Genetic and phenotypic characterization of resistance to macrolides in Streptococcus pyogenes from Argentina

Five hundred and seventy-eight strains of group A streptococci (GAS) isolated mostly from paediatric pharyngeal swabs were tested to evaluate their susceptibility to erythromycin. Resistant strains were then tested for their MICs to erythromycin and clindamycin, their phenotype of resistance to macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin (MLS(B)) and for the presence of macrolide resistance genes. The rate of resistance to erythromycin was 8.2%. Constitutive, inducible and M phenotypes of resistance were detected in 2.1, 2.1 and 95.8% of resistant strains, respectively. All M phenotypes harboured the mefA gene, whereas constitutive and inducible phenotypes had ermB and ermTR genes, respectively.     

广东省新兴地区儿童致病性A组链球菌emm基因测序分型的研究

目的了解新兴地区儿童感染A群链球菌（GAS）emm基因型的分布状况。方法收集本院门诊和住院的呼吸道感染、皮肤化脓感染、风湿热、猩红热患儿咽拭子和皮肤感染伤口分泌物进行培养，并采用PCR法扩增GAS的M蛋白N末端，进行测序，确定GAS的emm基因分型。结果共分离鉴定出GAS98株，GAS感染引起的咽炎、扁桃体炎、脓皮病在学龄前儿童和学龄儿童中发病率较高；98株GAS的emm基因型以emml（35．7％）、emm18（13．3％）、emm12（9．2％）多见。结论学龄前儿童和学龄儿童感染GAS发病率无年龄差异（P〉0．05）。新兴地区A群链球菌emm基因分型主导型为emml、emm18等菌型，可初步认定它们是主要流行菌株，作为合适本地的基因疫苗的基础。     

150例儿童上呼吸道感染患者咽拭子涂片细菌培养结果及其耐药性分析

目的:探究儿童患者咽拭子标本涂片镜检与细菌培养结果,分析上呼吸道感染患者产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肠杆菌科细菌的耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供参考.方法:选取2018年7月-2020年3月期间医院上呼吸道感染门诊患儿咽拭子标本150例资料,分析其咽拭子标本的采集、涂片、染色、镜检情况是否合格,并比较这些标...     

Activité in vitro du cefpodoxime et de l’azithromycine sur Streptococcus pyogenes

Cefpodoxime proxetil as first line treatment, and azithromycin as second line when the administration of a betalactam is prohibited, are among drugs recommended in France for short course therapy of Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) tonsillitis.This study evaluated the in vitro activity of cefpodoxime and azithromycin against 101 GAS, recently isolated in France from tonsillitis. MICs of cefpodoxime, azithromycin, penicillin and erythromycin were determined by the standard agar dilution method. Resistance phenotypes to macrolides were determined by the double disc diffusion test using erythromycin and clindamycin.All strains were susceptible to penicillin; 10% were resistant to erythromycin. Nine of 10 erythromycin-resistant strains had the MLS_B (6 constitutive and 3 inducible) phenotype and 1/10 the M phenotype.MICs 50/90/range (mg/L) were 0.008-0.015/0.008-0.015 for cefpodoxime and 0.25/1/0.015-512 for azithromycin.100% of the strains were susceptible to cefpodoxime. 89%, 1% and 10% were respectively susceptible, intermediate and resistant to azithromycin. All erythromycin-resistant strains were resistant to azithromycin (MICs azithromycin range: 8-512mg/L).Cefpodoxime has a strong activity against GAS with very low MICs and 100% of strains being susceptible. Azithromycin has a lower intrinsic activity and a resistance rate of 10%. These findings support CPD use as first line therapy of GAS tonsillitis.     

Effective treatment of gonorrhoea.

Effective therapy of gonorrhoea has changed drastically over the years, reflecting the progessive acquisition of relative antibiotic resistance by the causative organism. Although in the US. th 1974 USPHS recommendations are the best guidelines for management at present, recent epidemiological trends may obviate some of these provisions. The most important of these trends is the emergence of R-factor carrying strains capable of producing penicillinase, thereby making these strains absolutely resistant to clinically achievable levels of penicillin. This review analyses this problem in the context of reasonable therapeutic goals and also discusses optimum management of patients with such complications as pharyngeal infection, pelvic inflammatory disease and disseminated gonococcal infection.     

Characterisation of successive Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a deceased haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis patient

In this study, 38 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates successively isolated from blood, skin swabs and tracheal aspirates from a single patient who died from haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis were investigated. The isolates were collected between March 2012 and August 2012. A. baumannii genotypes were determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and colistin heteroresistance and persistence were evaluated. The structure of AbaR resistance islands was explored, and serum sensitivity was determined. Based on MLST analysis, all 38 A. baumannii isolates showed the same sequence type (ST138). However, PFGE analysis showed that isolates from blood samples belonged to different genotypes depending on the isolation time: whilst blood isolates obtained at the early stages showed restriction patterns similar to those of isolates from other sources, isolates obtained at later stages exhibited a distinct pattern. All isolates were resistant to imipenem, cefepime, ciprofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam. Five isolates from tracheal aspirates and one from a skin swab were resistant to polymyxins, and two isolates from skin swabs and one from another source were non-susceptible to tigecycline. All colistin-susceptible isolates showed heteroresistance to colistin, and four were persisters. Isolates from blood showed higher survival rates against human serum than those from other sources. This study shows that the patient was infected with more than one A. baumannii strain. Heteroresistance, persistence or evasion of the innate immune response may explain the failure of antimicrobial treatments in this patient.     

新生儿重症监护病房医院感染肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性与同源性分析

目的：对新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）医院感染病例的临床及环境采样标本进行病原学分离培养和鉴定,测定菌株对常用抗菌药物的耐药性及其同源性,为控制肺炎克雷伯菌院内感染暴发流行提供科学依据。方法：临床及环境采集标本中分离的7株肺炎克雷伯菌,采用VITEK2COMPACT全自动微生物分析系统进行耐药性测定,并进行脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）基因分型,明确其同源性。结果：除7号菌株外,另6株肺炎克雷伯菌均为多重耐药菌,且PFGE分析具有同源性。结论：NICU病房临床分离的7株肺炎克雷伯菌中有6株具有同源性,证实是一次院内感染暴发流行,环境污染和接触传播是造成此次感染的主要途径。因此采取及时有效的消毒隔离措施,对控制医院感染暴发流行具有重要意义。     

Molecular epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of Enterobacter spp. from three distinct populations in Grampian,UK

The distribution of Enterobacter spp. within the population of Aberdeen Royal Infirmary was compared with the outpatient population with regard to molecular epidemiology and antibiotic resistance. Enterobacter spp. from 60 patients and one environmental site were characterised as ITU, non ITU and outpatients’ isolates. Thirty-five percent were blood culture isolates. Cefotaxime resistant strains in the hospital were frequent. Cefotaxime (64%) sensitive isolates were inducible for hyperproduction of Bush group 1 β-lactamase. Isolates were further investigated by PFGE. Isolates (27%) were clonally related and typed in four clusters. Consecutive isolates were studied in selected patients showing minor genomic changes. One environmental isolate from a deep sink at ITU was related to a patient's isolate.     

儿童咽拭子标本406份中EB病毒的检测及其基因型鉴定

目的了解湖南省株洲、湘潭和衡阳地区儿童鼻咽部EB病毒的感染状况及其基因型,为EB病毒的治疗、预防和临床检验提供指导。方法从株洲、湘潭和衡阳部分医院收集疑似EB病毒感染的儿童咽拭子标本406份,采用荧光定量聚合酶联反应（FQ—PCR）检测标本中的EB病毒-DNA;阳性标本分别用特异性引物从中扩增3个目的基因片段,其中PCR扩增的EBNA-3C片段直接电泳以分析1／2分型,BamHI片段和BamHI WI／I1交界区基因片段采用PCR-RFLP分析鉴定F／f和C／D分型,测序和Blast比对验汪分型结果。结果从406份标本中共检出 EB病毒-DNA阳性株159份,株洲74份（38．5％）,其中1型72份（97．3％）,2型2份（2．7％）;湘潭42份（38．9％）,1型40份（95．2％）,2型2份（4．8％）;衡阳43份（40．6％）,1型43份（100％）,2型未发现、从159份阳性株中随机扩增了73份做F／f分型,68份做C／D分型,共检测到F型73份,C型68份,3个地区均未检测到f型和D型。结论株洲,湘潭和衡阳儿童鼻咽部EB病毒感染的检出率分别为38．5％,38．9％,40．6％,且其主要感染的3种独立基因型以1、C、F型为主,3个地区间儿童鼻咽部EB病毒-DNA的检出率及其基因型的差异无统计学意义。     

A组乙型溶血性链球菌感染90例临床分析

目的 分析总结A组乙型溶血性链球菌(group A Streptococcus pyogens, GAS)感染患者的临床特点以提高诊疗水平。方法 收集温州医科大学附属第二医院自2005-2016年收住的90例证实为GAS感染患者的临床资料并进行统计分析。结果 GAS感染在儿童中最常见的疾病表现为扁桃体炎(38.0%)，成人中则为局部皮肤软组织感染(72.7%)。实验室指标，C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞(WBC)、降钙素原(PCT)、抗链球菌溶血素O(ASO)可有所升高。目前GAS对常用抗菌药物仍较敏感。预后89例治愈后出院，1例死亡病例。结论 GAS感染在儿童中以学龄期常见，在成人中以中年期常见。GAS感染患者在合理使用抗菌药物后，预后良好，少有危重症感染发生。     

咽拭子培养干预对鼻咽癌适形调强放疗放射性口腔黏膜炎治疗的临床研究

目的观察咽拭子培养在应用抗生素治疗放射性口腔黏膜炎中的临床价值。方法选取2016年4月-2018年11月在广东省农垦中心医院治疗的鼻咽癌患者117例,因药物过敏中途退出2例。采用随机数字表法分为观察组58例和对照组57例。2组均采用同样的放化疗方案,出现放射性口腔黏膜炎时,观察组治疗前行咽拭子检查,然后再根据结果应用抗生素治疗,对照组治疗前不行咽拭子培养检查,2组治疗后均再行咽拭子培养,对比2组患者使用抗生素治疗前后疼痛评分及口腔黏膜炎症变化等情况,观察咽拭子培养的作用。结果2组咽拭子培养阳性45例(39.13%),观察组58例,咽拭子阳性29例(50.00%),此29例按药敏试验予敏感抗生素治疗。对照组57例,咽拭子培养阳性16例(28.07%),57例均按经验予抗生素治疗。使用抗生素后,观察组放射性口腔黏膜炎分级情况优于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组对疼痛的控制明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组用药后咽拭子培养阳性16例,产生耐药7例,明显高于观察组,2组使用抗生素后的咽拭子培养差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论鼻咽癌调强放疗中放射性口腔黏膜炎的发生率为100%,合并感染者常见,使用抗生素治疗前行咽拭子培养对选择合适的抗生素抗感染治疗有很好的指导作用,且对感染控制效果优于经验性用药,操作简单,适用性强,值得推广使用。     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated at Fukuoka University Hospital and hospitals and clinics in the Fukuoka city area

Bacteriological and epidemiological studies were carried out on 106 isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated at our hospital (56 isolates) and from 15 other hospitals and clinics (50 isolates) in the Fukuoka city area. Strains were studied regarding coagulase-type, beta-lactamase production, and antimicrobial susceptibility; genotype studies used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with cluster analysis. The majority of isolates produced coagulase type II (75.5%) and beta-lactamase (72. 6%); there was high susceptibility to arbekacin (84.9%) but no resistance to vancomycin. Dendrogram analysis of PFGE patterns identified five major clusters that generally correlated with coagulase-type and beta-lactamase production. Though isolates of two clusters were both coagulase type II and beta-lactamase producing, which was the most common circulating strain both in our hospital and other hospitals and clinics, dendrogram analysis of PFGE patterns showed that they were heterogeneous. Four genetically identical isolates from the same hospital suggested the existence of hospital-specific strains. Nine genetically identical isolates from intensive care units (ICU) in our hospital suggested that a unique strain of MRSA was found there. It had not been transmitted from another area. PFGE with cluster analysis seemed to be an essential tool to detect area-specific or hospital-specific strains undifferentiated by phenotyping. These findings confirmed that a combination of PFGE, including cluster analysis along with coagulase-type and beta-lactamase production may provide more detailed information for the epidemiological study of MRSA.     

聚丙烯网片在腹壁切口疝修补术90例中的临床应用

目的探讨聚丙烯网片修补腹壁切口疝的手术方法和临床疗效。方法回顾性分析1997年1月至2007年5月我院用聚丙烯网片修补90例腹壁切口疝患者的临床资料。结果90例患者均手术修复成功,术后根据切口引流量于2～4d拔除胶管引流,切口7～10d拆线,所有患者均I／甲愈合。所有患者术后2—3d下床活动,7～10d出院,无皮下积液、切口感染及排异反应等并发症。随访1—6年无一例复发。结论腹壁切口疝聚丙烯网片修补术是一种无张力修补术,并发症少、术后恢复快、复发率低,可作为腹壁切口疝修补的常规手术方法。     

In vivo development of carbapenem resistance in clinical isolates of Enterobacter aerogenes producing multiple beta-lactamases

Four clinical strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and AmpC-producing Enterobacter aerogenes were isolated successively from a liver transplantation patient. Isolates C(1) and C(2) were isolated prior to carbapenem therapy, whilst isolates C(3) and C(4) were recovered after 40 days of carbapenem therapy. The homology of these strains was analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). beta-Lactamases were analysed by isoelectric focusing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Outer membrane proteins were analysed by PCR, sequencing, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot. Disruption of OmpE36 in C(1) in vitro was also performed by homologous gene recombination. The isolates demonstrated an indistinguishable PFGE pattern. Molecular characterisation revealed that, in addition to the pre-existing multiple beta-lactamases (DHA-1, TEM-1, SHV-5, CTX-M-3 and CTX-M-14) found in C(1) and C(2), isolates C(3) and C(4) failed to express OmpE36 owing to insertional inactivation by an IS903-like insertion sequence. Other resistance mechanisms, such as production of carbapenem-hydrolysing enzymes or expression of chromosomal efflux, were apparently not involved. Completely replacing OmpE36 by the kanamycin resistance gene (kan) resulted in a significant increase in carbapenem minimum inhibitory concentrations of an ompE36 mutant. Thus, C(3) and C(4) were apparently derived from the previously imipenem-susceptible isolates C(1) and C(2). Following carbapenem exposure, depletion of OmpE36 expression resulted in the collateral effect of carbapenem resistance.     

Activity of grepafloxacin and other fluoroquinones and newer macrolides against recent clinical isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae.

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a frequent cause of community-acquired respiratory tract infection including pneumonia and bronchitis. Quinolones have attracted interest as potential therapy for community-acquired respiratory tract infections because they are active against a wide range of pathogens including C. pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The in vitro susceptibilities of C. pneumoniae were determined for grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, trovafloxacin, clarithromycin and azithromycin. Isolates of C. pneumoniae tested included two reference strains, TW-183 and CM-1, and 12 recent clinical isolates from adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Susceptibility testing was performed in HEp-2 cells grown in 96-well microtiter plates. The MIC was the lowest antibiotic concentration at which no inclusions were seen. The MBC was the lowest concentration which resulted in no inclusions after passage in antibiotic-free medium. Grepafloxacin was the most active quinolone tested with an MIC50 of 0.125 mg/l, MIC90 and MBC90 of 0.5 mg/l. Grepafloxacin may have a role in the treatment of C. pneumoniae infections, but prospective clinical studies utilizing culture are lacking.     

Molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type determination and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of SmaI macrorestriction fragments of genomic DNA as well as staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing for mecA-carrying isolates were used to study the distribution of clonal types among 177 Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates recovered in a Spanish hospital between 2000 and 2003. Five major clonal types (P1 to P5) were identified by PFGE, with one of them (P1) comprising the majority of strains (47.5%). According to SCCmec typing, SCCmec type IVA was the most prevalent type, showing increasing prevalence in the hospital setting with respect to other pandemic clones. One SCCmec pattern was detected in different PFGE types, which demonstrates that the latter is a major discriminative typing method. Three novel SCCmec elements or variants were found, each in a different PFGE type. Oxacillin (methicillin)-resistant and -susceptible S. aureus (MRSA and MSSA, respectively) strains were detected showing identical PFGE patterns, suggesting horizontal transfer of mecA to MSSA and/or mecA deletion from MRSA. Persistence of several S. aureus clones throughout the years within the same hospital environment was also observed.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者恢复期肛拭子中SARS-CoV-2核酸检测结果评价

目的 分析新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者在恢复期肛拭子标本中新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）核 酸的检出率及其临床价值。方法 对我院确诊的COVID-19患者痰液、咽拭子和肛拭子3种来源的标本同期进行 SARS-CoV-2核酸检测。分析3种标本类型的病毒核酸阳性率及肛拭子病毒核酸阳性时痰液标本和咽拭子标本中 病毒核酸检出情况。结果 共收集50例COVID-19患者的156份样本,其中痰液标本41份,检出SARS-CoV-2阳性 8份（19.5%）;咽拭子标本55份,检出SARS-CoV-2阳性6份（10.9%）;肛拭子标本60份,检出SARS-CoV-2阳性11份 （18.3%）。50例COVID-19患者在恢复期出现病毒核酸阳性者痰液、咽拭子和肛拭子样本核酸检测阳性分别有8例 （19.5%）、6例（12.0%）和10例（20.0%）。10例肛拭子核酸检测阳性患者的呼吸道标本核酸检测显示9例为阴性。结 论 COVID-19患者恢复期肛拭子SARS-CoV-2核酸阳性检出率较咽拭子和痰液标本检出率稍高。患者恢复期的 呼吸道标本SARS-CoV-2核酸连续检测阴性时,应考虑添加肛拭子检测作为出院或者隔离标准。     

clinical aspects of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in peptic ulcer disease

Background and aims : Although the role of H. pylori in peptic ulcer disease is no longer in dispute, certain aspects of eradication therapy in this condition have yet to be settled. Uncertainties still surround the relationship between Helicobacter pylori status and ulcer healing, the efficacy of eradication therapy in alleviating acute symptoms and healing ulcers, and the prognosis after eradication with respect to recurrence of symptoms, ulcers and complications. The present literature review, encompassing studies published up to October 1995, specifically addresses these issues.
Results : Pooled data show that eradication therapy heals 90% of duodenal ulcers and 85% of gastric ulcers, while individual studies repeatedly confirm that it is more effective at healing ulcers than conventional treatment with anti-secretory drugs. Recent reports indicate that triple therapy regimens for 1 week, provided they include an anti-secretory drug, are sufficient to achieve high rates of healing and rapid symptom relief. A detailed analysis of the data, particularly those from studies reporting healing rates in relation to H. pylori status after eradication therapy, provides strong evidence that eradication of H. pylori produces ulcer healing. Follow-up studies show that ulcer recurrence and complications are rare after eradication treatment in patients with either gastric or duodenal ulcer disease. However, while ulcer symptoms are infrequent during follow-up, a proportion of patients appear to develop gastrooesophageal reflux after eradication.
Conclusions : H. pylori eradication is highly effective in promoting ulcer healing and preventing subsequent ulcer recurrence. These beneficial effects of eradication therapy are observed in patients with either gastric or duodenal ulcers which are associated with H. pylori infection.     

精细化流程在封控区大型核酸筛查中的应用

在2021年6月3日至6月23日封控期间，广东省中医院芳村医院护理人员对封控区域人群准确快速安全的完成咽拭子采集工作，均未发生医护人员感染事件。本文旨在通过探讨与总结护理人员在封控区域大型核酸筛查采集咽拭子的精细化流程，为以后的大规模核酸筛查工作提供有利的理论依据与经验总结。     

Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) throat carriage: a randomised trial comparing topical treatment with rifampicin-based systemic therapy

Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonisation may prevent transmission of strains between patients and reduces the risk of clinical infection. Colonisation of the throat is associated with prolonged carriage and is more difficult to eradicate. An open randomised study was conducted to evaluate two eradication protocols. Patients with pharyngeal carriage of MRSA were enrolled at six Swedish centres during 4 years. One treatment group received oral rifampicin and either clindamycin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) for 7 days in combination with nasal mupirocin. Patients in the other group were treated with nasal mupirocin only. Patients in the same household were randomised together. Both groups followed a hygiene protocol including chlorhexidine washing. Cultures from the nares, perineum and throat were taken at baseline and then at 2 weeks, 2 months and 6 months after the end of treatment. A total of 28 patients received rifampicin-based systemic antibiotics and 24 subjects received mupirocin only. At follow-up 6 months after the end of treatment, 61% of patients and 50% of households in the systemic antibiotics group had culture results negative for MRSA. Significantly less patients (12%) and households (10%) became decolonised in the group receiving topical treatment only. A combination of rifampicin and either clindamycin or SXT was more effective in eliminating pharyngeal MRSA carriage compared with topical treatment with mupirocin only.