年龄和性别对急性心肌梗死住院患者预后的影响

目的：探讨年龄和性别对急性心肌梗死（AMI）住院患者预后的影响。方法:回顾性研究1994年1月至2004年12月期间在我院住院且未行再灌注治疗的全部AMI病例，对比不同年龄和性别AMI患者住院期间缺血复发（包括心绞痛和再梗死）、心力衰竭和死亡发生率的差异。结果:共有1?315例患者入选，男性897例，女性418例。在≤60岁, 61～80岁和≥81岁三个不同的年龄组，女性患者比例随年龄的增长而增加（分别为18.4%、 37.8%和53.8%,P均＜0.05）；心力衰竭和死亡的发生率随年龄的增长而增加（分别为16.0％、30.0%、49.2%和4.1％、10.0%、32.3%, P均＜0.05）；缺血复发率无统计学意义。女性患者住院期间心力衰竭和死亡的发生率高于男性患者（分别为34.4％　vs　22.1%,　P＜0.001；11.7％　vs　7.8%, P＜0.05）,排除年龄因素后，性别对死亡率的影响无统计学意义。结论:AMI患者住院期间心力衰竭和死亡的发生率随年龄增长而增加；女性患者心力衰竭发生率显著高于男性，死亡率也高于男性，但排除年龄因素后，不同性别死亡率的差异未达统计学意义。     

Impact of patients’ symptom interpretation on care-seeking behaviors of patients with acute myocardial infarction

Background Delay in seeking medical care in patients with acute myocardial infarction （AMI） is receiving increasing attention. This study aimed to examine the association between expected symptoms and experienced symptoms of AMI and its effects on care-seeking behaviors of patients with AMI. Methods Between November 1, 2005 and December 31, 2006, a cross-sectional and multicenter survey was conducted in 19 hospitals in Beijing and included 799 patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） admitted within 24 hours after onset of symptoms. Data were collected by structured interviews and medical record review. Results The median （25%, 75%） prehospital delay was 140 （75, 300） minutes. Only 264 （33.0%） arrived at the hospital by ambulance. The most common symptoms expected by patients with STEMI were central or left chest pain （71.4%）, radiating arm or shoulder pain （68.7%）, shortness of breath or dyspnea （65.5%）, and loss of consciousness （52.1%）. The most common symptoms experienced were central or left chest pain （82.1%）, sweats （71.8%）, shortness of breath or dyspnea （43.7%）, nausea or vomiting （32.3%）, and radiating pain （29.4%）. A mismatch between symptoms experienced and those expected occurred in 41.8% of patients. Patients who interpreted their symptoms as noncardiac in origin were more likely to arrive at the hospital by self-transport （86.5% vs. 52.9%, P 〈0.001） and had longer prehospital delays （medians, 180 vs. 120 minutes, P 〈0.001） compared to those who interpreted their symptoms as cardiac in origin. Conclusions Symptom interpretation influenced the care-seeking behaviors of patients with STEMI in Beijing. A mismatch between expectation and actual symptoms was associated with longer prehospital delay and decreased use of emerqency medical service （EMS）.     

心肌型脂肪酸结合蛋白早期诊断急性冠脉综合征

目的探讨心肌型脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP)在病人出现急性胸痛症状早期区分诊断急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者与正常人的效果。方法人为纳入正常人、急性心肌梗死(AMI)确诊病人比例2∶1以及正常人、不稳定心绞痛(UAP)确诊病人比例2∶1的小样本人群。采用双抗体夹心ELISA法对40例正常人、19例AMI患者以及20例UAP患者血清H-FABP浓度进行定量。分别绘制H-FABP在正常人、AMI患者组成的人群以及正常人、UAP患者组成的人群中用于诊断AMI和UAP者的特征曲线(ROC曲线)并比较曲线下面积(AUC)与0.5的大小,0.5被认为是确定一项指标是否具有任何诊断意义的AUC临界值。结果H-FABP浓度定量正常人组为(1.29±0.64)ng/ml、AMI组为(24.45±32.40)ng/ml、UAP组为(1.95±3.11)ng/ml,依此绘制出的ROC曲线其AUC分别为AUCAMI:0.978(95%CI:0.948￣1.000),AUCUAP:0.503(95%CI:0.334￣0.671)。前者与0.5相比具有显著差异而后者没有。结论H-FABP具备在急性胸痛症状出现早期区分AMI与正常人的能力,但不具备早期区分UAP与正常人的能力。H-FABP定量检测可用于AMI早期诊断。     

Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and mortality among patients with myocardial infarction presenting without chest pain

CONTEXT: Although chest pain is widely considered a key symptom in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI), not all patients with MI present with chest pain. The extent to which this phenomenon occurs is largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency with which patients with MI present without chest pain and to examine their subsequent management and outcome. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING AND PATIENTS: A total of 434,877 patients with confirmed MI enrolled June 1994 to March 1998 in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2, which includes 1674 hospitals in the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of presentation without chest pain; clinical characteristics, treatment, and mortality among MI patients without chest pain vs those with chest pain. RESULTS: Of all patients diagnosed as having MI, 142,445 (33%) did not have chest pain on presentation to the hospital. This group of MI patients was, on average, 7 years older than those with chest pain (74.2 vs 66.9 years), with a higher proportion of women (49.0% vs 38.0%) and patients with diabetes mellitus (32.6% vs 25. 4%) or prior heart failure (26.4% vs 12.3%). Also, MI patients without chest pain had a longer delay before hospital presentation (mean, 7.9 vs 5.3 hours), were less likely to be diagnosed as having confirmed MI at the time of admission (22.2% vs 50.3%), and were less likely to receive thrombolysis or primary angioplasty (25.3% vs 74.0%), aspirin (60.4% vs 84.5%), beta-blockers (28.0% vs 48.0%), or heparin (53.4% vs 83.2%). Myocardial infarction patients without chest pain had a 23.3% in-hospital mortality rate compared with 9.3% among patients with chest pain (adjusted odds ratio for mortality, 2. 21 [95% confidence interval, 2.17-2.26]). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that patients without chest pain on presentation represent a large segment of the MI population and are at increased risk for delays in seeking medical attention, less aggressive treatments, and in-hospital mortality. JAMA. 2000;283:3223-3229     

脑钠肽、肌红蛋白及肌钙蛋白Ⅰ联合测定对早期诊断急性心肌梗死的临床意义

目的探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者血浆脑钠肽（BNP）,血清肌红蛋白（MYO）,肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）的浓度变化及三者间的相关性,以探讨其对AMI的临床意义。方法采用化学免疫荧光法定量检测47例AMI患者入院后24 h内的BNP,MYO和cTnⅠ,并进行比较分析单个测定以及联合测定时诊断AMI的敏感性和特异性。结果 （1）AMI组BNP,MYO及cTnI的结果与健康对照组相比较,均有显著升高（P〈0.05）。（2）在胸痛发作后2～6 h BNP,MYO,cTnI以及三项联合检测敏感性分别为76.2%,62.1%,74.2%,93.5%和特异性分别为79.2%,63.5%,82.7%,77.9%;在胸痛发作后6～12 h BNP,MYO,cTnI以及三项联合检测敏感性分别为89.5%,67.8%,83.5%,95.9%和特异性分别为84.3%,62.1%,88.3%,80.6%;在胸痛发作后12～24 h BNP,MYO,cTnI以及三项联合检测敏感性分别为94.7%,85.9%,92.6%,98.5%和特异性分别为97.6%,59.4%,96.5%,83.1%。结论 BNP,MYO及CTnI联合检测可以提高AMI检测的敏感性,有助于AMI早期诊断。     

老年急性心肌梗死的临床特点及处理

目的 探讨老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)的临床特点。方法 对我院住院的老年AMI患的临床资料进行整理分析。结果 老年AMI患首发症状胸痛占36．8％,气促占28．9％,腹痛、牙痛占21．4％,无明显症状占2．7％,发病到就诊时间1～17d占21．1％,只有11．8％的患进行溶栓治疗,住院病死率17．1％。结论 老年AMI患发病症状呈多样性,病死率高,应引起重视。     

白细胞计数对早期急性心肌梗死的诊断价值

目的:探讨WBC计数在急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)中的早期诊断价值。方法:选择AMI早期就诊患者47例(胸痛时间<2h,肌红蛋白阴性,无其他炎症相关疾病),分别于入院即刻和胸痛发生后4~8h、12~24h采集静脉血,分别检测WBC、C反应蛋白(CRP)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTNI)与肌红蛋白(Mb)。并于出院后3~12个月,跟踪监测WBC 3次,取其平均值作为自身对照。同时检测健康人群WBC和CRP作正常对照。结果:AMI胸痛发作2h内,在Mb阴性时,WBC即开始升高(9.12±2.18)×109/L,显著高于自身对照(6.49±1.09)×109/L和正常对照组(5.97±1.24)×109/L(P<0.01)。但中性粒细胞与自身对照相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);CRP与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在Mb和cTNI阳性后WBC和CRP显著升高(P<0.01),在12~24h达峰值,分别为(12.46±5.28)×109/L和(50.9±21.3)×109/L,同时中性粒细胞也显著升高(P<0.01)。结论:AMI发作早期,Mb和cTNI阴性时,WBC即显著升高,因此WBC计数对早期AMI有一定的诊断价值。     

心型脂肪酸结合蛋白超早期诊断对急性心肌梗死的应用价值

目的:探讨心型脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP)在急性心肌梗死(AMI)超早期诊断中的准确度及其应用价值。方法:75例发病12h内入院的AMI患者作为研究组,其中发病在4h内29例,4~12h 46例;25例冠脉造影正常者入选对照组。采用双抗体夹心ELISA法定量测定待测血清H-FABP和肌钙蛋白(cTnI)值,并分别绘制两指标在AMI发病4h内、4~12h两组的特征曲线(ROC),比较曲线下面积(AUC)。并按推荐CUTOFF值计算敏感性、特异性、约登指数(Youden index)、阴性预测值(NPV)、阳性预测值(PPV)。结果:4h内H-FABP和cTnI比较,AUC、敏感性、约登指数、NPV差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);4~12h内H-FABP和cTnI比较,AUC、敏感性、约登指数、NPV差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:H-FABP在AMI早期准确度高,在发病4~12h内,与cTnI一样是优秀的AMI诊断指标;而在4h以内诊断准确度及预测价值明显高于cTnI,非常有利于AMI尽早诊断与排除。     

影响北京市心肌梗死病人应用急救医疗服务的因素

目的 调查北京市急性心肌梗死(AMI)病人急救医疗服务(EMS)应用率并探讨其影响因素.方法 多中心现况调查.入选2006年1月1日至12月31日期间就诊于北京市19所医院的789例ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)病人.入院1周内,通过与病人进行结构式访谈及查阅病例记录收集资料.根据到达首诊医院的转运方式将病人分为EMS组和自行转运组,对比分析两组资料.结果 仅260例(33.0%)通过EMS转运到达首诊医院,其余529例(77.0%)通过自行转运到达.多元Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥65岁(OR 1.530,95%CI 1.050～2.230,P=0.027)、大学及以上受教育程度(OR 2.032,95%CI,1.257～3.284,P=0.004)、冠心病史(OR 0.474,95%CI 1.049～2.458,P=0.029)、症状不能耐受(OR 0.592,95%CI 1.090～2.520,P=0.008)、焦虑(OR 0.760,95%CI 1.238～3.695,P=0.006)以及将症状归于心脏病(OR 0.402,95%CI 1.020～2.171,P=0.041)是应用EMS的独立预测因素.而梗死前心绞痛显著较少了EMS应用(OR 0.626,95% CI 0.431～0.907,P=0.013).结论 北京市仅1/3的STEMI病人发病后选择EMS转运.社会人口学、冠心病史、症状特点和认知因素等影响了病人对EMS的应用.     

Impact of a chest-pain guideline on clinical decision-making

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a chest-pain guideline on clinical decision-making and medium-term outcomes of patients presenting to a hospital emergency department (ED) with non-traumatic chest pain. DESIGN: Before-and-after guideline implementation study. SETTING: Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, Sydney, NSW (454-bed metropolitan teaching hospital), in the six-month periods before and after guideline implementation in February 2001. PARTICIPANTS: Patients presenting to the ED with non-traumatic chest pain who had chest-pain assessment forms completed by ED doctors, comprising 422/768 (54.9%) of those presenting before and 461/691 (66.7%) after guideline implementation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Appropriateness of admission/discharge decisions compared with decision of senior cardiologist based on guideline; death, recurrent chest pain, ED re-presentation and hospital readmission in the ensuing three months. RESULTS: After guideline implementation, appropriate admission/discharge decisions increased significantly from 180/265 (68%) to 261/324 (81%) (difference, 13%; 95% CI, 6%-20%). The largest increase was for patients at moderate risk of death or acute myocardial infarction within six months, from 39/96 (38%) to 57/103 (55%) (difference, 18%; 95% CI, 4%-31%). Increases were seen for both junior doctors (interns and resident medical officers) (18%; 95% CI, 7%-30%) and senior doctors (11%; 95% CI, 2%-19%). Logistic regression showed that implementation of the guideline, seniority of assessing doctor and patient history of coronary disease were independent predictors of appropriate decisions. There was a significant decline in re-presentations to ED with recurrent chest pain in patients previously presenting with cardiac or possibly cardiac pain, from 46/201 (23%) before implementation to 32/247 (13%) after (difference, 210%; 95% CI, 217% to 23%). CONCLUSIONS: The chest-pain guideline resulted in a significant improvement in clinical decision-making in the ED and reduced re-presentations with cardiac/possibly cardiac chest pain.     

心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白对急性心肌梗死早期诊断价值的研究

选取115例疑诊急性心肌梗死（AMI）的急性胸痛患者,并按胸痛时间分为〈3h和3～6h两个时段,分别进行心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白（H—FABP）和传统心肌损伤标记物肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK—MB）及肌红蛋白（MYO）检测,比较不同时段检测结果对AMI早期诊断的敏感性及特异性。结果显示,胸痛发生≤6h检测H—FABP对AMI诊断的敏感性显著高于cTnT、CK—MB、MYO（P值分别为0．026、0．005、0．048）;H—FABP的特异性低于cTnT、CK-MB（P〉0．05）。ST段抬高的心肌梗死组与非ST段抬高的心肌梗死组间H—FABP敏感性分别为81．6％、78．1％（P=0．095）。无论胸痛发生〈3h还是3-6h,H—FABP联合cTnT检测对AMI诊断的敏感性均优于cTnT、CK—MB及MYO联合（P值分别为0．005、0．028）。提示,H—FABP在AMI患者早期、快速诊断中具有较高的敏感性,但特异性较差,对早期诊断有参考价值。     

Delay times and management of acute myocardial infarction in indigenous and non-indigenous people in the Northern Territory

OBJECTIVES: To investigate differences in presentation and management of Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients hospitalised with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). DESIGN: Retrospective review of hospital medical records. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 122 patients with definite or possible AMI admitted to hospitals in the Top End of the Northern Territory (NT) in 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentage receiving thrombolytic therapy; delays from symptom onset to primary and emergency department presentations, first and diagnostic electrocardiograms, thrombolytic therapy and aspirin; drugs prescribed during hospitalisation. RESULTS: Thrombolytic therapy was given to 12/41 Indigenous patients (29%) and 38/81 non-Indigenous patients (47%) (P = 0.06). Presentation delay over 12 hours was the reason for not giving thrombolytic therapy for 14/29 Indigenous patients (48%) and 8/43 non-Indigenous patients (19%) (P < 0.01). Median delay times were longer for Indigenous patients for all six categories of delay, although the difference was significant only for delay to emergency department presentation (10:00 versus 3:26 hours; P < 0.01) and to diagnostic electrocardiogram (8:10 versus 3:50 hours; P < 0.01). Delays were also longer for patients from rural compared with urban areas. Once diagnosed, Indigenous patients were as likely as non-Indigenous patients to receive aspirin (93% versus 96%) and beta-blockers (70% versus 69%) and more likely to receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (60% versus 40%; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Delays in presentation affect Indigenous people living in rural and urban areas as well as non-Indigenous people living in rural areas. Concerted efforts are needed to improve health service access in rural areas and to encourage Indigenous people with persistent chest pain to present earlier.     

Chest pain with nondiagnostic electrocardiogram in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial of two cardiac marker regimens

BACKGROUND: Early detection of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) may save lives. In the emergency setting, it is unclear whether the early use of certain cardiac markers (myoglobin and cardiac troponin I [cTnI]) assists in making appropriate decisions whether to admit or discharge patients with chest pain of possible ischemic cause who have nondiagnostic electrocardiograms (ECGs). We performed a study to determine whether the addition of new cardiac markers in the emergency department results in improved clinical decisions. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted between June 1997 and June 1998 in a tertiary care emergency department in Kingston, Ont. Of 296 patients aged 30 years or more who presented to the emergency department with chest pain and nondiagnostic ECGs, 146 were randomly assigned to the intervention group (determination of baseline creatine kinase [CK] level, CK MB fraction and cTnI level, and myoglobin level at baseline and at 2 hours) and 150 to the control group (determination of baseline CK level and CK MB fraction). Outcome measures included the rate of admission to the inpatient cardiology service and length of stay in the emergency department. RESULTS: Of the 296 patients, 34 (11.5%) received a diagnosis of AMI in the emergency department, and 92 (31.1%) had chest pain of noncardiac cause. Patients in the intervention group were less likely than those in the control group to be admitted to the cardiology service (67 [45.9%] v. 81 [54.0%]). The absolute difference in the proportion (8.1% [95% confidence interval -3.3 to 19.5]), although potentially important clinically, was not statistically significant. The length of stay in the emergency department was essentially the same in the 2 study groups. At 30 days, the proportions of patients with a diagnosis of recurrent angina (58.2% in the intervention group and 58.0% in the control group) and AMI (12.3% and 14.7%) were also similar. INTERPRETATION: The optimal cardiac marker panel to be used in the emergency department remains unknown. The addition of serial testing of myoglobin with cTnI confirmation to the standard panel did not substantially change the clinical management or outcomes of patients presenting with chest pain and nondiagnostic ECGs.     

Influence of ambulance use on early reperfusion therapies for acute myocardial infarction

Background Ambulance use expedites the definitive treatment of acute myocardial infarction （AMI）. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ambulance use on the administration of early reperfusion therapies for patients with AMI in Beijing, China. Methods Data were prospectively collected from 498 patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） who were admitted within 12 hours of symptom onset to 19 hospitals in Beijing between November 1,2005 and December 31, 2006. The baseline characteristics of and the initial management of the ambulance users and the non-ambulance users were compared. Results Only 186 （37.3%） patients used an ambulance as transportation to the hospital. Ambulance users were, on average, older and at relatively higher risk on presentation than the non-ambulance users. After adjustment for patient and hospital characteristics, ambulance use was associated with a greater early reperfusion rate, mainly because of a greater incidence of primary percutaneous coronary intervention. In addition, ambulance users had a significantly shorter median door-to-balloon （120 compared with 145 minutes, P 〈0.001） and symptom onset-to-balloon （223 compared with 300 minutes, P 〈0.001） time than non-ambulance users. Conclusions Ambulances are underused by AMI patients in Beijing. Ambulance use may lead to more frequent and faster receipt of early reperfusion therapies. New public health strategies should be developed to facilitate an increased use of ambulances by AMI patients.     

Improving access to acute stroke therapies: a controlled trial of organised pre-hospital and emergency care

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of the PAST (Pre-hospital Acute Stroke Triage) protocol in reducing pre-hospital and emergency department (ED) delays to patients receiving organised acute stroke care, thereby increasing access to thrombolytic therapy. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study using historical controls. SETTING: Hunter Region of New South Wales, September 2005 to March 2006 (pre-intervention) and September 2006 to March 2007 (post-intervention). PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients presenting with acute stroke to a regional, tertiary referral hospital. INTERVENTION: PAST protocol, comprising a pre-hospital stroke assessment tool for ambulance officers, an ambulance protocol for hospital bypass for potentially thrombolysis-eligible patients, and pre-hospital notification of the acute stroke team. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of patients who received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), process of care time points (symptom onset to ED arrival, ED arrival to tPA treatment, and ED transit time), and clinical outcomes of patients treated with tPA. RESULTS: The proportion of ischaemic stroke patients treated with tPA increased from 4.7% (pre-intervention) to 21.4% (post-intervention) (P < 0.001). Time point outcomes also improved, with a reduction in median times from symptom onset to ED arrival from 150 to 90.5 min (P = 0.004) and from ED arrival to stroke unit admission from 361 to 232.5 minutes (P < 0.001). Of those treated with tPA, 43% had minimal or no disability at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Organised pre-hospital and ED acute stroke care increases patient access to tPA treatment, which is proven to reduce stroke-related disability.     

Primary coronary angioplasty vs thrombolysis for the management of acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients.

CONTEXT: Despite evidence from randomized trials that, compared with early thrombolysis, primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) reduces mortality in middle-aged adults, whether elderly patients with AMI are more likely to benefit from PTCA or early thrombolysis is not known. OBJECTIVE: To determine survival after primary PTCA vs thrombolysis in elderly patients. DESIGN: The Cooperative Cardiovascular Project, a retrospective cohort study using data from medical charts and administrative files. SETTING: Acute care hospitals in the United States. PATIENTS: A total of 20683 Medicare beneficiaries, who arrived within 12 hours of the onset of symptoms, were admitted between January 1994 and February 1996 with a principal discharge diagnosis of AMI, and were eligible for reperfusion therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Thirty-day and 1-year survival. RESULTS: A total of 80356 eligible patients had an AMI at hospital arrival and met the inclusion criteria, of whom 23.2% received thrombolysis and 2.5% underwent primary PTCA within 6 hours of hospital arrival. Patients undergoing primary PTCA had lower 30-day (8.7% vs 11.9%, P=.001) and 1-year mortality (14.4% vs 17.6%, P=.001). After adjusting for baseline cardiac risk factors and admission and hospital characteristics, primary PTCA was associated with improved 30-day (hazard ratio [HR] of death, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-0.88) and 1-year (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.73-0.94) survival. The benefits of primary coronary angioplasty persisted when stratified by hospitals' AMI volume and the presence of on-site angiography. In patients classified as ideal for reperfusion therapy, the mortality benefit of primary PTCA was not significant at 1-year follow-up (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.78-1.08). CONCLUSION: In elderly patients who present with AMI, primary PTCA is associated with modestly lower short- and long-term mortality rates. In the subgroup of patients who were classified as ideal for reperfusion therapy, the observed benefit of primary PTCA was no longer significant.     

白细胞分类与肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶检测结合对急性心肌梗死的早期诊断价值

目的　观察白细胞分类与肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶 (CK MB)检测相结合对急性心肌梗死的早期诊断价值。方法　前瞻性研究因胸痛而就诊的病例 6 2 5例 ,观测心电图变化及血液肌酸磷酸激酶及其同工酶 ,白细胞总数及分类 ,肌钙蛋白T等的变化 ,最后统计并比较各指标尤其是白细胞分类并肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶对急性心肌梗死的早期诊断价值。结果　急性心肌梗死胸痛发生后 1 2h内相对淋巴细胞减少的敏感性最高 (6 1 3% ) ;肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶并白细胞分类对急性心肌梗死诊断的特异性和诊断有效性 ,与心电图有诊断意义的ST段抬高相近 ,而敏感性明显高于后者 (4 6 8%vs 38 7% ,P <0 0 5 )。结论　肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶与白细胞分类两个指标相结合 ,敏感性和特异性均较高 ,对急性心肌梗死的早期诊断有较大的临床价值     

定量测定血清心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ、肌红蛋白在急性心肌梗死诊治中的应用

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical implications of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), myoglobin (Mb), creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: The serum concentrations of cTnI and Mb were determined in 50 patients with AMI 2 to 4 h after chest pain onset and compared with those measured in 50 age-matched healthy subjects. RESULTS: The serum levels of cTnI, CK-MB and CK in patients with AMI were significantly higher than those in the control group. Mb levels in AMI group were above the normal range. Mb, CK-MB, CK and cTnI reached the peak levels at 8+/-2.2, 18.1+/-3.2, 19.4+/-4.1 and 18.6+/-2.9 h after the onset, respectively, and their levels increased with the aggravation of AMI and were reduced to the normal levels with the amelioration of the disease. All the 4 indices were normal in the control group. CONCLUSION: cTnI and Mb are reliable biochemical markers for early diagnosis of AMI and the changes in their serum levels have clinical significance in diagnoses and prognostic judgment of AMI.     

急性心肌梗死216例诊断分析

【目的】探讨急性心肌梗死不典型症状及心电图变化，防止误诊误治的发生。【方法】分析我院2003年1月-2007年2月收入院的216例急性心肌梗死（acute myocardial infarction，AMI）患者的临床表现、心电图及心肌坏死标记物的动态变化。【结果】具有典型AMI症状及，或心电图演变的患者占全部患者的90．74％；表现为急性左心衰的占4．17％；以晕厥、低血压就诊的占0．93％；以快速房颤伴意识障碍就诊的占1．85％；以上腹痛、恶心、呕吐症状就诊的占1．85％；以发作性右胸痛为主要症状的占0．46％。这些不典型的AMI患者均为老年人伴有糖尿病、脑血管疾病或发病时出现低血糖者。【结论】重视AMI患者的不典型症状，监测心电图及心肌坏死标志物的动态变化可以避免误诊误治的发生。     

The effect of multidisciplinary case management on selected outcomes for frequent attenders at an emergency department

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of multidisciplinary case management (CM) on emergency department (ED) utilisation and psychosocial variables for frequent attenders at the ED. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort analysis, with the study population as historical controls and data analysed 12 months before and after CM intervention in the period 1 January 2000 - 31 December 2004. Subgroup analyses were performed according to primary problem categories: general medical, drug and alcohol, and psychosocial. SETTING: Inner urban tertiary hospital ED. PARTICIPANTS: Frequent ED attenders who received CM. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ED attendances: length of stay, triage category, ambulance transport, disposition, attendances at the only two EDs nearby. Psychosocial factors: housing status, drug and alcohol use, and primary and community care engagement. RESULTS: 60 CM patients attended the ED on 1387 occasions. Total attendances increased after CM for the whole group (610 v 777, P = 0.055). Mean average length of stay (minutes) of the total study population and each subgroup was unaffected by CM (297 v 300, P = 0.8). Admissions for ED overnight observation increased as a result of CM (P = 0.025). CM increased scores for housing stability (P = 0.007), primary care linkage (P = 0.003), and community care engagement (P < 0.001) for the whole group and variously within subgroups. Drug and alcohol use was unaffected by CM. CONCLUSION: ED-initiated, multidisciplinary CM appears to increase ED utilisation and have a positive effect on some psychosocial factors for frequent attenders. A trend towards increased ED attendance and utilisation with CM may have implications for policies that seek to divert frequent attenders away from hospitals.