Predicting cerebral ischemic infarct volume with diffusion and perfusion MR imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusion and perfusion MR imaging have proved useful in the assessment of acute stroke. We evaluated the utility of these techniques in detecting acute ischemic infarction and in predicting final infarct size. METHODS: Diffusion and hemodynamic images were obtained in 134 patients within a mean of 12.3 hours of onset of acute ischemic stroke symptoms. We retrospectively reviewed patient radiology reports to determine the presence or absence of lesion identification on initial diffusion- (DW) and perfusion-weighted (PW) images. Radiologists were not blinded to the initial clinical assessment. For determination of sensitivity and specificity, the final discharge diagnosis was used as the criterion standard. Neurologists were not blinded to the DW or PW imaging findings. In 81 patients, acute lesions were compared with final infarct volumes. RESULTS: Sensitivities of DW imaging and cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and mean transit time (MTT) perfusion parameters were 94%, 74%, 84%, and 84%, respectively. Specificities of DW imaging, CBV, CBF, and MTT were 96%, 100%, 96%, and 96%, respectively. Results were similar in 93 patients imaged within 12 hours. In 81 patients with follow-up, regression analysis yielded r(2) = 0.9, slope = 1.24 for DW imaging; r(2) = 0.84, slope = 1.22 for CBV; r(2) = 0.35, slope = 0.44 for CBF; and r(2) = 0.22, slope = 0.32 for MTT, versus follow-up volume. A DW-CBV mismatch predicted additional lesion growth, whereas DW-CBF and DW-MTT mismatches did not. Results were similar in 60 patients imaged within 12 hours. CONCLUSION: Diffusion and hemodynamic images are sensitive and specific for detecting acute infarction. DW imaging and CBV best predict final infarct volume. DW-CBV mismatch predicts lesion growth into the CBV abnormality. CBF and MTT help identify additional tissue with altered perfusion but have lower correlation with final volume.     

Correlation of early dynamic CT perfusion imaging with whole-brain MR diffusion and perfusion imaging in acute hemispheric stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Compared with MR imaging, dynamic CT perfusion imaging covers only a fraction of the whole brain. An important assumption is that CT perfusion abnormalities correlate with total ischemic volume. The purpose of our study was to measure the degree of correlation between abnormalities seen on CT perfusion scans and the volumes of abnormality seen on MR diffusion and perfusion images in patients with acute large-vessel stroke. METHODS: Fourteen patients with acute hemispheric stroke symptoms less than 12 hours in duration were studied with single-slice CT perfusion imaging and multislice MR diffusion and perfusion imaging. CT and MR perfusion studies were completed within 2.5 hours of one another (mean, 77 minutes) and were reviewed independently by two neuroradiologists. Hemodynamic parameters included cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and mean transit time (MTT). Extents of abnormality on images were compared by using Kendall correlation. RESULTS: Statistically significant correlation was found between CT-CBF and MR-CBF abnormalities (tau = 0.60, P =.003) and CT-MTT and MR-MTT abnormalities (tau = 0.65, P =.001). Correlation of CT-CBV with MR-CBV approached significance (tau = 0.39, P =.06). Extent of initial hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted images correlated best with extent of MR-CBV abnormality (tau = 0.69, P =.001), extent of MR-MTT abnormality (tau = 0.67, P =.002), and extent of CT-CBV abnormality (tau = 0.47, P =.02). CONCLUSION: Good correlation was seen between CT and MR for CBF and MTT abnormalities. It remains uncertain whether CT perfusion CBV abnormalities correspond well to whole-brain abnormalities.     

Actinomycotic brain infection: registered diffusion, perfusion MR imaging and MR spectroscopy

Introduction: Actinomycotic brain infection is caused by an organism of the Actinomyces genus. We report here one such case. Methods: The methods used included coregistered diffusion, perfusion and spectroscopic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Results: Decreased apparent diffusion coefficient, markedly elevated fractional anisotropy (FA) and reduced cerebral blood flow were observed. MR spectroscopy demonstrated elevated amino acids, acetate and succinate. Conclusion: Elevated FA values may be due to the microstructure of this special brain infection.     

MR perfusion, diffusion and BOLD imaging of methotrexate-exposed swine brain

PURPOSE: To evaluate the methotrexate (MTX)-exposed swine brain, functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including perfusion, diffusion, and blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast imaging, was used. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Juvenile pigs received either 2 x 5 g/m(2), or 5 x 2 g/m(2) MTX intravenously within one month. MRI was performed (sedative: propofol) before (14-17 kg, N = 6) and after (21-27 kg, N = 4) the MTX exposure. Also, age-matched controls (22-27 kg, N = 4) were imaged. RESULTS: After the MTX exposure, reduced (from 2%-4% to 0%-1%) or negative (-2% to -3%) BOLD responses were detected; apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) or relative perfusion values did not change. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that MTX-related changes in the brain may be detected as changes in flow-metabolism coupling as reduced or negative response (for somatosensory activation) in the BOLD contrast MRI. The contrast agent perfusion MRI, without absolute quantification, may not show global damage in brain perfusion related to the MTX exposure in the swine model used. ADC (in one direction) may not indicate MTX-related changes in the brain.     

Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging

Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging is a method the authors developed to visualize microscopic motions of water. In biologic tissues, these motions include molecular diffusion and microcirculation of blood in the capillary network. IVIM images are quantified by an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), which integrates the effects of both diffusion and perfusion. The aim of this work was to demonstrate how much perfusion contributes to the ADC and to present a method for obtaining separate images of diffusion and perfusion. Images were obtained at 0.5 T with high-resolution multisection sequences and without the use of contrast material. Results in a phantom made of resin microspheres demonstrated the ability of the method to separately evaluate diffusion and perfusion. The method was then applied in patients with brain and bone tumors and brain ischemia. Clinical results showed significant promise of the method for tissue characterization by perfusion patterns and for functional studies in the evaluation of the microcirculation in physiologic and pathologic conditions, as, for instance, in brain ischemia.     

骨肿瘤的MR灌注和扩散加权成像研究

目的 对临床常见的骨肿瘤进行MR灌注成像(PWI)和扩散加权成像(DWI)研究,探讨其在骨肿瘤定性诊断中的价值.方法 收集恶性骨肿瘤18例,良性骨肿瘤21例,行MR PWI和MR DWI,应用Functool 2软件分析,于灌注像上得到病灶时间一信号曲线(TIC)、首过期(FP)信号递减幅度、TIC最大线性斜率、两次稳态信号差值;于DWI上获得病灶表观扩散系数(ADC)值;采用SPSS 13.0统计分析软件,将从良、恶性骨肿瘤两组样本中获得的各种参数用成组设计的两样本均数进行t检验,采用受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线选择良恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断的阈值,计算MR PWI和MR DWI诊断恶性骨肿瘤的敏感度、特异度、和准确度.结果 MRP PWI显示,17/21的良性骨肿瘤TIC表现为Ⅰ型(平稳型)及Ⅱ型(缓降缓升型),恶性骨肿瘤TIC表现为Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型(速降型);良、恶性骨肿瘤之间的FP信号递减幅度、TIC最大线性斜率及两次稳态信号差值在良、恶性骨肿瘤之间的差异均具有显著性统计学意义,其据此诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度分别为82.1%、79.5%和87.2%;有4例良性骨肿瘤可根据其MR-PWI作定性判断,结果误诊为恶性肿瘤.MR DWI显示:b=300 s/mm2时,良、恶性骨肿瘤的ADC值的差异具有统计学意义;若以ADCI.63x103mm3/s为恶性阈值,其诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度为79.5%.MR PWI和MR DWI诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度分别为89.7%和79.5%.结论 MR PWI比MR DWI更有助于鉴别良、恶性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变,但恶性骨肿瘤与富血供良性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的灌注参数存在重叠,此时结合MR DWI可以提高诊断准确度.     

骨肿瘤的MR灌注和扩散加权成像研究

目的对临床常见的骨肿瘤进行MR灌注成像(PWI)和扩散加权成像(DWI)研究,探讨其在骨肿瘤定性诊断中的价值。方法收集恶性骨肿瘤18例,良性骨肿瘤21例,行MR PWI和MR DWI,应用Functool2软件分析,于灌注像上得到病灶时间-信号曲线(TIC)、首过期(FP)信号递减幅度、TIC最大线性斜率、两次稳态信号差值;于DWI上获得病灶表观扩散系数(ADC)值;采用SPSS13.0统计分析软件,将从良、恶性骨肿瘤两组样本中获得的各种参数用成组设计的两样本均数进行t检验,采用受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线选择良恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断的阈值,计算MR PWI和MR DWI诊断恶性骨肿瘤的敏感度、特异度、和准确度。结果MR PWI显示,17/21的良性骨肿瘤TIC表现为I型(平稳型)及II型(缓降缓升型),恶性骨肿瘤TIC表现为III型和IV型(速降型);良、恶性骨肿瘤之间的FP信号递减幅度、TIC最大线性斜率及两次稳态信号差值在良、恶性骨肿瘤之间的差异均具有显著性统计学意义,其据此诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度分别为82.1%、79.5%和87.2%;有4例良性骨肿瘤可根据其MR-PWI作定性判断,结果误诊为恶性肿瘤。MR DWI显示:b=300s/mm2时,良、恶性骨肿瘤的ADC值的差异具有统计学意义;若以ADC1.63×10-3mm2/s为恶性阈值,其诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度为79.5%。MR PWI和MR DWI诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度分别为89.7%和79.5%。结论MR PWI比MR DWI更有助于鉴别良、恶性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变,但恶性骨肿瘤与富血供良性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的灌注参数存在重叠,此时结合MR DWI可以提高诊断准确度。     

Early ischemia in growing piglet skeleton: MR diffusion and perfusion imaging

PURPOSE: To determine whether diffusion changes with ischemia of increasing duration, whether diffusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides different information than does gadolinium-enhanced imaging, and which structural and/or biochemical changes are potentially responsible for any changes in diffusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ischemia was surgically induced in one hip of each piglet (n=8) after approval from the Subcommittee on Research Animal Care; the other hip served as a control. Piglets were imaged at approximately 48 hours and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery at 1.5 T by using line-scan diffusion and dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) and enhancement ratios (ERs) were calculated. Significant differences in ADC and ER values over time were evaluated by using the Student t test (P<.05). At 8 weeks, piglets were sacrificed for histologic evaluation. RESULTS: MR images of ischemic hips showed essentially no flow 48 hours after surgery. Spontaneous partial reperfusion was observed 1-4 weeks after surgery (ischemic ER/control ER=66%+/-35 [standard deviation]), and the ER of the ischemic hips was well above that of the control hips at 8 weeks. The ADC of ischemic hips was elevated above that of control hips before reperfusion 1 week after surgery by 47%+/-12 and remained elevated despite flow restoration. Gross structural abnormalities on MR images appeared to coincide with reperfusion. Histologic findings revealed abnormal epiphyseal cartilage thickening, cartilaginous islands within ossified tissue, and less fatty marrow in ischemic hips than in control hips; all of these factors could explain elevated ADC. CONCLUSION: Diffusion is sensitive to early ischemia and follows a different time course than that of changes observed with gadolinium enhancement. ADC remained elevated in this model of severe, prolonged ischemia despite the spontaneous partial restoration of blood flow seen on gadolinium-enhanced images.     

Benefits of perfusion MR imaging relative to diffusion MR imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of hyperacute stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The development of thrombolytic agents for use with compromised cerebral blood flow has made it critical to quickly identify those patients to best treat. We hypothesized that combined diffusion and perfusion MR imaging adds vital diagnostic value for patients for whom the greatest potential benefits exist and far exceeds the diagnostic value of diffusion MR imaging alone. METHODS: The cases of patients with neurologic symptoms of acute ischemic stroke who underwent ultra-fast emergent MR imaging within 6 hours were reviewed. In all cases, automatic processing yielded isotropic diffusion images and perfusion time-to-peak maps. Images with large vessel distribution ischemia and with mismatched perfusion abnormalities were correlated with patient records. All follow-up images were reviewed and compared with outcomes resulting from hyperacute therapies. RESULTS: For 16 (26%) of 62 patients, hypoperfusion was the best MR imaging evidence of disease distribution, and for 15 of the 16, hypoperfusion (not abnormal diffusion) comprised the only imaging evidence for disease involving large vessels. For seven patients, diffusion imaging findings were entirely normal, and for nine, diffusion imaging delineated abnormal signal in either small vessel distributions or in a notably smaller cortical branch in one case. In all cases, perfusion maps were predictive of eventual lesions, as confirmed by angiography, CT, or subsequent MR imaging. CONCLUSION: If only diffusion MR imaging is used in assessing patients with hyperacute stroke, nearly one quarter of the cases may be incorrectly categorized with respect to the distribution of ischemic at-risk tissue. Addition of perfusion information further enables better categorizing of vascular distribution to allow the best selection among therapeutic options and to improve patient outcomes.     

Clinical application of perfusion and diffusion MR imaging in acute ischemic stroke.

With the advances in new neuroimaging modalities, the role of imaging of acute ischemic stroke has broadened and progressed from making diagnoses to providing valuable information for patient management. The goal of thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke should be to salvage the ischemic tissue reversibility that can respond to recanalization and avoid reperfusion of the dead (nonviable) tissue. It is essential to have rapid diagnostic modalities that can distinguish viable ischemic tissue from irreversibly damaged tissue, because there is a risk of reperfusion injury such as hemorrhagic complications with early intervention. Although diffusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been reported to have a high sensitivity and specificity for acute ischemia in acute stroke patients without early reperfusion therapy, the capability to differentiate reversible from irreversible ischemia by diffusion MR imaging has not been established. Perfusion MR imaging techniques provide direct information on parenchymal perfusion status (adequacy of the collateral circulation) and may have the potential for providing important information about tissue viability and/or reversibility for selecting appropriate patients for thrombolytic therapy.     

Characterisation of solitary pulmonary lesions combining visual perfusion and quantitative diffusion MR imaging

Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance (MR) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences for defining benignity or malignancy of solitary pulmonary lesions (SPL).

Methods

First, 54 consecutive patients with SPL, clinically staged (CT and PET or integrated PET-CT) as N0M0, were included in this prospective study. An additional 3-Tesla MR examination including DCE and DWI was performed 1 day before the surgical procedure. Histopathology of the surgical specimen served as the standard of reference. Subsequently, this functional method of SPL characterisation was validated with a second cohort of 54 patients.

Results

In the feasibility group, 11 benign and 43 malignant SPL were included. Using the combination of conventional MR sequences with visual interpretation of DCE-MR curves resulted in a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 100 %, 55 % and 91 %, respectively. These results can be improved by DWI (with a cut-off value of 1.52?×?10^?3 mm²/s for ADC_high) leading to a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 98 %, 82 % and 94 %, respectively. In the validation group these results were confirmed.

Conclusion

Visual DCE-MR-based curve interpretation can be used for initial differentiation of benign from malignant SPL, while additional quantitative DWI-based interpretation can further improve the specificity.

Key Points

? Magnetic resonance imaging is increasingly being used to help differentiate lung lesions. ? Solitary pulmonary lesions (SPL) are accurately characterised by combining DCE-MRI and DWI. ? Visual DCE-MRI assessment facilitates the diagnostic throughput in patients with SPL. ? DWI provides additional information in inconclusive DCE-MRI (type B pattern).     

Outcome of acute ischemic lesions evaluated by diffusion and perfusion MR imaging.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusion and perfusion MR imaging have been reported to be valuable in the diagnosis of acute ischemia. Our purpose was to ascertain the value of these techniques in the prediction of ischemic injury and estimation of infarction size, as determined on follow-up examinations. METHODS: We studied 18 patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent echo-planar perfusion and diffusion imaging within 72 hours of symptom onset. Quantitative volume measurements of ischemic lesions were derived from relative mean transit time (rMTT) maps, relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) maps, and/or apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. Follow-up examinations were performed to verify clinical suspicion of infarction and to calculate the true infarction size. RESULTS: Twenty-five ischemic lesions were detected during the acute phase, and 14 of these were confirmed as infarcts on follow-up images. Both ADC and rMTT maps had a higher sensitivity (86%) than the rCBV map (79%), and the rCBV map had the highest specificity (91%) for detection of infarction as judged on follow-up images. The rMTT and ADC maps tended to overestimate infarction size (by 282% and 182%, respectively), whereas the rCBV map appeared to be more precise (117%). Significant differences were found between ADC and rMTT maps, and between rCBV and rMTT maps. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that all three techniques are sensitive in detecting early ischemic injury within 72 hours of symptom onset but tend to overestimate the true infarction size. The best methods for detecting ischemic injury and for estimating infarction size appear to be the ADC map and the rCBV map, respectively, and the diffusion abnormality may indicate early changes of both reversible and irreversible ischemia.     

Assessment of brain perfusion with MR imaging

A technique for assessing brain perfusion with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is described. This technique uses two spin echo sequences that are identical except that the second is sensitised to blood flow by use of a pair of unipolar gradients on either side of the 180 degree pulse. Differences in phase between the two sequences are displayed with a sensitivity to flow rates of +/- 0.5, +/- 1, and +/- 2 mm/s per full scale (+/- pi radians) deflection. The technique was validated for measurement of flow at these rates with a water phantom. Ten patients with cerebrovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, cerebral tumor, periventricular leukomalacia, and meningitis were studied. Differences between grey and white matter were normally seen in adults. Infants displayed differences between central and peripheral regions of the brain. Abnormalities were seen in all clinical cases. The technique will require further validation but it appears to provide a totally noninvasive method for assessing brain perfusion.     

Current and future imaging of acute cerebral ischemia: assessment of tissue viability by perfusion imaging

With the advances and availability of new imaging modalities, the role of imaging of acute stroke has been broadened from making diagnosis to providing valuable information for patient management. We need to have rapid diagnostic modalities that distinguish reversible ischemic tissue from irreversibly damaged tissue for successful thrombolytic therapy. Although diffusion imaging has been reported to have both high sensitivity and specificity for acute ischemia in clinical studies, previous reports do not conclude whether the diffusion abnormality is indicative of reversibly or irreversibly injured tissue. Perfusion imaging such as perfusion magnetic resonance imaging and single-photon emission computed tomography may have the potential for providing useful information that determines tissue viability and/or reversibility. Cerebral blood flow thresholds evaluated by pretreatment single-photon emission computed tomography provide important information that is potentially useful in the management of acute stroke patients with intra-arterial thrombolysis. Perfusion imaging, when combined with diffusion imaging, may thus be potentially useful in improving patient selection for thrombolytic therapy.     

3.0T MR灌注加权成像和扩散加权成像在胰腺肿块诊断中的应用

目的 评价3.0 T MR灌注参数和ADC值在胰腺癌和胰腺肿块诊断中的应用价值.方法 选取20名正常志愿者及25例经手术病理证实的胰腺癌患者,行基于T1对比胰腺灌注扫描.测量胰腺癌组织、邻近胰腺组织、远端炎症区及正常胰腺组织的血管通透性常数(Ktrans)、血液回流常数(Kep)及细胞外血管外间质容量(Ve),并采用方差分析进行比较.15名正常志愿者及58例患者(胰腺癌30例、肿块型胰腺炎9例、实性假乳头状瘤9例及神经内分泌肿瘤10例)行DWI,采用方差分析比较不同组织的ADC值,并应用ROC曲线分析其诊断效能.结果 胰腺癌组织、邻近胰腺组织、远端炎症区及正常胰腺的Ktrans分别为(1.66±1.25)、(3.77±2.67)、(1.16±0.94)和(2.69±1.46)/min,差异有统计学意义(F=8.160,P＜0.01),其中胰腺癌组织的Ktrans低于正常胰腺组织(P=0.011)及邻近胰腺组织(P=0.002);上述部位的Kep分别为(2.53±1.55)、(5.64±2.64)、(1.70±0.91)和(4.28±1.64)/min,差异有统计学意义(F=4.544,P＜0.01),其中胰腺癌组织的Kep值均低于正常胰腺组织(P=0.035)及邻近胰腺组织(P=0.041);Ve中位数分别为0.926、0.839、0.798和0.659,差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.040,P＜0.01),胰腺癌的Ve值高于正常胰腺(P＝0.002).胰腺癌组织、肿块型胰腺炎、实性假乳头状瘤、神经内分泌肿瘤及正常胰腺的ADC值分别为(1.57±0.26)×10-3、(1.19±0.15)×10-3、(1.05±0.35)×10-3、(1.62±0.41)×10-3及(1.82±0.25)×10-3 mm2/s,差异有统计学意义(F=21.681,P＜0.01),其中肿块型胰腺炎、胰腺癌及正常胰腺的ADC值两两之间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),实性假乳头状瘤的ADC值低于神经内分泌肿瘤(P＜0.01).以ADC≥1.33×10-3mm2/s从肿块型胰腺炎中鉴别诊断胰腺癌,灵敏度和特异度分别为86.7%和88.9%,阳性预测值为96.3%,阴性预测值为66.7%.以ADC值≤1.25×10-3 mm2/s作为诊断实性假乳头状瘤的临界点,灵敏度和特异度分别为77.8%和100.0%,阳性预测值100.0%,阴性预测值83.3%.结论 3.0 T MR PWI显示胰腺癌的Ktrans和Kep较低,而Ve较高;呼吸门控DWI序列的ADC值能够较好地反映正常胰腺及胰腺肿块的组织病理生理特征,有助于胰腺肿块的诊断与鉴别.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the value of MR perfusion parameters and ADC in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and pancreatic mass at 3.0 T MR. Methods Twenty healthy volunteers and 25 patients with pancreatic cancers proven by pathological results underwent MR PWI at a 3.0 T scanner. A two-compartment model was used to quantify Ktrans, Kep and Ve in the pancreatic cancer, adjacent pancreatic tissue, distal inflammatory pancreatic tissue and normal pancreatic tissue. All parameters among different tissues were analyzed and compared with ANONA. Fifteen normal volunteers and 58 patients, including 30 patients with pancreatic cancer (proven histopathologically), 9 patients with pancreatitis pseudotumor (4 patients proven by histopathological results, 5 patients proven by follow-up after treatment), 9 patients with solid pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas (SPTP, proven histopathologically) and 10 patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PET, proven by histopathology), underwent respiratory-triggered DWI on 3.0 T. ADC values of normal pancreas and all types of pancreatic lesions were statistically analyzed and compared with ANONA. ROC curve was used to analyze the diagnostic power of ADC value. Results Ktrans of pancreatic cancer, adjacent pancreatic tissue, distal inflammatory pancreatic tissue and normal pancreatic tissue were (1.66±1.25), (3.77±2.67),(1.16±0.94) and (2.69±1.46)/min respectively(F=8.160, P＜0.01). LSD test showed that Ktrans in the pancreatic cancer was statistically lower than that in normal pancreas (P=0.011)and adjacent pancreatic tissue(P=0.002). Kep of pancreatic cancer, adjacent pancreatic tissue, distal inflammatory pancreatic tissue and normal pancreatic tissue were (2.53±1.55), (5.64±2.64), (1.70±0.91) and (4.28±1.64)/min respectively(F=4.544, P＜0.01). LSD test revealed that Kep in pancreatic cancer was statistically lower than that in normal pancreatic tissue (P=0.035)and adjacent pancreatic tissue(P=0.041). The median of Ve among the pancreatic cancer, adjacent pancreatic tissue, distal inflammatory pancreatic tissue and normal pancreatic tissue were 0.926, 0.839, 0.798 and 0.659 respectively (χ2=12.040,P＜0.01). Ve in pancreatic cancer was statistically higher than that in normal pancreatic tissue (P=0.002). ADC values of the pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis pseudotumor, SPTP, PET and normal pancreas were(1.57±0.26)×10-3,(1.19±0.15)×10-3,(1.05±0.35)×10-3,(1.62±0.41)×10-3 and (1.82±0.25)×10-3 mm2/s(F=21.681, P＜0.01). LSD test showed there were significant statistical differences in ADC values among pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis pseudotumor and normal pancreatic tissue (P＜0.01). ROC curve disclosed that the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 86.7%, 88.9%, 96.3% and 66.7% respectively, when ADC≥1.33×10-3 mm2/s was used as a cutoff value for differential diagnosis of PDCA from MLP. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 77.8%, 100.0%, 100.0% and 83.3% respectively when ADC≤1.25×10-3 mm2/s was used as a cutoff value for differential diagnosis of SPTP from PET. Conclusion Compared to normal pancreatic tissue, pancreatic cancer usually had a lower Ktrans, Kep and larger Ve. ADC values from respiratory-triggered DWI were well related to histopathological features of pancreatic entities and may be helpful in the differential diagnosis.     

弥漫性星形细胞肿瘤的活体1H MR波谱及灌注成像和扩散成像分级

目的 探讨活体^1HMR波谱（MRS）、脑灌注成像（PI）及扩散成像（DWI）对弥漫性星形细胞肿瘤的分级价值。方法 搜集经手术病理证实的弥漫性星形细胞肿瘤154例。按世界卫生组织分级：星形细胞瘤（Ⅱ级），间变型星形细胞瘤（Ⅲ级）以及胶质母细胞瘤（Ⅳ级）。35例行^1HMRS检查，其中Ⅱ级8例，Ⅲ级13例，Ⅳ级14例，比较各级肿瘤之间胆碱／肌酸（Cho／Cr）、N-乙酰天冬氨酸（NAA）／Cr及乳酸（Lac）／Cr值；76例应用MR平面回波成像技术（EPI）行对比剂增强灌注成像（CEPI），包括Ⅱ级36例，Ⅲ级20例，Ⅳ级20例，比较各级别星形细胞瘤内最大相对局部脑血容量（rrCBV）；43例行DWI，其中Ⅱ级26例，Ⅲ级6例，Ⅳ级11例，比较各级别肿瘤间的表观扩散系数比率（ADCR）。结果 ^1HMRS组中Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤的Cho／Cr分别为2．709±1．228，5．812±2．374及5．289±1．462，3组之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤的Lac／Cr分别为0．100±0．083、1．879±1．595及3．656±2．195，3组之间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级星形细胞肿瘤的NAA／Cr之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；动态CE PI Ⅱ级与Ⅲ、Ⅳ级的rrCBV分别为1．379±0．739、2．654±1．072、3．218±1．565，3组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。rrCBV与弥漫性星形细胞肿瘤的分级呈正相关（rs=0．601，P〈0．01）。rrCBV区分Ⅰ～Ⅱ级与Ⅲ～Ⅳ级的界值点为1．898（敏感性85．0％，特异性88．9％）；DWI组中Ⅱ级与Ⅲ＋Ⅳ级的ADCR差异无统计学意义（t=1．846，P=0．072）。结论 活体^1HMRS能反映不同级别星形细胞肿瘤的代谢差别；动态CEMRI可以揭示肿瘤内血管分布状况，量化病变的血管生成，为临床提供病生理学信息。依此可对弥漫性星形细胞肿瘤进行分级。