the volumes of the tumors were measured by CT again. Tumor growth rate was the ratio of tumor's volume at 7th day after embolization to the tumors' volume before embolization. The survival periods of the rabbits of the three groups after treatment were also recorded. The data of ALT and AST mean values from each group were analyzed with repeated measurement analysis of variance (ANOVA). Tumor growth rates and survival periods were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA. Results All animal models were successfully established and underwent interventional catheterization. Both ALT and AST mean values of the rabbits in group A, B and C at each time point before and after embolization were significantly different (ALT F=10.508, 16.443, 19.828, respectively; AST F=23.696, 23.334, 15.594, respectively)(P＜0.05). ALT in group A, B, C were (49.4±13.5), (115.2±48.8), (124.7±49.4)U/L, while AST in group A, B, C were (52.3±12.0), (128.3±50.1), (137.0±66.9)U/L 4 days after embolization. The ALT and AST mean values were significantly elevated 4 days after embolization in group B and group C compared with those before embolization and those of group A 4 days after treatment(P＜0.05). However, the ALT and AST mean values showed no statistically significant difference in all the groups before embolization and 7 days after embolization. On the other hand, the growth rates of the tumors differed significantly among the three groups(F=110.865, P=0.000). The group C showed significantly lower tumor growth rate (0.839±0.144)% than the group A(2.978±0.547)%(P=0.000), but no significantly different tumor growth rate compared with group B(0.871±0.0725)%( P=0.845). Consequently, the survival period of the animals in group C(38.9±4.0) days was significantly longer than that in group A(32.1±3.1)days (P=0.006), while it was not significantly different from that in group B(36.9±4.8)days(P=0.366). ConclusionsTransarterial embolization with low concentration of NBCA was feasible and safe. It could be a new option of treatment for HCC and might have potential further clinical value.     

多模态影像技术评价冠状动脉微循环障碍模型的实验研究

目的:探讨多模态影像技术评价山羊动物模型冠状动脉微循环障碍（CMD）的价值。方法:雌雄不限,按5~8月龄随机挑选实验用萨能奶山羊10只。麻醉后经股动脉选择性插管,于不同分支冠状动脉远端缓慢注入1 ml单分散聚苯乙烯微球混合液（含微球计数约1.14×10 6/ml）,建立CMD动物模型。成功建模7 d后行双能...     

循环训练模式对兔跟腱末端区组织形态学的影响

目的 观察循环训练对兔跟腱末端区组织形态学的影响,探讨循环训练对训练性末端病的预防作用.方法 72只日本大耳白兔随机分为正常对照组、跑步训练组、跳跃训练组、循环训练组(n=18),各组于第2、3、4、6、8、10周时随机处死3只动物,取双侧后足跟腱末端区组织,光镜下观察病理形态学变化,进行病理学评分及统计学分析.结果 光镜观察显示,跳跃训练模式下末端区组织腱纤维部分和纤维软骨部分受损严重;跑步训练模式下末端区组织腱纤维部分受损严重,纤维软骨部分受损较轻;与跳跃训练组及跑步训练组比较,循环训练模式下末端区组织损伤明显减轻.跳跃训练组第2、3、4、6、8、10周时跟腱末端区组织病理学评分分别为1.17±0.12、2.19±0.15、3.23±0.20、4.66±0.16、4.71±0.18、4.63±0.13,而跑步训练组分别为1.16±0.13、1.15±0.14、2.18±0.12、2.99±0.15、3.98±0.16、4.01±0.12,跳跃训练组病理学评分升高早于跑步训练组,且从第3周起其分值即明显高于跑步训练组(P＜0.05),两组评分差异主要源于潮线的变化.循环训练组第2、3、4、6、8、10周时跟腱末端区组织病理学评分分别为1.13±0.14、1.16±0.17、1.15±0.13、2.18±0.13、2.17±0.12、2.92±0.11,早期阶段病理学评分与正常对照组比较无明显差异,在训练晚期(6周以后)评分升高,但其分值低于跳跃训练组及跑步训练组(P＜0.05),且评分改变主要源于腱周组织和潮线的病理学变化.结论 循环训练可以为跟腱末端区组织塑形改建提供充分的修复时间,降低末端区组织受损程度.应用循环训练法不仅可有效预防末端病的发生,还可促进末端区组织的塑形改建,增强其抗损伤能力.     

Intra-arterial Vein Bypass using a vein-loaded stent System to occlude wide-necked aneurysms: an experimental study in dogs

We treated 13 experimental wide-necked aneurysms of lateral type produced in dog carotid arteries with a vein-loaded stent system consisting of an autologous vein graft, a vein-carrier stent, and two other self-expanding Z-shaped stents. The vein-loaded stent, made by connecting the autologous vein graft to the vein-carrier stent, was implanted in the common carotid artery to seal the aneurysm's orifice, after which two booster stents were deployed. The distal stent was placed to fix the distal end of the vein graft, and the proximal stent was placed at the proximal venous portion of the vein-loaded stent to reinforce its proximal end. In this manner an intra-arterial bypass was established across the aneurysm. Of 13 aneurysms seven were completely occluded, preserving the parent artery. The remaining six procedures resulted in parent artery occlusion because of failures in stent deployment. Angiograms performed in within 1 week six successfully treated dogs revealed the parent artery to be patent in four but thrombosed in two. Histological study of successful cases showed as smooth intima with slight endothelial hypertrophy and partially organised thrombus. The intraluminal features were also observed with a vascular endoscope at the time of treatment in four dogs and at the time of follow-up angiography in two. The appearances corresponded well to the macroscopic findings in the specimens. Our vein-loaded stent system offers complete closure of the orifice, which does not occur with conventional stent placement. The method is believed to show clinical promise for treating wide-necked aneurysms not curable by embolisation of the sac. Received: 22 June 1998 Accepted: 23 July 1998     

肝动脉血流对兔VX2肝脏肿瘤冷冻效果的影响

目的 通过建立兔VX2肝脏肿瘤模型,观察肝动脉血流对氩氦超低温冷冻消融治疗效果的影响.方法30只成功建立VX2肝脏肿瘤模型的实验兔,于肿瘤种植后第14天,用数字表法随机等分为3组.调整肝动脉血流,肝动脉完全阻断组为A组,部分阻断组为B组,正常对照组为C组.行CT平扫和灌注扫描,计算各组肿瘤组织血流量(BF)、血容量(BV),采用方差分析法分析3组参数之间的差别.然后行氩氦冷冻治疗,术后即刻处死实验兔,取出肝脏.取肝脏肿瘤冷冻区及其周围组织分别进行氯化硝基四氮唑蓝(TTC)及四甲基偶氮唑(MTT)染色,观察大体及镜下病理改变.结果(1)肿瘤种植后第14天,A组肿瘤组织的BF和BV值分别为(7.23±2.15)ml·100 g-1·min-1和(1.63±0.52)ml/100 g;B组分别为(32.65±6.12)ml·100 g-1·min-1和(9.32±2.63)ml/100 g;C组分别为(61.34±12.15)ml·1130 g-1·min-1和(17.51±3.14)ml/100 g,3组间差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为452.16和421.33,P＜0.01).(2)TTC染色显示,肿瘤组织平均最大冷冻直径A组为(2.3±0.3)cm,B组为(1.5±0.2)cm,C组为(0.8±0.1)cm,3组差异有统计学意义(F值为315.32,P＜0.01).(3)MTT染色可见界限清楚的冷冻区、交界带及周围正常染色区;在未结扎肝动脉的C组可见无染色的冷冻区内部分血管周围组织染色阳性.结论 减少肝动脉血流可明显提高肝癌冷冻治疗的效果.     

Angiogenesis and blood-brain barrier breakdown modulate CT contrast enhancement: an experimental study in a rabbit brain-tumor model

Because of the crucial role played by tumor neovascularization in contrast enhancement, we studied the CT imaging findings in a transplantable rabbit brain tumor, the VX2 carcinoma that induces angiogenesis and the breakdown of blood-brain barrier associated with contrast enhancement. Tumor detection by contrast enhancement followed the peak of angiogenesis. Inhibition of angiogenesis, by copper depletion and penicillamine, led to avascular tumors that lack contrast enhancement. Furthermore, there was no contrast enhancement in brain adjacent to the tumor of normocupremic rabbits or within the hypocupremic tumor, despite the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, without the concomitant presence of angiogenesis. We conclude that contrast enhancement of intracranial tumors is dependent primarily on the proliferation of the microvasculature.     

Influence of a dexamethasone-eluting covered stent on tissue reaction: an experimental study in a canine bronchial model

This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a dexamethasone (DXM)-eluting, covered, self-expanding metallic stent to reduce tissue reaction following stent placement in a canine bronchial model. We placed a DXM-eluting, polyurethane-covered, self-expanding metallic stent (drug stent, DS) and a polyurethane-covered, self-expanding metallic stent (control stent, CS) alternately in each left main bronchus and left lower lobe bronchus in 12 dogs. The stents were 20 mm in diameter and length when fully expanded. The dose of DXM was approximately 36.7 mg in each DS, but was absent in the CS. The dogs were euthanased 1 week (n=4), 2 weeks (n=4) or 4 weeks (n=4) after stent placement. Histologic findings, such as epithelial erosion/ulcer or granulation tissue thickness, were obtained from the mid-portion of the bronchus, where the stent had been placed, and evaluated between DS and CS. There were no procedure-related complications or malpositioning of any of the bronchial stents. Stent migration was detected in one dog just before euthanasia 1 week following stent placement. Stent patency was maintained until euthanasia in all dogs. Epithelial erosion/ulcer (%) was significantly less in the DS (mean±standard deviation, 46.88±23.75) than in the CS (73.75±14.08) (P=0.026) for all time-points. There was a decrease in epithelial erosion/ulcer as the follow-up period increased in both DS and CS. The granulation tissue thickness (mm) was less in DS (2.63±2.05) than in CS (3.49±2.95), although the difference was not significant (P=0.751) for all time-points. There was a tendency toward an increase in granulation tissue thickness and chronic lymphocytic infiltration as the follow-up period increased in both DS and CS. In conclusion, DXM-eluting, covered, self-expanding metallic stent seems to be effective in reducing tissue reaction secondary to stent placement in a canine bronchial model.     

Magnetic resonance evaluation of luminal patency after polylactide stent implantation: an experimental study in a rabbit aorta model

Intravascular metallic stents cause magnetic field distortions, disturbing luminal detection. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of polylactic acid (PLA) stents on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Biodegradable double spiral helical PLA stents (n=12) or stainless steel (SS) (n=6) stents were implanted into the infrarenal aortas of New Zealand White rabbits. All SS- and 6 PLA-stented animals as well as 6 non-operated control rabbits were imaged with gadolinium-enhanced MRA (1.5 T), and infrarenal aortic diameters (proximal, distal, and narrowest), together with the stent artifact, were measured. Six of the PLA-stented rabbits were followed up, and MRA was assessed at 2, 6, 9, and 12 months after the stent implantation. Image artifacts caused by the SS stents were visualized in all cases. The PLA stents caused no magnetic field distortion, allowing imaging of the underlying vessel including the vessel lumen. In the follow-up group of 6 rabbits with a PLA stent, 5 of 6 were patent at the end of the follow-up of 12 months. These stents allowed luminal detection at all time points, with no significant differences in aortic measurements emerging during the whole follow-up period. When immediately postoperatively scanned SS and PLA rabbits were compared with controls, no differences were observable in proximal diameters. Instead, the percentage of distal luminal loss was greater in the PLA-stented rabbits, as compared with SS stents (p<0.01). The PLA stenting in small vessels allows evaluation of luminal patency with MRA both immediately after implantation and during follow-up. Electronic Publication