Growth inhibition, G1-arrest, and apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by novel highly lipophilic 5-fluorouracil derivatives

In this study we evaluate the antitumour activity, the cell cycle arrest and apoptotic properties of novel lipophilic benzene-fused seven-membered 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) analogs in comparison to 5-FU on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The lipophilicities of ESB-786B, ESB-252A and ESB-928A were predicted by using the CDR option of the PALLAS 2.0 program. Cytotoxic assays were evaluated in MCF-7 cells treated with the sulforhodamine B colorimetric method. Cell cycle perturbations were studied by flow cytometry. Apoptosis was determined by both DNA fragmentation and annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide staining. The novel derivatives were more lipophilic than 5-FU and induced a marked growth inhibition, in a dose-dependent manner. After treatment with IC(50) value (ranged from 2.5 to 22 microM) for each compound, light microscopy observation showed modifications in the morphology of MCF-7 cells. In addition, the 5-FU analogs arrest cells in the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle whereas 5-FU induced arrest in S-phase. Moreover, induction of apoptosis was demonstrated by the annexin-V-based assay and confirmed using DNA fragmentation analysis on MCF-7 cells, a cell line in which the induction of DNA laddering is very difficult. The novel benzannelated seven-membered 5-FU analogs can be considered as specific apoptotic inducers. These experimental findings provide support for the use of these novel compounds as new weapons in the fight against breast cancer.     

Induction of cell cycle arrest in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells by cis-stilbene derivatives related to VIOXX

In our present study, 12 new cis-stilbene derivatives (CRI-1–CRI-13) related to VIOXX^® were synthesized and studied for their inhibitory effects on cell cycle progression and anti-estrogenicity in human adenoma breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Based on the different substituents in the cis-stilbene molecule, we studied a possible structure activity relationship (SAR) for the inhibition of the cell cycle, cytotoxicity and (anti-) estrogenicity. The results showed that some cis-stilbenes have a pronounced effect on cell cycle distribution. CRI-5, 7, 10 and 12 caused an arrest of G2/M phase and reduction of G1/S phase in all tested doses (1–50 μM). In addition, some of these cis-stilbenes, have a moderate anti-estrogenic effect around 10 μM. Based on these results a preliminary SAR for cis-stilbene derivatives is suggested in which the presence and position of methoxy or thiomethoxy groups play an essential role in this cell cycle arrest. For this substitution on the para position of the left aromatic ring appears to be a prerequisite. However, the SAR for anti-estrogenicity appears to be different, but experimental information was too limited to define a possible SAR. In conclusion, our study shows that some synthetic cis-stilbene related to VIOXX^® might have chemopreventive properties that can effectively interfere with the cell cycle distribution of breast tumor cells.     

奥曲肽对人肝癌细胞Huh-7增殖、细胞周期和凋亡的影响

目的探讨奥曲肽对人肝癌细胞Huh-7增殖、细胞周期及凋亡的影响。方法 Huh-7细胞用不同浓度奥曲肽(0、10-9、10-8、10-7、10-6、10-5 mol/L,分别为A、B、C、D、E、F组)处理,MTT法检测细胞生长抑制率,流式细胞术检测细胞周期和凋亡,Western blot法检测半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase-3)表达。结果与A组相比,其余各组Huh-7细胞的生长抑制率、G1期细胞的比例、凋亡率及Caspase-3蛋白表达均以浓度依赖性的方式明显增加。结论奥曲肽可显著抑制Huh-7细胞的生长,诱导细胞周期阻滞和细胞凋亡;且奥曲肽可能通过启动Caspases途径诱导人肝癌细胞Huh-7凋亡。     

宫颈癌组织中细胞周期相关激酶的表达功能与化疗药物敏感性的关系

目的：探究宫颈癌组织中细胞周期相关激酶（CCRK）的表达功能与化疗药物敏感性的关系。方法收集不同发展时期的90例宫颈癌样本并从中提取出 Caski 细胞系,通过 RT-PCR、Northern blot 鉴定筛选最有效的细胞系克隆,建立稳定沉默 CCRK 的宫颈癌细胞系模型,化疗药物顺铂、5-氟尿嘧啶处理 Caski 细胞系,分别检测化疗药物处理前后的 Caski 细胞系的 CCRK 表达功能。结果Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期的宫颈癌组织中 CCRK 蛋白表达量组间比较差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。随着宫颈癌临床分期的增加,CCRK 表达的阳性率逐渐升高,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期的宫颈癌组织 CCRK 表达的阳性率组间比较差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;采用5-氟尿嘧啶处理的宫颈癌 Caski 细胞样本 CCRK 阳性化疗药物敏感度为49．2％,采用顺铂的 CCRK 阳性化疗药物敏感度为62．7％,采用5-氟尿嘧啶＋顺铂的 CCRK 阳性化疗药物敏感度为88．1％,三组间差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。采用5-氟尿嘧啶、顺铂及5-氟尿嘧啶＋顺铂的 CCRK 阴性化疗药物敏感度差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。结论宫颈癌组织中 CCRK的表达功能与化疗药物敏感性具有显著相关性,CCRK 的表达能够为宫颈癌的临床诊断提供参考,并能为宫颈癌的化疗治疗提供指导与参考。     

Antiproliferative effects of quercetin through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer MDA-MB-453 cells

To explore the anticancer effects of the flavonoid quercetin on human breast cancer MDA-MB-453 cells via cell cycle regulation and the induction of apoptosis, the antiproliferative effect of quercetin was first examined by MTT assay. When MDA-MB-453 cells were treated with quercetin for various periods of time (3–24 hrs) and at various doses (1–100 μM), cell growth decreased significantly in a time-and dose-dependent manner. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the antiproliferative effect of quercetin, cell cycle progression and the induction of apoptosis in MDA-MB-453 cells exposed to 100 μM quercetin for 24 hrs were investigated. Quercetin caused a remarkable increase in the number of sub-G1 phase cells, and an Annexin-V assay revealed that exposure to quercetin affected apoptosis. Moreover, treatment with quercetin increased Bax expression but decreased Bcl-2 expression. Cleaved caspase-3 and PARP expression was also increased by quercetin. Thus, quercetin has probable anticancer activity. Our results suggest the existence of multiple pathways for the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by quercetin.     

Tetrahydrocurcumin induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis involving p38 MAPK activation in human breast cancer cells

Curcumin (CUR) is a major naturally-occurring polyphenol of Curcuma species, which is commonly used as a yellow coloring and flavoring agent in foods. In recent years, it has been reported that CUR exhibits significant anti-tumor activity in vivo. However, the pharmacokinetic features of CUR have indicated poor oral bioavailability, which may be related to its extensive metabolism. The CUR metabolites might be responsible for the antitumor pharmacological effects in vivo. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is one of the major metabolites of CUR. In the present study, we examined the efficacy and associated mechanism of action of THC in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells for the first time. Here, THC exhibited significant cell growth inhibition by inducing MCF-7 cells to undergo mitochondrial apoptosis and G2/M arrest. Moreover, co-treatment of MCF-7 cells with THC and p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, effectively reversed the dissipation in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), and blocked THC-mediated Bax up-regulation, Bcl-2 down-regulation, caspase-3 activation as well as p21 up-regulation, suggesting p38 MAPK might mediate THC-induced apoptosis and G2/M arrest. Taken together, these results indicate THC might be an active antitumor form of CUR in vivo, and it might be selected as a potentially effective agent for treatment of human breast cancer.     

拓扑替康对肺癌细胞生长周期的影响及诱导凋亡的作用机制

目的　研究拓扑替康 (topotecan ,TPT)对人肺癌SPC A 1细胞生长周期的影响及诱导凋亡的作用 ,并探讨Caspase 3及Bcl 2在此过程中的作用。 方法　体外培养肺癌细胞 ,分为对照组 (未处理组 )、TPT(5、10、15和 2 0mg·L-1)组、半胱天冬酶 3 (Caspase 3 )特异性拮抗剂Ac DEVD CHO +TPT组 ,加药后培养 2 4h ,TUNEL法观察肺癌细胞凋亡形态学特征 ;流式细胞仪观察细胞生长周期变化并检测凋亡率和肺癌细胞Bcl 2蛋白的表达。结果　TPT (5mg·L-1)处理细胞 2 4h ,流式细胞仪未检测到凋亡峰 ,随着TPT浓度增大 ,凋亡率显著增高 ,各浓度组间差异具有显著性 (P<0 0 1) ;TUNEL及透射电镜检测到典型的凋亡细胞形态学特征 ,凋亡细胞DNA呈梯状电泳 ;流式细胞仪检测到细胞周期发生改变 ,G1期细胞较对照组增多 (P <0 0 1) ,S期细胞减少 (P <0 0 1) ;TPT(2 0mg·L-1)处理细胞后肺癌细胞凋亡率为 11 9%± 2 6% ,高于对照组细胞 (P <0 0 1) ;Bcl 2蛋白阳性表达细胞率为 7 9%± 1 2 % ,较对照组 (44 7%±7 1% )降低 (P <0 0 1) ;Ac EDVD CHO (5 0 μmol·L-1)和TPT(2 0mg·L-1)共同处理细胞 2 4h其凋亡率为 6 1%±1 8% ,较单纯TPT作用组降低 (P <0 0 1) ;Bcl 2蛋白阳性表达率为 3 3 4%± 5 2 % ,较单纯TPT作用组增高     

蛇葡萄素对人宫颈癌SiHa细胞增殖、周期及凋亡的影响

目的探究蛇葡萄素(ampelopsin,AMP)对人宫颈癌SiHa细胞增殖、周期、凋亡的影响及其可能的作用机制。方法MTT法检测不同浓度(10、20、40、80、160、320μmol·L^-1)和不同干预时间(24、48、72 h)的AMP对SiHa细胞增殖抑制作用;Hoechst 33258法、Annexin-FITC/PI法检测AMP对SiHa细胞凋亡的影响;流式细胞术检测细胞周期变化;Rh-123法检测线粒体膜电位的变化;Western blot检测AMP对SiHa细胞中Bcl-2、Bax、Cleaved-caspase-3蛋白表达的影响。结果AMP对SiHa细胞抑制率呈浓度和时间依赖性(P<0.05),最低IC 50值为40.33μmol·L^-1;随着AMP浓度的增加或作用时间的延长,细胞凋亡率逐渐增加(P<0.05);当AMP浓度为80μmol·L^-1时,细胞周期阻滞在G 2/M期,呈一定的时间依赖性;线粒体膜电位随AMP浓度上升而下降;Bax/Bcl-2和Cleaved-caspase-3表达水平均上调,呈浓度和时间依赖性(P<0.05)。结论AMP明显抑制SiHa细胞的增殖,阻滞细胞周期于G 2/M期,可能通过线粒体途径诱导SiHa细胞凋亡。     

TNP-470对人结肠癌Lovo细胞增殖、细胞周期和凋亡的影响

目的　探讨TNP 4 70对体外培养的人结肠癌Lovo细胞增殖、细胞周期和凋亡的影响。方法　采用MTT法检测TNP 4 70对体外培养的Lovo细胞的生长抑制作用 ,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期分布及凋亡百分率。结果　TNP 4 70对Lovo细胞生长具有抑制作用 ,并存在量效和时间依赖性。流式细胞仪分析表明 :G0 /G1期细胞百分率上升 ,S期细胞百分率下降 ,增值指数 (PI)下降 ,凋亡率上升 ,电镜下可见典型的细胞凋亡形态改变。结论　TNP 4 70对Lovo细胞的增殖具有抑制作用 ,其机制与细胞周期阻滞和凋亡有关     

假轮枝链霉菌 Streptomyces pseudoverticillus产生的Elaiophylin类新细胞周期抑制剂及细胞凋亡诱导剂Ⅱ.化学结构及生物活性(英文)

通过 X-线晶体结构解析及光谱学数据分析 ,将从假轮枝链霉菌 Streptomyces pseudoverticillus发酵物中分得的三个elaiophylin类化合物分别鉴定为 elaiophylin(1)、11- O- monomethylelaiophylin(2 )和 efomycin G(3)。化合物 1～ 3在高浓度区均有很强的细胞毒作用 ,而在低浓度区均呈很好的细胞周期抑制和细胞凋亡诱导活性 ,系 elaiophylin类新的细胞周期抑制剂及细胞凋亡诱导剂     

Evaluation of cytotoxicity,cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by Anethum graveolens L. essential oil in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line

Anethum graveolens L. (A. graveolens) commonly known as dill, is an essential oil bearing plant extensively being used in traditional system of medicine. However, the reports on the components and biological responses of A. graveolens essential oil (AG-EO) from Saudi Arabia are scarce. The present study was designed to explore the presence of basic constituents and apoptosis induced by AG-EO in HepG2 cells. The constituents in AG-EO was analyzed by Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). Cytotoxicity of AG-EO was measured by MTT assay and cell cycle arrest and apoptosis assays were conducted by using flow cytometer. Based on GC–MS analysis, the main constituents present in AG-EO were carvone (53.130%), dillapole (25.420%), dihydrocarvone 2 (11.350%) and dihydrocarvone 1 (6.260%). A few other minor components were also identified viz. cis-dihydrocarveol (0.690%), limonene (0.580%), isodihydrocarveol (0.370%), myristicin (0.210%) and cis-arsone (0.190%). The cytotoxicity results showed that AG-EO decrease the cell viability and inhibit the cell growth of HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory activity of AG-EO was found with IC₅₀ = 59.6 ± 5.64. The cell cycle arrest results showed that HepG2 cells exposed to AG-EO exhibited an increase in G2/M and pre-G1 cell population after 24 h exposure. Furthermore, the flow cytometry data revealed the primarily activation of cell death by apoptosis manners in HepG2 cells exposed to AG-EO. Overall, results from this study highlighted the anticancer potential of AG-EO, which could be considered as a new agent for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Growth inhibition and induction of G(1) phase cell cycle arrest in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell by tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate

It has been known that tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) can induce delayed neurotoxicity in humans and sensitive animal species; however, it also has influence on the developing central nervous system or differentiating neuronal cells. In this study, the effects of TOCP on cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation and the mechanisms that contribute to this effect were investigated by using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. Treatment of the cells with TOCP suppressed cell proliferation and reduced cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Analysis of cell cycle profile indicated that TOCP blocked cell cycle progression by arresting the cell cycle at G(1) phase. The data of determination of cell cycle regulated molecules at mRNA and protein levels showed that TOCP decreased cyclin D1 and increased p21 expression, while did not affect the p53 and p27 levels. Thus, these results indicated that TOCP might induce potential neurodevelopmental toxicity, and a possible mechanism of this toxicity might be the disturbance of cell proliferation by disrupting cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin D1 and p21 expression.     

Antiproliferative and antimigratory effects of 3-(4-substituted benzyl)-5- isopropyl-5-phenylhydantoin derivatives in human breast cancer cells

In this study, a series of synthesized 3-(4-substituted benzyl)-5-isopropyl-5-phenylhydantoin derivatives as a potential antiproliferative and antimigratory agents were investigated. The possible antitumor mechanisms of investigated hydantoin derivatives were examined on human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. The cells were treated with different concentrations of compounds (from 0.01 µM to 100 µM) during 24 h and 72 h. The proliferation index, nitric oxide production, apoptosis rate, and migration capacity were measured. The cell invasion potential was examined by measuring the level of MMP-9 and COX-2 gene expression. All tested compounds expressed antiproliferative activity and induced dose- and time-dependent increase in the level of nitrites. The investigated molecules significantly decreased cell survival rate, migration capacity and the expression levels of genes included in the process of tumor invasion. Obtained data suggest that the tested hydantoin derivatives express considerable antitumor activity by reducing cell division rate, elevating apoptosis level, and inhibiting the motility and invasiveness of breast cancer cells. The results obtained in this study indicate that investigated compounds express potential as a novel chemotherapeutic agents against breast cancer growth and progression.     

Activation of the SIRT1 pathway and modulation of the cell cycle were involved in silymarin's protection against UV-induced A375-S2 cell apoptosis

Silymarin, derived from the milk thistle plant, Silybum marianum, has been traditionally used in the treatment of liver disease. Our previous study demonstrated that silymarin has an anti-apoptotic effect against UV irradiation. In this study, SIRT1, a human deacetylase that was reported to promote cell survival, was activated by silymarin (5 × 10^- 4 mol/L) in UV-irradiated human malignant melanoma, A375-S2 cells, followed by down-regulated expression of Bax and decreased release of cytochrome c. Cleavage of procaspase-3 and digestion of its substrates, the inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), were also reduced. Consistent with its protective effect on UV-induced apoptosis, silymarin (5 × 10^- 4 mol/L) also increased G₂/M phase arrest, possibly providing a prolonged time for efficient DNA repair. Consequently, that silymarin protected A375-S2 cell against UV-induced apoptosis was partially through SIRT1 pathway and modulation of the cell cycle distribution.     

The involvement of diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate in cell cycle arrest and regulation of apoptosis

Diadenosine oligophosphates (Ap(n)A) have been proposed to function as intracellular and extracellular signaling molecules in animal cells. Here, we have examined the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of apoptosis by diadenosine 5',5"'-P(1),P(4)-tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A). We have shown a dose-dependent apoptotic response in cells treated with Ap(4)A. Flow cytometric analysis indicated an involvement of Ap(4)A at an early stage of G1/S arrest. No difference in the amount of p21(waf1) was observed in HL60 cells treated with Ap(4)A compared to control cells. The level of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) dropped dramatically when apoptosis was extensive. The cleavage of pRb was abrogated if Ap(4)A-treated cells were incubated with general caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk. Ap(4)A also induced a profound decrease in the level of the Bcl-2 protein. The lack of effect of Ap(4)A on CDK1 activity indicated that Ap(4)A is not involved in "aberrant mitosis". We suggest that in vivo Ap(4)A may play a significant role in tumor growth suppression by inducing apoptosis.     

RNA干扰靶向cyclin D1基因对K562细胞增殖、细胞周期及凋亡的影响

目的 利用RNA干扰（RNAi）技术体外观测其对K562细胞cyclin D1基因的沉默效应及对细胞增殖、细胞周期及凋亡的影响。方法 通过壳聚糖介导转染K562细胞、Westernblot分析检测转染前后CyclinD1蛋白表达变化；集落形成实验检测细胞增殖能力；流式细胞仪检测细胞周期分布及凋亡率的影响。结果 构建靶向cyclin D1基因的shRNA表达质粒（pshRNA-419和pshtNA-575）经壳聚糖转染后．能显著抑制cyclin D1基因表达；抑制K562细胞增殖，影响其集落形成能力；影响K562细胞周期分布，诱导细胞凋亡。而设计一碱基突变的序列所构建的质粒并无上述生物学效应。结论 cyclin D1基因表达下调可抑制K562细胞生长，并诱导细胞凋亡。提示cyclin D1基因可能是白血病治疗的一个有效靶点的。     

Differential effect of methyl‐, butyl‐ and propylparaben and 17β‐estradiol on selected cell cycle and apoptosis gene and protein expression in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells and MCF‐10A non‐malignant cells

Parabens are alkyl esters of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid used widely as antimicrobial preservatives in consumer products, including pharmaceuticals, foods and cosmetics. We showed previously that methyl‐, butyl‐ and propylparaben parabens, even at low doses, stimulate the proliferation of MCF‐7 breast cancer cells and non‐transformed MCF‐10A breast epithelial cells. The present study was undertaken to determine whether this represents a direct effect on cell cycle and apoptotic gene expression. MCF‐7 and MCF‐10A cells were exposed to methyl, butyl‐ and propylparaben (20 nm ) or 17β‐estradiol (10 nm ). Cell cycle and apoptotic gene expression were evaluated by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and protein expression by Western blot. 17β‐estradiol upregulated G₁/S phase genes and downregulated cell cycle progression inhibitors in both MCF‐7 and MCF‐10A. Upregulation of Bcl‐xL and downregulation of caspase 9 was observed in MCF‐7, while upregulation of Bcl‐xL, BCL2L2 and caspase 9 was noted in MCF‐10A. Cyclins in MCF‐7 cells were not affected by any of the parabens. Methyl‐ and butylparaben had no effect on the expression of selected apoptotic genes in MCF‐7. In MCF‐10A, all parabens tested increased the expression of G₁/S phase genes, and downregulated cell cycle inhibitors. Methylparaben increased pro‐survival gene. Butylparaben increased BCL2L1 gene, as did 17β‐estradiol, while propylparaben upregulated both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. There are differences in cell cycle and apoptosis gene expression between parabens and 17β‐estradiol in MCF‐7 cells. In MCF‐10A cells, most of the genes activated by parabens were comparable to those activated by 17β‐estradiol. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Crude extract of Rheum palmatum L. Induces cell cycle arrest S phase and apoptosis through mitochondrial‐dependent pathways in U‐2 OS human osteosarcoma cells

Cancer is the second cause of death in children. Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of solid bone cancer primarily affecting adolescents and young adults. In the Chinese population, the crude extract of Rheum palmatum L. (CERP) has been used for treating different diseases, including SARS, rheumatoid arthritis, coxsackievirus B3, and human colon cancer cell, pancreatic cancer. There are no reports on CERP and human osteosarcoma cells. The present study examined effects of CERP on cytotoxicity including cell cycle distribution and cell death (apoptosis) in U‐2 OS human osteosarcoma cells. CERP significantly induced S phase arrest in U‐2 OS cells in a dose‐dependent. CERP produced DNA damage and DNA condensation. Other effects of CERP were stimulation of ROS and Ca²⁺, mitochondria impairment, and activation of caspase‐3, ?8, and ?9. CERP increased the levels of Bax, Bak, Bad, cyclin B, Fas, PARP, GRP78, GADD153, AIF, Endo G, Calpain‐2, p21, and p27, but decreased the levels of Bcl‐2, BCL‐X, XIAP, Akt, CDC25A, CDK2, Cyclin A, and Cyclin E of U‐2 OS cells. It was also observed that CERP promoted the expression of AIF, Endo G, GADD153, and cytochrome c. These results indicate that CERP has anticancer effects in vitro and provide the foundation for in vivo studies of animal models of osteosarcoma. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 957–969, 2016.     

Cancer-specific calcium nanoregulator suppressing the generation and circulation of circulating tumor cell clusters for enhanced anti-metastasis combinational chemotherapy

Tumor metastasis is responsible for chemotherapeutic failure and cancer-related death. Moreover, circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters play a pivotal role in tumor metastasis. Herein, we develop cancer-specific calcium nanoregulators to suppress the generation and circulation of CTC clusters by cancer membrane-coated digoxin (DIG) and doxorubicin (DOX) co-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles (CPDDs). CPDDs could precisely target the homologous primary tumor cells and CTC clusters in blood and lymphatic circulation. Intriguingly, CPDDs induce the accumulation of intracellular Ca²⁺ by inhibiting Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, which help restrain cell–cell junctions to disaggregate CTC clusters. Meanwhile, CPDDs suppress the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, resulting in inhibiting tumor cells escape from the primary site. Moreover, the combination of DOX and DIG at a mass ratio of 5:1 synergistically induces the apoptosis of tumor cells. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that CPDDs not only effectively inhibit the generation and circulation of CTC clusters, but also precisely target and eliminate primary tumors. Our findings present a novel approach for anti-metastasis combinational chemotherapy.