上海市闸北区初中生尝试吸烟行为影响因素分析

目的探讨闸北区初中生尝试吸烟状况及其影响因素,为开展学生烟草干预提供科学依据。方法采用概率比例规模(PPS)抽样的方法,抽取6所初级中学的36个班共1,245名学生进行问卷调查。在单因素分析结果的基础上,应用Logistic多因素分析初中生尝试吸烟行为发生的影响因素。结果青少年尝试吸烟率为4.9%,其中男性占5.6%,女性4.2%。单因素分析表明:年级(年龄)、吸烟对人的形象、未来将会使用烟草态度、社交场合中对吸烟态度、朋友和学校建筑内外老师吸烟、烟草零售点有烟草广告、拥有印有烟草产品的物品、电视节目中看到烟草品牌及互联网中看到烟草广告与青少年尝试吸烟行为相关(P0.05)。Logistic多因素回归分析表明:朋友吸烟、吸烟对人的形象、拥有印有烟草产品物品以及电视节目中看到烟草品牌4个因素是青少年尝试吸烟发生的主要影响因素(P0.05)。结论青少年尝试吸烟行为不容乐观,制定积极有效的综合防护策略和干预措施刻不容缓。     

上海市部分城区青少年学生吸烟行为及其影响因素分析

目的了解上海市青少年学生的吸烟情况,并探讨其吸烟行为的影响因素. 方法采取分层整群随机抽样的方法,对市内四个区11所学校的2204名12～21岁的在校学生进行不记名问卷调查.结果学生尝试吸烟率为19.3%,其中男生27.8%,女生10.8%;平均开始吸烟年龄是12岁.吸烟学生中,认为应该戒烟的学生占68.5%;尝试过戒烟者占吸烟学生的47.7%.logistic回归分析结果显示:朋友吸烟、经常上网、常去网吧、今后5年有吸烟打算、认为维持不吸烟对自己不重要、认为朋友对吸烟的态度对自己很重要和对吸烟行为的错误认知是影响学生吸烟行为的显著因子. 结论随着青少年成长意识的增强,他们中有一部分人开始尝试吸烟成为烟民,我们应尽早开展预防未成年吸烟行为的教育,同时为青少年戒烟提供更多的帮助.     

北京市延庆县青少年吸烟行为及影响因素分析

目的 了解北京市延庆县青少年吸烟行为及影响因素.方法 在北京市延庆县随机抽取5所学校1466名学生进行匿名问卷调查.结果 报告尝试吸烟率为32.9%,现在吸烟率为12.3%,吸烟率为6.5%;吸烟率男生高于女生,中等职业学校学生高于高中和初中学生;开始吸烟年龄<12岁者占50.1%,尝试吸第1支烟的最主要原因是出于好奇(274人,59.4%),中学生吸烟者最常与学校内的同学或朋友一起吸烟占62.1%;56.3%的学生报告学校周边可以买到烟,初中报告率最高;多元Logistic回归分析显示,职高学生、男生、有同伴吸烟、想模仿影视剧中的吸烟形象、心理健康问题严重程度、学习成绩较差是中学生尝试吸烟行为发生的危险因素,对吸烟态度的正确持有、家中有限制吸烟规定是中学生尝试吸烟行为发生的保护因素.结论 北京市延庆县青少年吸烟行为不容乐观,应尽早有针对性地开展预防教育和干预工作.     

杭州市大学生吸烟状况及社会心理因素分析

目的了解大学生的烟草使用现状，探讨吸烟行为的相关社会心理因素，为建立青少年预防和控制吸烟新模式提供依据。方法采用分层随机抽样方法，在杭州市的大学中抽取大学生375名进行问卷调查。结果大学生吸烟率为12．3％，男生吸烟率高于女生。吸烟者中开始吸烟的年龄主要分布于9～20岁。尝试吸烟动机主要有：不想拒绝别人递烟、解乏提神、摆脱烦恼、显示自主性。吸烟者的烟草依赖症状较轻。绝大部分吸烟者对戒烟持消极的态度。性别、零用钱、同伴压力、饮酒．焦虑情绪是大学生吸烟的影响因素。结论应针对大学生吸烟行为的社会心理影响因素，建立综合性的控烟模式。     

澳门中一至中四青少年尝试电子烟现状及影响因素

目的 了解澳门青少年尝试电子烟的现状及影响因素,为制定防制青少年使用电子烟的干预策略提供依据。方法 数据来源于项目“澳门青少年烟草使用调查2021”收集的有效问卷2 683份,进行样本加权后代表澳门19 480名中一至中四青少年。采用多因素Logistic回归分析对问卷中可能影响青少年尝试电子烟的因素进行分析。结果 调查对象尝试电子烟报告率为11.3%(95%CI=10.2%～12.6%),男生(12.1%)高于女生(10.5%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=11.01,P<0.01)。年龄大(14～16岁,≥17岁)、每周可支配零用钱多、肯定认为电子烟比卷烟危害少、12个月内在课堂中被教过电子烟危害知识、肯定认为电子烟使年轻人更有吸引力、7 d内曾在家暴露于二手烟、30 d内曾在互联网看到烟草广告、父母任意一方吸烟、最好朋友中有人吸烟与尝试电子烟行为呈正相关(OR值分别为1.48,3.01,1.79,1.34,1.67,1.27,1.33,1.34,1.58,3.53,P值均<0.01)。结论 澳门青少年尝试电子烟的情况较普遍,影响因素多而复杂。应加强社...     

南昌市大中学女生尝试吸烟行为及其影响因素分析

了解南昌市女性青少年学生吸烟现状及其尝试吸烟的影响因素,为制定有针对性的学校控烟措施提供依据.方法 采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样方法,在南昌市的中学和大学抽取1 811名在校女生进行问卷调查.对所有相关因素先单因素分析进行筛选,将P<0.05的因素纳入非条件Logistic回归模型进行分析.结果 青少年女生的尝试吸烟率为17.74%(312/1 767),现在吸烟率为2.09%(37/1 767),现在常吸烟率为0.62%(11/1 767).尝试吸烟的危险因素包括年龄>18岁、学习成绩差、母亲吸烟、好朋友吸烟、认为女性吸烟有魅力、听说过女士香烟、认为吸烟对交友无影响、认为教师可以吸烟等8项因素(OR值分别为1.51,2.19,2.40,2.31,1.58,1.95,1.81,2.02,P值均<0.05).结论 南昌市女性青少年学生尝试吸烟与自身情况、吸烟相关态度以及家庭学校社会环境有关.应严禁女士香烟广告促销,在学校采取严格的控烟措施,家长特别是母亲要以身作则,不能在女儿面前吸烟.     

湖北省青少年烟草使用现况及其影响因素分析

了解湖北省青少年烟草使用现况及其影响因素,为制定烟草控制策略提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样法,抽取湖北省36所初中共5 438名青少年进行自填问卷调查.结果 湖北省青少年现在烟草使用率为5.66%,男生(8.31%)高于女生(2.48%),农村(6.27%)高于城市(4.84%),年级越高、可支配零用钱越多,现在烟草使用率越高(x2值分别为104.282,21.746,48.768,22.926,P值均<0.01);89.40%的青少年在14岁之前第一次尝试吸卷烟;现在吸烟的青少年中,71.71%想戒烟,91.79%没有接受过专业人员的帮助或建议.Logistic回归分析显示,性别、年龄、每周可支配零花钱数、父母吸烟、朋友吸烟、对戒烟困难性与二手烟危害的认知是青少年现在烟草使用行为的影响因素(P值均<0.01);父母都不吸烟、朋友中没人吸烟、认为戒烟容易、认为二手烟有危害是青少年吸烟行为的保护因素(OR值分别为1.763,10.521,2.047,2.243).结论 湖北省青少年烟草使用现象较为普遍,小学生、初中生是控烟健康教育的重点人群,学校是开展控烟教育的较好场所.     

延吉市初中学生尝试吸烟状况调查

目的了解初中学生尝试吸烟情况及其影响因素,为控烟干预提供依据。方法采取分层整群抽样法,抽取延吉市6所中学1 215名学生进行问卷调查,采用Logistic回归法分析尝试吸烟的影响因素。结果中学生尝试吸烟率为8.8%,13岁前尝试吸烟的比例占49.0%,吸烟的动机以好奇为主;影响尝试吸烟的主要因素为是否经常与同伴讨论吸烟问题、对同伴递烟的态度、年级、生活满意度和学习成绩,即经常与同伴讨论吸烟问题和拒绝同伴所递香烟的中学生尝试吸烟率较低,初二学生、学习成绩差、对生活满意度低的学生尝试吸烟率较高。结论控烟教育应从低年级开始,同伴教育是控烟健康教育的有效途径。     

云南省城市大中学生吸烟行为及其影响因素分析

目的了解云南省城市大中学生吸烟情况及其影响因素,为制定青少年控烟政策提供科学依据。方法以分层随机整群抽样方法,抽取9 880名云南省城市在校大、中学生进行青少年健康危险行为调查。结果大中学生尝试吸烟率、吸完一整支烟报告率、第一次吸完整支烟时≤13岁构成比、近期吸烟率分别为43.1%,36.0%,52.6%和23.2%,不同人口学变量学生吸烟行为报告率之间差异有统计学意义;Logistic逐步回归分析显示,经济片区、学校类型、性别和总体学习成绩等人口学变量对尝试和近期吸烟行为具有显著预测作用。结论云南省城市大中学生吸烟行为较为严重。应注意学校类型等影响因素,有针对性地开展青少年吸烟行为预防和干预。     

石家庄、遵义两市中学生吸烟行为研究

目的：了解青少年吸烟行为的特点及其影响因素。方法：对石家庄和遵义两市的2155名12－19岁中学生进行有关吸烟的升、态度和行为的横断面调查。结果;青少年开始尝试吸烟与以下因素有关;从传媒获得的健康知识少（OR值为1．27,95％可信区间为1．19－1．34）,住校（1．83,1．16－2．90）;父母吸烟（1．48,1．09－2．01）;多数朋友吸烟2．22,1．63－3．01）;少数朋友反对吸烟（1．56,1．26－1．93）;对教师吸烟持肯定态度（1．60,1．22－2．08）;学习成绩差（1．54,1．24－1．91）;对吸烟持肯定态度（1．10,1．03－1．16）。结论：上述多种因素与青少年的吸烟行为有关,因此我们应当开展包括家庭;学校和社区的综合控烟活动,创造无烟的社会环境,才能很好地控制青少年吸烟。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.