2018年安庆市第一人民医院细菌耐药性监测

摘要：目的 了解安庆市第一人民医院2018年临床分离菌株对抗菌药物的耐药性及敏感性。方法 采用自动化仪器法或 纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,药敏结果按2018年临床和实验室标准化协会(CLSI)标准判读,采用WHONET 5.6软件统计分析。结 果 2018年共检出962株细菌,其中革兰阳性菌占22.7%(218/962);革兰阴性菌占77.3%(744/962)。革兰阴性菌如大肠埃希菌占 24.9%,分离率最高;然后是肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌,菌株主要分离于呼吸道和分泌物标本,分别占38.6%和22.6%。对 革兰阳性菌如耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)及耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率各占29.4%和91.3%, 尚未检出耐利奈唑胺和万古霉素的葡萄球菌。肠球菌属里的粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌各占29.8%和70.2%,目前还没有分离出对万 古霉素产生耐药的肠球菌。产ESBL的大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属和奇异变形菌检出率各占其菌种的56.8%、44.2%和5.3%。肠杆 菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物仍然保持高敏感性,其中肺炎克雷伯菌、肠杆菌属细菌对亚胺培南等碳青霉烯类的耐药率均 ≤4.8%;铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南等碳青霉烯类的耐药率较高,为20.9%,但对左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、 妥布霉素、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、庆大霉素和阿米卡星的耐药率均<25%;鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南等碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药 率为78.9%,对除阿米卡星、米诺环素以外的抗菌药物的耐药率均>65%。结论 该院主要临床分离细菌对常用抗菌药物呈现不 同程度耐药,应加强医院感控措施,细菌室专业人员应做好细菌耐药监测工作,加强与临床医师的沟通,指导临床合理使用抗 菌药物,采取有效措施防治耐药菌株的广泛传播。     

In vitro activity of tigecycline and comparators against Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates collected from the Middle East and Africa between 2004 and 2011

The Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (T.E.S.T.) was established in 2004 to monitor longitudinal changes in bacterial susceptibility to numerous antimicrobial agents, specifically tigecycline. In this study, susceptibility among Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates between 2004 and 2011 from the Middle East and Africa was examined. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) interpretive criteria, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by broth microdilution methods. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved breakpoints were used for tigecycline. In total, 2967 Gram-positive and 6322 Gram-negative isolates were examined from 33 participating centres. All Staphylococcus aureus isolates, including meticillin-resistant S. aureus, were susceptible to tigecycline, linezolid and vancomycin. Vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline and levofloxacin were highly active (>97.6% susceptibility) against Streptococcus pneumoniae, including penicillin-non-susceptible strains. All Enterococcus faecium isolates were susceptible to tigecycline and linezolid, including 32 vancomycin-resistant isolates. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases were produced by 16.6% of Escherichia coli and 32.9% of Klebsiella pneumoniae. More than 95% of E. coli and Enterobacter spp. were susceptible to amikacin, tigecycline, imipenem and meropenem. The most active agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii were amikacin (88.0% susceptible) and minocycline (64.2% susceptible), respectively; the MIC₉₀ (MIC required to inhibit 90% of the isolates) of tigecycline against A. baumannii was low at 2 mg/L. Tigecycline and carbapenem agents were highly active against most Gram-negative pathogens. Tigecycline, linezolid and vancomycin showed good activity against most Gram-positive pathogens from the Middle East and Africa.     

2020年蚌埠医学院第一附属医院细菌耐药性监测

摘要：目的 通过对2020年蚌埠医学院第一附属医院临床分离菌分布及对抗菌药物的耐药性分析,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供参考。方法 采用自动化仪器法、纸片扩散法(K-B法)或E-test方法对我院2020年临床分离的菌株进行药敏试验,按CLSI 2020版标准判断结果,WHONET5.6软件统计分析数据。结果 2020年我院临床共分离4209株细菌,其中革兰阳性菌1121株(26.6%,1121/4209),革兰阴性菌3088株(73.4%,3088/4209)株,前10位分离菌分别为：大肠埃希菌1093株(26.0%)、肺炎克雷伯菌565株(13.4%)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌402株(9.6%)、鲍曼不动杆菌354株(8.4%)、铜绿假单胞菌345株(8.2%)、金黄色葡萄球菌313株(7.4%)、奇异变形杆菌132株(3.1%)、屎肠球菌122株(2.9%)、粪肠球菌94株(2.2%)和阴沟肠杆菌63株(1.5%)。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林菌株的检出率分别为43.1%和66.2%,未检出耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺菌株。肠球菌属细菌中以屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌为主,屎肠球菌对大多数测试抗菌药物的耐药率高于粪肠球菌,检出少数耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺药的肠球菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株占各自菌的63.1%和31.2%,肺炎克雷伯菌亚胺培南和厄他培南耐药率分别为26.7%和26.4%,较我院2017年有所下降(P<0.01),其余肠杆菌目细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率均小于10%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率为34.2%,对头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、氨曲南、左氧氟沙星和阿米卡星的耐药率均小于30%。鲍曼不动杆菌对阿米卡星的耐药率为31.0%,亚胺培南耐药率为89.5%。流感嗜血杆菌产β-内酰酶检出率为60.7%。结论 临床分离菌对常见抗菌药物耐药情况较严重,耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率有所下降,但仍值得警惕,应重视细菌耐药监测,继续加强医院感染的防控,合理使用抗菌药物。     

某教学医院2015—2018年神经外科病房细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解神经外科病房临床分离菌的耐药性变迁,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 收集2015—2018年间我院 神经外科住院患者送检标本的细菌培养及体外药敏试验结果,使用WHONET 5.6软件对药敏数据进行统计分析。结果 2015— 2018年共分离非重复临床分离菌2123株,其中革兰阴性菌1563株(73.6%)、革兰阳性菌560株(26.4%);标本类型以痰液(62.6%)、 尿液(12.8%)、脑脊液(8.9%)和血液(8.6%)为主;分离居前5位的细菌是鲍曼不动杆菌(20.3%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(16.4%)、铜绿假单 胞菌(14.5%)、大肠埃希菌(8.9%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(7.7%);鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率均>65%,铜绿假单胞 菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率在30%左右,肺炎克雷伯菌2015—2016年对碳青霉烯类的药物耐药率均<30%,2017年对碳青霉 烯类药物耐药性明显升高(亚胺培南41.3%、美罗培南41.9%),2018年对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性有较大幅度的下降(亚胺培南 3.4%、美罗培南3.4%),大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类的药物耐药率仍较低(<3%),金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率由57.9%降 至15.8%,未发现对利奈唑胺和万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌。凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(CNS)是血液和脑脊液标本中分离居首 位的细菌,二者耐甲氧西林的凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率均>80%,在脑脊液中还分离到2株对利奈唑胺耐药的科 氏葡萄球菌。结论 神经外科病房临床分离菌以鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主,近年来肺炎克雷伯菌的分 离率有明显增高的趋势,非发酵菌和肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率也呈上升的趋势,耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌 的检出率呈逐年下降的趋势,加强医院内感染防控措施及细菌耐药监测,合理使用抗菌药物。     

某教学医院2015—2018年神经外科病房细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解神经外科病房临床分离菌的耐药性变迁,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 收集2015—2018年间我院 神经外科住院患者送检标本的细菌培养及体外药敏试验结果,使用WHONET 5.6软件对药敏数据进行统计分析。结果 2015— 2018年共分离非重复临床分离菌2123株,其中革兰阴性菌1563株(73.6%)、革兰阳性菌560株(26.4%);标本类型以痰液(62.6%)、 尿液(12.8%)、脑脊液(8.9%)和血液(8.6%)为主;分离居前5位的细菌是鲍曼不动杆菌(20.3%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(16.4%)、铜绿假单 胞菌(14.5%)、大肠埃希菌(8.9%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(7.7%);鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率均>65%,铜绿假单胞 菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率在30%左右,肺炎克雷伯菌2015—2016年对碳青霉烯类的药物耐药率均<30%,2017年对碳青霉 烯类药物耐药性明显升高(亚胺培南41.3%、美罗培南41.9%),2018年对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性有较大幅度的下降(亚胺培南 3.4%、美罗培南3.4%),大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类的药物耐药率仍较低(<3%),金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率由57.9%降 至15.8%,未发现对利奈唑胺和万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌。凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(CNS)是血液和脑脊液标本中分离居首 位的细菌,二者耐甲氧西林的凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率均>80%,在脑脊液中还分离到2株对利奈唑胺耐药的科 氏葡萄球菌。结论 神经外科病房临床分离菌以鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主,近年来肺炎克雷伯菌的分 离率有明显增高的趋势,非发酵菌和肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率也呈上升的趋势,耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌     

2012-2019年某医院血流感染病原菌变迁及耐药性分析

目的 分析医院8年间血流感染病原菌分布及耐药性变迁,为血流感染的经验性治疗提供参考。方法 回顾性分析某院2012年1月-2019年12月分离自住院患者血培养阳性的标本,对病原菌的构成及药敏数据进行汇总,利用SPSS软件对数据进行统计分析。结果 8年共检出病原菌2374株,其中革兰阳性菌627株(26.4%);革兰阴性菌1747株(73.6%)。前5位分离菌为大肠埃希菌735株(31.0%),肺炎克雷伯菌429株(18.1%),金黄色葡萄球菌144株(6.1%),鲍曼不动杆菌126株(5.3%)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌104株(4.4%)。与2012-2013年相比,2018-2019年大肠埃希菌检出率明显下降,肺炎克雷伯菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率明显增加(P<0.05);大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感率相对稳定。肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、亚胺培南和美罗培南等的敏感率,分别从2012-2013年的93.0%、73.7%、91.2%、80.7%、100.0%、100.0%,显著下降至2018-2019年的69.1%、54.3%、65.1%、53.1%、74.3%和74.9%。鲍曼不动杆菌耐药日趋严重,至2018-2019年除对阿米卡星(57.6%)外,大多数抗菌药物敏感率低于25%,亚胺培南耐药率为75.8%。与金黄色葡萄球菌相比,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性更高,甲氧西林不敏感率为88.4%,明显高于金黄色葡萄球菌的21.6%,对万古霉素、替考拉宁和替加环素保持100%的敏感性。结论 血流感染以革兰阴性菌为主,但革兰阳性菌有增长趋势,主要分离菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药性逐年增加,应密切关注血流感染常见菌群的分布及耐药性变迁。     

2014年天津市血流感染细菌耐药监测

目的：研究天津市血流感染细菌耐药分布及耐药性。方法：收集2014年度天津市45家医院血标本来源细菌药敏结果,用CLSI 2014年标准判读,WHONET 5.6进行药物敏感性分析。结果：分离共计4 772株细菌,其中革兰阳性菌2 038株,占42.7%,革兰阴性菌2 734株,占57.3%,葡萄球菌属1 409株,占29.5%,肠球菌属335株占7.0%,肠杆菌科细菌2 248株,占47.1%,非发酵菌438株,占9.2%,肺炎链球菌35株,占0.7%。最常见细菌依次为大肠埃希菌（27.3%）、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（23.8%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（12.1%）、金黄色葡萄球菌（5.6%）、铜绿假单胞菌（4.1%）。耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率分别为78.5%和25.3%。MRSA和MRCNS的耐药率明显高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）和甲氧西林敏感凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MSCNS）。未发现对万古霉素耐药的葡萄球菌。粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素敏感率分别为100%和98.1%,共检出耐万古霉素的屎肠球菌（VRE）3株。大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南的敏感率为98.7%,肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南的敏感率为95.3%。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs株分别占60.1%和33.3%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为21.6%和17.5%。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为39.6%和49.3%。结论：本年度所分离血培养细菌的耐药较为普遍,加强耐药性监测,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物十分重要。     

Pathogen occurrence and antimicrobial resistance trends among urinary tract infection isolates in the Asia-Western Pacific Region: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1998-1999

Worldwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among urinary tract pathogens is useful to determine important trends and geographical variation for common Gram-positive and -negative species. The most common causative uropathogens often have intrinsic or acquired resistance mechanisms which include ESBL production among enteric bacilli, multi-drug resistant staphylococci and non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. This study evaluates pathogen frequency and the resistance rates among urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogens in 14 medical centres in the Asia-Pacific region between 1998 and 1999. The isolates were referred to a central monitor for reference NCCLS broth microdilution testing, identification confirmation and patient demographic analysis. Over 50% of the 958 pathogens were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. followed by P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp. and Enterobacter spp. Susceptibility for the three enteric bacilli was high for carbapenems (100%), 'fourth-generation' cephalosporins (cefepime 94.9-98.6%) and amikacin (> or = 93.0%). Beta-lactamase inhibitor compounds were more active against E. coli (piperacillin/tazobactam; > 90% susceptible) than the other two enteric species and all other tested agents had a narrower spectra of activity. The rank order of anti-pseudomonal agents was amikacin (91.5% susceptible)> imipenem > piperacillin/tazobactam > tobramycin > ceftazidime and cefepime (77.4 and 76.4% susceptible, respectively). Susceptibility to quinolones for the P. aeruginosa isolates was only 63.2-67.0%. Only one vancomycin-intermediate Enterococcus spp. (van C phenotype) was detected among the 103 strains tested. Newer fluoroquinolones (gatifloxacin; MIC(50), mg/l) were more potent against enterococci than ciprofloxacin (MIC(50), 2 mg/l) and high-level resistance to aminoglycosides was common (41.7%). The data presented are compared to studies of similar design from other areas which are part of the SENTRY surveillance network.     

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics using Etest against clinical isolates from 60 medical centres in Japan

An antimicrobial resistance surveillance study was carried out in 60 medical centres across Japan. Resistance to piperacillin was 10.8% in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, while 1.3% or fewer isolates were resistant to other beta-lactams. Klebsiella spp. were more susceptible to imipenem, cefepime and cefpirome. Isolates of Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., indole-positive Proteus and Serratia spp. were susceptible to imipenem, cefepime and cefpirome, while Acinetobacter spp. were most susceptible to cefoperazone/sulbactam, imipenem, ceftazidime (5.8% resistance) and cefepime (7.6%). Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were more susceptible to ceftazidime (12.3% resistance), cefoperazone/sulbactam (12.5%) and cefepime (12.6%) than to piperacillin (15.0%), cefpirome (22.6%) and imipenem (30.8%). The percentage of Japanese imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa clinical isolates was around 30%.     

2018年内蒙古包头市细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解2018年内蒙古包头市11所参加全国细菌耐药监测网医院临床分离株的构成及耐药情况,为本地区临床合理化用药提供理论依据。方法 各成员医院按监测方案,采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器检测法进行药敏试验,按美国临床实验室标准化研究协会(CLSI) 2017年版标准判读药敏结果,采用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果 共收集上述医院非重复临床分离菌7773株,其中革兰阳性菌2138株,占27.5%,革兰阴性菌5635株,占72.5%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的平均检出率分别为12.2%和66.9%,MRSA和MRCNS对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA和MSCNS),未发现利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药菌株。屎肠球菌对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于粪肠球菌,粪肠球菌中发现有3株利奈唑胺、1株万古霉素和1株替考拉宁耐药菌株。非脑脊液标本分离的肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率为2.0%。大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产ESBL菌株的平均检出率分别为48.3%和20.6%,产ESBL菌株对所测抗菌药物的耐药率均高于非产ESBL菌株。肠杆菌科细菌中CRE的检出率为1.2%,CRKP菌株对阿米卡星的耐药率为64.3%。铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/三唑巴坦的耐药率均低于15.0%。不动杆菌属对包括碳青霉烯类在内的大多数抗菌药物的耐药率超过38.0%,其中亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为42.3%和43.5%。结论 我市细菌耐药情况较全国水平低,但仍呈缓慢增长趋势,应继续做好细菌耐药性监测工作,加强抗菌药物临床应用管理措施,以合理化使用抗菌药物。     

2018年内蒙古包头市细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解2018年内蒙古包头市11所参加全国细菌耐药监测网医院临床分离株的构成及耐药情况,为本地区临床合理化用药提供理论依据。方法 各成员医院按监测方案,采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器检测法进行药敏试验,按美国临床实验室标准化研究协会(CLSI) 2017年版标准判读药敏结果,采用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果 共收集上述医院非重复临床分离菌7773株,其中革兰阳性菌2138株,占27.5%,革兰阴性菌5635株,占72.5%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的平均检出率分别为12.2%和66.9%,MRSA和MRCNS对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA和MSCNS),未发现利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药菌株。屎肠球菌对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于粪肠球菌,粪肠球菌中发现有3株利奈唑胺、1株万古霉素和1株替考拉宁耐药菌株。非脑脊液标本分离的肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率为2.0%。大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产ESBL菌株的平均检出率分别为48.3%和20.6%,产ESBL菌株对所测抗菌药物的耐药率均高于非产ESBL菌株。肠杆菌科细菌中CRE的检出率为1.2%,CRKP菌株对阿米卡星的耐药率为64.3%。铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/三唑巴坦的耐药率均低于15.0%。不动杆菌属对包括碳青霉烯类在内的大多数抗菌药物的耐药率超过38.0%,其中亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为42.3%和43.5%。结论     

中国西部地区老年患者临床分离菌的耐药及分布特点

目的 了解中国西部地区10所医院2016—2017年老年患者临床分离菌的分布特点及其对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 按统一方案,采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法进行细菌药敏试验,按照美国临床和实验室标准化协会(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute,CLSI)2017年标准判读结果。结果 共收集临床分离菌121374株,其中老年患者41448株,占34.1%。其中革 兰阳性菌9499株,占22.9%;革兰阴性菌31949株,占77.1%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄 球菌(MRCNS)的检出率分别为37.1%和79.3%。未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药葡萄球菌。除四环素、克林霉素和利 奈唑胺外,屎肠球菌对其他抗菌药物耐药率均高于粪肠球菌;两者中均有少数万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药株,耐药率 均＜3%。碳青霉烯类抗生素依然对肠杆菌科细菌保持良好的抗菌活性,耐药率均＜10%。肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南 的耐药率分别为7.1%和9.9%,比2011年明显升高。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为18.9%和17.8%。鲍曼不 动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率均＞60%,高于全国平均水平(60.0%,2016年)。结论 老年患者临床分离菌的耐药及分 布特点不同于全国平均水平。经验用药应参考老年人群耐药监测数据,根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

小儿细菌性肺炎2382例病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的：了解本地区小儿细菌性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床经验性治疗提供参考。方法：选取2010年1月1日至2012年12月31日我院儿科二病区2382例确诊为细菌性肺炎患儿的痰培养标本,分析病原菌的分布及耐药情况。结果：小儿细菌性肺炎痰培养标本检出病原菌571株,以革兰阴性菌为主,共477株,占83．54％,其中肺炎克雷伯菌占26．44％,大肠埃希菌占25．22％,鲍曼不动杆菌占10．86％;革兰阳性菌共64株,占11．21％,其中金黄色葡萄球菌7．71％。检出的各种病原菌对阿米卡星、亚胺培南、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦均较敏感,除鲍曼不动杆菌对关罗培南耐药外,其他病原菌对其均敏感;金黄色葡萄球菌对左氧氟沙星、呋喃妥因、利福平、头孢西丁、利奈唑胺、莫西沙星、万古霉素、喹奴普汀或迭福普汀均100％敏感,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林的耐药性较高;铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、复方磺胺甲嚼唑、头孢曲松、头孢替坦、呋喃妥因100％耐药,鲍曼不动杆菌对氨苄西林、关罗培南、头孢替坦、头孢唑林、呋喃妥因100％耐药。结论：不同地区儿童细菌性肺炎致病菌及其药物敏感性可能不同,临床应根据所在地区的病原菌流行情况及其耐药规律制定最佳的治疗方案,合理应用抗菌药物,避免或减少细菌耐药性的产生。     

2016年齐齐哈尔市第一医院细菌耐药性分析

目的 了解2016年齐齐哈尔市第一医院临床分离菌对常见抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供实验室依据。方法 采用自动化仪器对2016年1月1日-12月31日齐齐哈尔市第一医院临床分离菌进行药敏试验,采用美国临床实验室标准化研究协会(CLSI)2014年版标准判断药敏结果及WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果 2016年共收集非重复临床分离菌3,505株,其中革兰阴性菌2,450株,占69.9%;革兰阳性菌1,055株,占30.1%。取自下呼吸道标本所占比率最高57.3%,其次为尿液10.5%和血液10.3%。排在前5位的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌,分别占18.43%、15.92%、14.41%、13.92%和7.93%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci,MRCNS)的检出率分别为27.4%和74.2%。未发现对万古霉素和利奈唑胺的葡萄球菌。肠球菌属细菌中粪肠球菌对所测试的抗菌药的耐药率显著低于屎肠球菌,未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺的肠球菌。大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属细菌(肺炎克雷伯菌、产酸克雷伯菌)和奇异变形菌的ESBLs,检出率分别为43.3%、20.1%和18.4%。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素高度敏感,但是仍有对少数碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌(carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae,CRE),以肺炎克雷伯菌居多。对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和不动杆菌属检出率分别为17.5%和60.4%。肺炎链球菌对红霉素和克林霉素耐药率大于98%,青霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌(PRSP)占2.3%。结论 细菌耐药性仍对临床构成严重威胁,应重视细菌耐药性监测并加强抗菌药物的合理使用。     

Sustained activity and spectrum of selected extended-spectrum beta-lactams (carbapenems and cefepime) against Enterobacter spp. and ESBL-producing Klebsiella spp.: report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (USA, 1997-2000)

Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. are important clinical pathogens that frequently exhibit resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. In Enterobacter spp. strains, resistance is usually due to derepression of the Amp C locus, whereas plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are primarily responsible for resistance in Klebsiella spp. Here we report the results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program concerning the rates and trends of resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactams and other antimicrobial agents in Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. isolated between 1997 and 2000 in participating hospitals in the United States. Among Enterobacter spp., resistance (MIC>or=32 mg/l) to aztreonam, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone ranged from 12.3 to 21.2% over the 4 years, whereas resistance in Klebsiella (MIC>or=2 mg/l) ranged from 5.9 to 6.8%. There was no trend toward increased resistance to these beta-lactam agents over the monitored period. Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem) and cefepime had excellent activity against both ceftazidime-susceptible and -resistant Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. (>99% susceptible), although the minimum inhibitory concentration values of cefepime were higher in ceftazidime-resistant isolates compared with ceftazidime-susceptible isolates. Co-resistance to other antimicrobial agents was common in both tested genus groups.     

2016年福建省晋江市医院细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解福建省晋江市医院2016年临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性。方法 收集本院2016年1-12月的临床分离菌株,采用自动化仪器法或纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行细菌药物敏感性试验,按美国临床实验室标准化研究协会(CLSI)2016年版标准判断结果,WHONET 5.6软件统计分析。结果 共分离临床菌1,744株,其中革兰阳性菌590株,占33.8%,革兰阴性菌1,154株,占66.2%。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)检出率分别为29.6%和72.9%,MRSA和MRCNS对常用抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA和MSCNS),未发现替考拉宁、万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药株。肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数测试抗菌药物(利奈唑胺除外)的耐药率均显著低于屎肠球菌,发现利奈唑胺耐药粪肠球菌2株,未发现替考拉宁和万古霉素耐药的粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌。肺炎链球菌非脑膜炎分离株对青霉素均高度敏感。大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌)、奇异变形菌中ESBLs检出率分别为50.4%、22.5%和16.7%,肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素高度敏感,但有2.8%的肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类耐药。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为29.7%和21.2%。不动杆菌属(鲍曼不动杆菌占94.2%)对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为60.5%和62.9%。流感嗜血菌和卡他莫拉菌β-内酰胺酶产酶率分别为46.9%和99.3%。结论 县级医院临床分离菌的构成和耐药性均有别于大型综合性医院。     

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in 2002

Using the agar dilution method, the antibacterial activity of 18 antibiotics inclusive of 4 carbapenems were investigated against 101 strains of urinary pathogens isolated from patients with urinary tract infections who visited the Department of Urology at Kagoshima University Hospital, between January and December 2002. 4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 3 strains of Staphylococcus spp. (exclusive of S. aureus), 14 strains of Enterococcus faecalis, 3 strains of Enterococcus spp. (exclusive of E. faecalis), 41 strains of Escherichia coli, 21 strains of Enterobacteriaceae (exclusive of E. coli), 12 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 3 strains of glucose-nonfermentative Gram-negative rods (exclusive of P. aeruginosa) were examined. 1. Against clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria, vancomycin and teicoplanin were active. Additionally, arbekacin was active against S. aureus clinical isolates and ampicillin was active against E. faecalis clinical isolates. Carbapenems were active against clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria, except for multi-drug resistant strains of Gram-positive bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus. 2. As for clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, meropenem was most active against Enterobacteriaceae among 13 antibiotics tested. Against P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, MIC90 of meropenem was the lowest among 13 antibiotics tested. In addition, resistant rate of meropenem and biapenem against P. aeruginosa clinical isolates was lower than those of the other carbapenems tested. 3. As main urinary pathogens showed no remarkable increase in resistance to carbapenems, it can be stated that carbapenems retain their position as the drug of first choice for severe infection.     

2017年某县级三级综合医院住院患者病原学标本送检及主要病原菌耐药性分析

目的了解某县级三级综合医院住院患者病原学送检现状及主要病原菌耐药情况,以进一步促进抗菌药物的合理使用。方法收集2017年某县级三级综合医院住院患者抗菌药物使用、病原学标本送检及主要病原菌耐药情况等资料,并进行统计分析。结果26504例住院患者抗菌药物使用率及病原学送检率分别为52.9%、48.0%。送检标本以呼吸道标本为主(51.4%),共分离出病原菌1596株,革兰阴性菌占78.4%,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌的分离率居前5位。MDRO检出率为23.9%,以产ESBLs肠杆菌、MDR-AB及MRSA多见。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株分别占47.8%、34.2%,对氨苄西林高度耐药,对阿米卡星、头孢替坦、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦的耐药率较低,出现少量亚胺培南耐药菌株;阴沟肠杆菌对阿米卡星、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、妥布霉素、庆大霉素、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦敏感,对亚胺培南耐药率为6.8%;鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌耐药严重,对亚胺培南的耐药率>30.0%;葡萄球菌中MRSA菌株占31.4%,MRCNS菌株高达76.7%,对青霉素、红霉素和克林霉素耐药严重,对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素100.0%敏感。结论2017年该县级三级综合医院住院患者抗菌药物使用率和病原学送检率基本合理,病原菌对抗菌药物耐药形势依然严峻,MDRO感染普遍存在。医院需进一步加强抗菌药物的使用管理,提高病原学标本送检的积极性,根据药敏结果制定合理的治疗方案。     

Contemporary in vitro spectrum of activity summary for antimicrobial agents tested against 18569 strains non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli isolated in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997-2001)

The frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 18 569 non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli consecutively collected as part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program were summarized. The isolates were tested by the broth microdilution method in three coordinator laboratories using common reagents and reference methodologies. The most frequently isolated pathogen was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11 968 isolates; 64.5%) followed by Acinetobacter spp. (3468 isolates; 18.7%) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1488 isolates; 8.0%). The lowest resistance rates for P. aeruginosa documented were for amikacin (8%), meropenem (10%) and cefepime (10%), and all fluoroquinolones tested showed similar resistance rates (22–24%). The most active compounds against Acinetobacter spp. were the carbapenems, imipenem (11% resistance) and meropenem (12% resistance) followed by cefepime (31% resistance) and gatifloxacin (32% resistance). Very few compounds showed reasonable in vitro activity against S. maltophilia, with the most active antimicrobial agents being trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, gatifloxacin and levofloxacin (5–6% resistance). Resistance surveillance among these organisms remains necessary to guide empirical antimicrobial therapy, especially for these less frequently isolated and difficult to test pathogens.     

2015年安徽省细菌耐药监测分析

目的 了解安徽地区临床分布病原菌及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,为临床用药提供依据。方法 对2015年安徽地区31家医院参与细菌耐药监测送检临床分离的2 360株非重复菌株进行体外药敏实验,测定细菌的最低药物浓度(MIC),按CLSI2015年版判读药敏结果,采用WHONET5.6软件进行耐药性分析。结果 安徽地区共临床分离病原菌2 360株,其中革兰阴性菌占82.4%(1 944/2 360),革兰阳性菌占17.6%(416/2 360)。葡萄球菌属中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率为分别为64.7%和71.3%,未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁及利奈唑胺耐药菌株。屎肠球菌对常用抗生素的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌,其中对万古霉素耐药率分别为5.4%和3.6%;革兰阴性菌中,前四位分离的菌株依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌,其中肠杆菌科细菌(1 365/1 944,57.8%),葡萄糖非发酵细菌(564/1 944,29.0%)。肠杆菌科细菌中,亚胺培南和美罗培南对肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药率(18.6%、17.8%)明显高于对大肠埃希菌的耐药率(8.7%、5.9%)。非发酵菌属中以铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌多见,鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率高达80%以上,对头孢哌酮舒巴坦和阿米卡星耐药率均在50%以下。结论 细菌耐药性严重,应加强对多重耐药菌的监测与防控,合理使用抗生素药物。