次氯酸钠对根管内粪肠球菌杀菌效果的体外实验

目的评价次氯酸钠对根管内粪肠球菌的杀菌效果。方法将45个离体前磨牙的感染根管标本分为6组，1、2组用5．25％及2．5％次氯酸钠冲洗，3组用0．9％NaCl冲洗，4、5组在根管预备时辅以5．25％及2．5％次氯酸钠冲洗，6组在根管预备时辅以0．9％Nacl冲洗。冲洗前、冲洗后即刻及冲洗后72h分别取样培养。结果6组根管内的细菌量均显著下降。1、2组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但均好于3组（P〈0．05）。4、5和6组差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。根管冲洗后培养72h均有细菌生长。结论2．5％次氯酸钠基本可达到更高浓度的灭菌效果，但是经过机械预备和次氯酸钠化学消毒后的根管内仍有细菌残留。     

Er：YAG激光对根管内粪肠球菌影响的体外研究

目的本研究通过体外实验比较Er：YAG激光在不同频率的杀菌效果,及其在直根管及弯曲根管内的杀菌效果。方法选取50颗直单根管牙齿分F1、F2、F3、FP、FN 5组,比较Er：YAG激光在不同频率的杀菌效果;选取直根管30颗、弯曲根管20颗分5组比较Er：YAG激光对直根管及弯曲内粪肠球菌影响。建立粪肠球菌感染模型,FP组、E1组、E2组2.5%NaOCl溶液冲洗2min。FN组和E5组0.9%无菌生理盐水冲洗2min。其余各组根管内干燥后,激光照射12s,共4次,每次间隔10秒。根管消毒前后取样,检测粪肠球菌的菌落数目。结果①不同频率激光对根管内粪肠球菌影响的比较：冲洗或消毒后,F1组、F2组、F3组、FP组杀菌率两两比较没有统计学意义（P〉0.05）。②Er：YAG激光对直根管及弯曲内粪肠球菌影响的比较：冲洗或消毒后,E1、E2、E3组杀菌率分别为87.90%、87.02%和87.20%,两两比较没有统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但是E4组杀菌率为74.64%,与E1组、E2组、E3组两两比较有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 Er：YAG激光是一种有效的根管消毒器械。不同频率的激光杀菌效果相似,但是在弯曲根管内的杀菌效果低于在直根管内。     

不同类型激光对根管内粪肠球菌消毒作用的研究进展

近年来,越来越多的新技术被用于牙科治疗中,其中激光的应用更是获得广泛关注。在根管消毒方面,已有许多研究证实,不同类型激光器在运用于根管消毒时,对粪肠球菌均有一定杀菌作用,可考虑作为辅助技术协助完成根管治疗。现今,常应用于根管消毒的激光器包括Nd：YAG、Er：YAG、Er,Cr：YSGG激光及KTP激光和半导体激光等,这些激光器的工作原理相互之间都略有不同,其作用效果也存在一定差异。本文就不同类型激光对根管内粪肠球菌消毒作用的研究进展作一综述。     

不同消毒方法对感染根管内粪肠球菌抗菌性的研究现状

粪肠球菌属于人体的正常菌群,但在根管治疗后持续感染和再感染的根管中常被检出,此菌是导致根管治疗失败的主要致病菌。目前,根管治疗中常规的机械预备和根管冲洗方法并不能完全清除已定植于根管中的粪肠球菌。本文就几种临床根管消毒方法对粪肠球菌的抑菌作用方面做一综述。     

次氯酸钠对粪肠球菌杀菌效果的体外研究

目的体外评价次氯酸钠(NaOCl)对粪肠球菌的杀菌效果及浓度依赖关系。方法采用纸片扩散法药敏实验观察NaOCl对粪肠球菌的抑菌环大小(mm),直接接触法观察NaOCl对粪肠球菌的灭活时间。结果5.25%NaOCl的抑菌环直径最大,4.00%与2.50%、1.00%与0.50%差异无显著性。5.25%NaOCl在30s内可杀死全部粪肠球菌,2.50%NaOCl杀死粪肠球菌需要15min,随浓度的下降,杀死细菌所需要的时间延长。结论高浓度NaOCl的效果优于低浓度NaOCl,2.50%NaOCl基本可满足临床要求。     

氯化镧对根管内粪肠球菌抗菌效果的体外实验

目的:研究氯化镧、FC、CP、氢氧化钙丙二醇糊剂4种根管消毒剂对离体牙根管内粪肠球菌的抗菌性能。方法:选取72个新鲜拔除的单根管前磨牙,随机分为4个实验组(氯化镧组、FC组、CP组、氢氧化钙丙二醇糊剂组)、1个阴性对照组和1个阳性对照组,每组12个牙。所有牙清理根管后灭菌,除阴性对照组不感染细菌外,其余各组均建立粪肠球菌感染根管模型。建模后,4个实验组分别在根管内放置氯化镧药液、FC、CP、氢氧化钙丙二醇糊剂;阴性和阳性对照组放置生理盐水,37℃、50 mL/L CO2培养箱内培养。分别于培养后3 d和7 d时,取各组根管内壁牙本质粉末用BHI培养基继续培养72 h,比浊仪检测各样本的浊度。结果:①药物处理第3天时,氯化镧组牙本质小管中残留菌量较阳性对照组少,但高于阴性对照组和FC组、氢氧化钙丙二醇糊剂组(P<0.05),与CP组无显著性差异(P>0.05);②药物处理第7天时,FC组、CP组、氢氧化钙丙二醇糊剂组和氯化镧组4种消毒剂牙本质小管内残留细菌量较阳性对照组有明显减少(P<0.05),与阴性对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:根管内放置氯化镧药液7 d可有效抑制粪肠球菌生长。     

四种冲洗剂对根管内粪肠球菌清除效果的体外实验

目的比较常用的根管冲洗剂对根管内粪肠球菌感染的清除效果。方法建立粪肠球菌根管内感染模型，实验组用4种常用的化学冲洗剂、对照组用0．9％NaCl溶液冲洗根管。冲洗前、后计数根管内的细菌量，检测残余细菌并观察72h细菌复苏情况。结果化学冲洗剂的杀菌效果明显好于0．9％NaCl溶液（P〈0．05），2．5％次氯酸钠及2％氯己定明显好于3％H2O2（P〈0．05）。结论2％氯己定、2％氯胺-T的杀菌效果与2．5％次氯酸钠相似，3％H2O2杀菌效果较弱。     

根管内粪肠球菌感染的研究进展

粪肠球菌（E.faecalis）在治疗失败根管内的检出率较高,是根管持续感染和再感染的重要微生物之一。粪肠球菌在治疗前后根管内的感染特点不同,并且对抗菌药物有较强耐药性。目前的根管清理和消毒方法难以将定植于根管中的粪肠球菌彻底清除。本文就有关根管内粪肠球菌的感染特点及其对抗菌剂的敏感性研究进展作一综述。     

根管充填后粪肠球菌再感染的研究

粪肠球菌是顽固性和继发性根管感染中最常分离到的细菌，但在临床尚未得到足够的重视。本文就粪肠球菌在根管充填后引发再感染的机制作一综述。     

再感染根管内粪肠球菌生物膜的研究进展

粪肠球菌是顽固性和继发性根管感染中最易分离到的细菌,其主要致病机制之一是形成生物膜.笔者下面就再感染根管内粪肠球菌的分离与鉴定、影响粪肠球菌生物膜形成的相关因素等作一综述.     

利用粪肠球菌感染根管模型评价不同根管封闭剂的抗菌效果

目的 体外建立粪肠球菌根管感染模型,比较3种生物陶瓷类根管封闭剂的抗菌性能.方法 选择人单直根管的离体前牙48颗,接种粪肠球菌并孵育4周以构建体外根管感染模型.完成根管成形和清理后,随机将样本分为3个实验组和2个对照组,每组按照如下方法进行根管充填:A组,Biodentine+牙胶;B组,iRoot BP+牙胶;C组,...     

粪肠球菌与复发性根尖周炎的相关性及其机制

粪肠球菌可在恶劣的环境中持续生长和繁殖,而在生物膜中具有的极强的生存和致病能力,使其成为根尖周炎复发的重要的致病因素。粪肠球菌的毒力因子,可引起健康组织损伤,增强细菌的黏附能力。粪肠球菌的检出率,在原发性感染根管内为7.5%,但在治疗失败的感染根管中可达到70%以上,即粪肠球菌在原发性根尖周炎患牙的根管内并非主要致病菌。粪肠球菌在根管冠1/3段的感染较重,在根中1/3和根尖1/3段的感染较轻。粪肠球菌对常规的根管消毒和抗菌药物有极强的耐药性,很难用传统的方法将其于根管内彻底清除,因此研发可以有效地抑制或杀灭粪肠球菌药物十分必要。     

Survival of Enterococcus faecalis in root canals ex vivo

AIM: The hypotheses tested in this study were that: (i) Enterococcus faecalis can survive long-term entombment in root filled teeth without additional nutrients, (ii) initial cell density influences the survival of E. faecalis in instrumented root canals and (iii) gelatinase-production capacity influences the survival of E. faecalis in root canals. METHODOLOGY: The root canals of 150 extracted single canal teeth were instrumented to apical size 60 and divided into six groups of 25. Within each group 10 canals were inoculated with either gelatinase-producing E. faecalis OG1-S and the other 10 with its gelatinase-defective mutant E. faecalis OG1-X. Five canals per group were kept as uninoculated controls. The root canals in groups 1 and 2 were inoculated with 10(6) bacteria, incubated for 48 h at 37 degrees C then filled with gutta-percha and zinc-oxide eugenol sealer. Root canals were inoculated with 10(6), 10(5), 10(4) and 10(3) bacteria in groups 3-6, respectively, and left unfilled. All teeth were sealed coronally with glass-ionomer cement. After 6- (groups 1, 3-6) and 12-month (group 2) incubation at 37 degrees C in 100% humidity, root fragments were analysed for presence of E. faecalis, using culture, polymerase chain reaction and histological methods. RESULTS: Viable E. faecalis was recovered from all root filled teeth and from 95-100% of unfilled inoculated teeth. Initial cell density and gelatinase production did not influence the recovery of viable E. faecalis (P > 0.05; chi-square test). Enterococcus faecalis 16S rRNA gene products were present in all inoculated teeth and absent in all noninoculated controls. Dentinal tubule infection was evident under light microscopy in sections from inoculated teeth after 48-h, 6- and 12-month incubation. CONCLUSIONS: Enterococcus faecalis inoculated into root canals maintained viability for 12-months ex vivo. The clinical implications are that viable E. faecalis entombed at the time of root filling could provide a long-term nidus for subsequent infection.     

Effectiveness of KTP laser versus 980 nm diode laser to kill Enterococcus faecalis in biofilms developed in experimentally infected root canals

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial action of KTP (potassium‐titanyl‐phosphate) laser irradiations (compared with 980 nm diode laser), associated with conventional endodontic procedures, on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Fifty‐six dental roots with single canals were prepared with Ni‐Ti rotary instruments, autoclaved, inoculated with an E. faecalis suspension and incubated for 72 h. They were randomly allocated to control and treatment groups. Laser parameters were as follows: power 2.5 W, Ton 35 ms, Toff 50 ms (KTP laser); power 2.5 W, Ton 30 ms, Toff 30 ms (980 nm diode laser). To evaluate the residual bacterial load, BioTimer Assay was employed. The chemo‐mechanical treatment together with laser irradiations (KTP and 980 nm diode lasers) achieved a considerable reduction of bacterial load (higher than 96% and 93%, respectively). Regarding both laser systems, comparisons with conventional endodontic procedures (mortality rate of about 67%) revealed statistically highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.01). This study confirms that laser systems can provide an additional aid in endodontic disinfection.     

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for the rapid detection of Enterococcus faecalis in infected root canals

INTRODUCTION: Enterococcus faecalis is a major pathogen in the etiology of apical periodontitis after root canal treatment. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification method, which amplifies DNA with high specificity, efficiency and rapidity under isothermal conditions using a set of four specially designed primers and a DNA polymerase with strand-displacement activity, was developed for the rapid detection of E. faecalis in clinical specimens from root canals. METHODS: Primers for detecting E. faecalis from the azoA gene were designed. The specificity of this assay was evaluated using various oral bacteria and the sensitivity was evaluated using serially diluted E. faecalis chromosomal DNA. In addition, loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays were applied to the rapid detection of E. faecalis from endodontic samples. RESULTS: The loop-mediated isothermal amplification products amplified with the primer set were specific for E. faecalis. To confirm the specificity of the amplicon, the amplified products were digested with the restriction endonuclease Sau3AI. The lower detection limit of the E. faecalis primer set without the loop primer set was 10 microg/tube for a 50-min loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction. Using loop primers increased the detection sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. Furthermore, E. faecalis was detected with the loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay in four root canals from 18 individuals and the detection results were consistent with those of conventional polymerase chain reactions. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay is very useful for rapid detection of E. faecalis and diagnosis of endodontic infection.     

In vitro activity of photoactivated disinfection using a diode laser in infected root canals

Objective. To investigate the lethal activity of photoactivated disinfection (PAD) on Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and mixed populations of aerobic or anaerobic bacteria in infected root canals using a diode laser after the application of a photosensitizer (PS). Materials and methods. First, the bactericidal activity of a low power diode laser (200 mW) against E. faecalis ATCC 29212 pre-treated with a PS (toluidine blue) for 2 min were examined after different irradiation times (30 s, 60 s and 90 s). The bactericidal activity in the presence of human serum or human serum albumin (HSA) was also examined. Second, root canals were infected with E. faecalis or with mixed aerobic or anaerobic microbial populations for 3 days and then irrigated with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite and exposed to PAD for 60 s. Results. Photosensitization followed by laser irradiation for 60 s was sufficient to kill E. faecalis. Bacteria suspended in human serum (25% v/v) were totally eradicated after 30 s of irradiation. The addition of HSA (25 mg/ml or 50 mg/ml) to bacterial suspensions increased the antimicrobial efficacy of PAD after an irradiation time of 30 s, but no longer. The bactericidal effect of sodium hypochlorite was only enhanced by PAD during the early stages of treatment. PAD did not enhance the activity of sodium hypochlorite against a mixture of anaerobic bacteria. Conclusions. The bactericidal activity of PAD appears to be enhanced by serum proteins in vitro, but is limited to bacteria present within the root canal.     

评价两种低温等离子体对粪肠球菌生物膜作用的体外实验研究

目的 比较辉光放电和介质阻挡放电两种低温等离子体装置产生的大气压低温等离子体对根管内粪肠球菌生物膜的杀菌效果。方法 在120颗离体牙的根管内部培养粪肠球菌生物膜,培养时间为7 d。将离体牙随机分为12个组,其中,10组分别接受介质阻挡放电和辉光放电这两种大气压低温等离子体装置处理离体牙根管,每种装置各处理5组,每组处理时间分别为2、4、6、8、10 min;另外2组为两种不同装置的单纯气体对照组。采用菌落形成单位计数法比较两种装置对根管内生物膜的杀菌效果,通过光谱测量仪分析两种装置的等离子体活性成分。结果 介质阻挡放电装置比辉光放电装置对根管内粪肠球菌生物膜的杀菌效果更好,不同时间段二者存活的细菌数量均有统计学差异（P<0.05）,而且随着处理时间延长优势更加明显。发射光谱显示两种装置的低温等离子体活性物质成分一致,但激发态Ar原子的群峰总体上表现为介质阻挡放电装置是辉光放电装置的2倍。结论 介质阻挡放电装置产生的低温等离子体杀灭根管内粪肠球菌生物膜更具优势。     

Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification method for the rapid detection of Enterococcus faecalis in infected root canals

Introduction: Enterococcus faecalis is a major pathogen in the etiology of apical periodontitis after root canal treatment. A loop‐mediated isothermal amplification method, which amplifies DNA with high specificity, efficiency and rapidity under isothermal conditions using a set of four specially designed primers and a DNA polymerase with strand‐displacement activity, was developed for the rapid detection of E. faecalis in clinical specimens from root canals. Methods: Primers for detecting E. faecalis from the azoA gene were designed. The specificity of this assay was evaluated using various oral bacteria and the sensitivity was evaluated using serially diluted E. faecalis chromosomal DNA. In addition, loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assays were applied to the rapid detection of E. faecalis from endodontic samples. Results: The loop‐mediated isothermal amplification products amplified with the primer set were specific for E. faecalis. To confirm the specificity of the amplicon, the amplified products were digested with the restriction endonuclease Sau3AI. The lower detection limit of the E. faecalis primer set without the loop primer set was 10 μg/tube for a 50‐min loop‐mediated isothermal amplification reaction. Using loop primers increased the detection sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. Furthermore, E. faecalis was detected with the loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay in four root canals from 18 individuals and the detection results were consistent with those of conventional polymerase chain reactions. Conclusion: These results indicate that the loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay is very useful for rapid detection of E. faecalis and diagnosis of endodontic infection.