钛种植体表面释放的钛颗粒及离子对机体影响的研究现状

钛金属及其合金因其良好的生物相容性和力学特点成为应用最广泛的口腔种植材料.越来越多的研究证明,钛离子及颗粒的释放可以通过破坏骨平衡、抑制免疫等方式造成无菌性种植体周围炎,同时也会造成神经抑制及过敏反应等.但是目前尚未深入研究种植修复中钛颗粒或离子释放对机体长期的影响.本文就钛离子释放原因及钛离子及颗粒对机体的影响进行综述.     

钛种植体表面释放的钛颗粒及离子对机体影响的研究现状

钛金属及其合金因其良好的生物相容性和力学特点成为应用最广泛的口腔种植材料.越来越多的研究证明,钛离子及颗粒的释放可以通过破坏骨平衡、抑制免疫等方式造成无菌性种植体周围炎,同时也会造成神经抑制及过敏反应等.但是目前尚未深入研究种植修复中钛颗粒或离子释放对机体长期的影响.本文就钛离子释放原因及钛离子及颗粒对机体的影响进行综述.     

口腔含氟环境对钛表面氧化膜特性及其腐蚀行为的影响

目的 研究口腔含氟环境对钛表面氧化膜特性及其腐蚀行为的影响。方法 将纯钛试件浸泡于不同氟浓度的人工唾液中,以无氟人工唾液为对照组。收集浸泡7 d的试件与浸泡液,采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析钛表面氧化膜组成;采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)检测各组人工唾液中纯钛试件的腐蚀行为特征;采用电感耦合-等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)检测各组浸泡液中的钛离子释放量。结果 XPS广谱分析显示,钛表面的钛和氧元素含量随氟浓度的增加而逐渐降低,氟元素含量则相应增加;XPS高像素谱分析显示,钛表面的二氧化钛含量随氟浓度的增加而逐渐降低。EIS测试获得的奈奎斯特图(Nyquist)、波特相位图以及等效电路拟合数据显示,钛表面氧化膜的腐蚀阻抗随着氟浓度的增加而逐渐减小,钛腐蚀行为逐渐增强。ICP-OES检测发现,随着氟浓度的增加,钛离子释放量显著增加。结论 口腔含氟环境能破坏钛表面氧化膜,加速钛腐蚀行为,进而引发钛离子释放,且该效应随氟浓度的增加而加剧。     

不同温度热氧化处理钛种植体耐腐蚀性能和离子释放速度的体外研究

目的：采用恒电位仪、原子吸收光谱仪，对三组不同温度热氧化钛种植体表面的耐腐蚀性能和钛离子释放速率进行了研究。方法：三组试样的恒电位阳极极化曲线、腐蚀速率、离子释放速度的对比性研究。结果：各组表面均有好的耐腐蚀性能、低的离子释放速度；而且人工氧化组的耐腐蚀性能最好，钛离子释放率最低。以自然氧化组的耐腐蚀性能最差，钛离子释放率最高。结论：人工氧化组表面最稳定。     

医用钛材料表面改性研究进展

作为生物医用金属材料,钛及其合金具有良好的机械性能和抗腐蚀性能,广泛应用于人体硬组织的修复或替代。但钛植入体在制备过程中会形成惰性氧化层,在硬组织替换过程中,与周围骨组织之间的结合只是机械嵌合而非化学结合,植入体内后容易发生松动和脱落。表面改性技术可在保留钛及其合金原有优良机械性能的基础上,赋予其特殊的生物学功能,从而满足临床需求。本文就医用钛材料的表面改性技术作一综述。     

溶胶-凝胶沉积金属钛方法的实验研究

目的 旨在建立溶胶-凝胶沉积金属钛的方法,在烤瓷用镍铬合金表面沉积一薄层钛,利用钛优秀的耐蚀性,增强镍铬合金的耐蚀性能。方法 溶胶-凝胶法的步骤:①镍铬合金表面预处理;②溶胶制备;③涂层;④热处理。运用X射线光电子(XPS)能谱分析涂层后的镍铬合金表面元素成分的变化。结果 镍铬合金经涂钛后,表面无起皮、鼓泡、剥落现象。XPS能谱分析峰高图表明,涂层后镍铬合金表面除镍、铬等元素外,增加了钛元素。据每分钟氩离子刻蚀103μm计算,涂钛层厚度约为20-80μm。结论 溶胶-凝胶法能够在镍铬合金表面沉积一薄层金属钛。     

口腔用镍铬合金镍离子释放及生物安全性的研究进展

镍铬合金应用于口腔修复治疗已有很长时间,其在口腔复杂环境下离子释放和对口腔局部和全身组织生物安全性的的问题一直是人们关注的重点,已有一系列的实验研究镍铬合金中镍离子的释放,以及释放的镍离子引起的细胞和组织的生物毒性。本文简要陈述目前研究镍铬合金中镍离子的释放的各种方法和结论,镍离子在细胞水平和全身引起的生物毒性,总结研究工作的不足,为今后相关方面的研究提供参考。     

精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸修饰钛材料表面的研究进展

钛及其合金因良好的生物学性能被广泛应用于口腔医学领域,但钛金属是惰性材料,植入后不能直接和骨形成较好的结合,因此对钛及其合金表面进行生物改性一直是生物材料领域的研究热点.精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(RGD)作为钛材料表面修饰的候选蛋白质,广泛存在于纤连蛋白、玻连蛋白和骨涎腺蛋白等多种细胞外基质蛋白中,可调节细胞与血清及细胞外基质的附着,因此,本文就目前国内外对RGD修饰钛及其合金表面的主要研究进展作一综述.     

钛硅涂层对钴铬合金耐腐蚀性能的影响

目的:研究钛硅(TiSi)涂层对牙科钴铬合金(CoCr)耐腐蚀性能的影响。方法:选用临床常用的CoCr合金,制作成10mm×10mm×3mm规格的试件,运用溶胶-凝胶法在其表面涂层钛硅。将涂层前、后的试件浸泡在人工唾液中,利用失重法计算材料的腐蚀速度,并运用ICP-AES等离子体发射光谱仪分析钴铬合金钛硅涂层前、后离子释放量的差异,采用SAS8.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果:失重法实验发现,钛硅涂层前的腐蚀速度为0.163g·m-2·h-1;涂层后为0.138 g·m-2·h-1,运用AES技术分析钴铬合金的元素释放量(g·m-2),涂层前镍为7.728582657、钴为0.008801153、铬为0.306195965、硅为0.194851978;而涂层后,镍为4.745189808、钴为0.004718889、铬为0.153195362、硅为0.778406136,镍、钴、铬的元素释放量在涂层后减少。结论:硅钛涂层能提高钴铬合金的耐腐蚀性能。     

载锌纳米线修饰钛表面的血管内皮细胞生物学行为研究

目的 探究载锌纳米线修饰钛表面对血管内皮细胞生物学行为的影响。方法 纯钛试件抛光清洗后,通过酸蚀和碱热处理,在其表面制备纳米线(NW-Ti)和载锌纳米线(Zn-NW-Ti)结构。以光滑钛表面(cp-Ti)为对照组,纳米线、载锌纳米线修饰钛表面为实验组。通过扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、接触角测量仪分析各组钛表面的微形貌、元素组成和亲水性;采用锌离子检测试剂盒检测载锌纳米线修饰钛表面释放的锌离子浓度;将人脐静脉内皮细胞系细胞(HUVECs)接种于各组试件表面,通过细胞粘附、增殖、迁移及实时荧光定量PCR实验,研究不同钛表面对人脐静脉内皮细胞行为的影响。结果 载锌纳米线修饰钛表面为形貌均一的纳米线状拓扑结构,并含有微量锌元素,其释放的锌离子浓度约为1 mg/L。与其余两组相比,载锌纳米线修饰钛表面能促进人脐静脉内皮细胞的粘附、增殖和迁移,并上调血管生成相关因子HIF-1α、VEGF-A的表达水平。结论 载锌纳米线修饰钛表面能促进血管内皮细胞粘附、增殖、迁移及相关功能基因的表达。     

采用仿生溶液对钛合金种植体生物安全性的评价

目的:运用数字模拟临床常用钛合金种植体离子质量浓度动态变化的过程,量化评价其生物安全性,并评价常用钛合金种植体涂层在离子释放过程中的作用。方法:采用全谱直读等离子体发射光谱仪,对不同时刻两种钛合金种植体在模拟体内环境下的仿生溶液中释放铝离子(Al3+)和钒离子(V5+)的质量浓度进行测量,运用数学方法得到不同时刻的离子质量浓度,并对有无涂层时两种钛合金种植体释放Al3+和V5+的过程进行对比。结果:两种钛合金种植体离子释放总体趋势和峰值相同,其中Al3+释放趋势为反弦曲线,V5+释放趋势为正弦曲线;仿生溶液中Al3+和V5+质量浓度分别在第2小时和第6小时达到稳态,分别为0.05mg/L和0.0025mg/L。结论:临床常用钛合金种植体在仿生溶液中Al3+和V5+释放极微,其涂层在离子释放过程中的屏障作用小。     

钛合金种植体表面生物活性因子缓释涂层的构建及生物学评价

目的 探讨在纯钛及其合金种植体表面构建生物活性因子缓释涂层的可行途径。 方法 通过模拟体液仿生沉积法在钛合金种植体表面构建钙磷离子/神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)复合涂层,扫描电镜观察表面形貌、检测厚度,声发射划痕仪检测结合强度; ELISA法检测涂层所含NGF的总量及体外缓释规律;倒置相差显微镜观察释出的NGF对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞定向成骨细胞分化诱导的影响。 结果 本实验制备的复合涂层具有粗糙的表面,平均厚度为（11.2±0.26）μm,平均临界载荷为（6.8±0.37）N;所含的NGF可在体外缓释2周以上,并具有生物活性。 结论 模拟体液仿生沉积法可在钛合金种植体表面成功构建具有缓释生物活性因子能力的复合涂层,其释出的NGF可促进成骨。     

Alkali and heat treatment of titanium implant material for bioactivity

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate alkali- and heat-treated titanium implant material. Materials and Methods: Ninety-eight square plates of commercially pure titanium were divided into three groups. Group 1 plates were left untreated, and groups 2 and 3 were subjected to anodization and alkali treatment for 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Treated specimens were then subdivided into three equal subgroups (a, b, and c), which were heat treated for 1 hour at temperatures of 500°C, 700°C, and 800°C, respectively. Changes in the crystalline structure were analyzed using x-ray diffractometry. Surface roughness was measured using a surface roughness tester. Selected specimens were immersed in a specially prepared simulated body fluid for 10 days. Calcium and phosphorous deposition on the specimens was detected using energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Results: Increasing the alkali treatment period and heat treatment temperature positively affected surface roughness and formation of a bioactive sodium titanium oxide (sodium titanate) layer on the titanium surface, especially after heat treatment at 800°C. There was a significantly higher calcium deposition on specimens of group 3 in comparison with those of groups 1 and 2. The results of pH and ion concentration changes of the used simulated body fluid confirmed the results of energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Conclusion: Alkali and heat treatment of titanium implant materials created better treatment conditions for obtaining a bioactive implant material.     

Can degradation products released from dental implants affect peri‐implant tissues?

This study aimed to assess the literature available on the effects, on peri‐implant tissues, of degradation products released from dental implants as a consequence of therapeutic treatment for peri‐implantitis and/or of wear‐corrosion of titanium. A literature review of the PubMed medline database was performed up to December 31, 2016. The following search terms were used: “titanium wear and dental implant”; “titanium corrosion and dental implant”; “bio‐tribocorrosion”; “peri‐implantitis”; “treatment of peri‐implantitis”; “titanium particles release and dental implant”; and “titanium ion release and dental implant”. The keywords were applied to the database in different combinations without limits of time period or type of work. In addition, the reference lists of relevant articles were searched for further studies. Seventy‐nine relevant scientific articles on the topic were retrieved. The results showed that pro‐inflammatory cytokines, infiltration of inflammatory response cells and activation of the osteoclasts activity are stimulated in peri‐implant tissues in the presence of metal particles and ions. Moreover, degenerative changes were reported in macrophages and neutrophils that phagocytosed titanium microparticles, and mutations occurred in human cells cultured in medium containing titanium‐based nanoparticles. Debris released from the degradation of dental implants has cytotoxic and genotoxic potential for peri‐implant tissues. Thus, the amount and physicochemical properties of the degradation products determine the magnitude of the detrimental effect on peri‐implant tissues.     

Titanium release from implants prepared with different surface roughness

OBJECTIVES: There may be a risk of greater ion release for surface-enlarged implants than conventionally turned components. The major aim of the present paper was to investigate whether a correlation exists between ion release and a surface roughness relevant for today's commercial implants. Other aims were to compare ion release after two insertion times and concentration in bone tissue as a function of distance from the implant surface. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Lactic acid aqueous solution (pH=2.3) and phosphate-buffered saline were used for the in vitro investigation. For the in vivo investigation, synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF) spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) were performed 12 weeks and 1 year after implantation in rabbit tibiae. RESULTS: The average height deviation (S(a)) was 0.7, 1.27, 1.43 and 2.21 microm, respectively, for the four surfaces investigated. No difference in ion release was found in vitro. In vivo, SRXRF demonstrated slightly higher values for the roughest surface up to a distance of 400 microm from the implant surface; thereafter no difference was found. SIMS demonstrated no difference in ion release for the roughest and smoothest surfaces, but slightly more titanium in bone tissue after 1 year than after 12 weeks. Titanium rapidly decreased with distance from the implant surface. CONCLUSION: At a level relevant for commercial oral implants, no correlation was found between increasing roughness and ion release, neither in vitro nor in vivo.     

Comparison of bioactive glass coated and hydroxyapatite coated titanium dental implants in the human jaw bone

Background: Current trends in clinical dental implant therapy include modification of titanium surfaces for the purpose of improving osseointegration by different additive (bioactive coatings) and subtractive processes (acid etching, grit‐blasting). The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the behaviour of hydroxyapatite and the newly developed bioactive glass coated implants (62 implants) in osseous tissue following implantation in 31 patients. Methods: Bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite was suitably coated on titanium alloy. Hydroxyapatite coating was applied on the implant surface by air microplasma spray technique and bioactive glass coating was applied by vitreous enamelling technique. The outcome was assessed up to 12 months after prosthetic loading using different clinical and radiological parameters. Results: Hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass coating materials were non‐toxic and biocompatible. Overall results showed that bioactive glass coated implants were as equally successful as hydroxyapatite in achieving osseointegration and supporting final restorations. Conclusions: The newly developed bioactive glass is a good alternative coating material for dental implants.     

种植体表面活性肽／蛋白修饰的研究进展

种植义齿因其舒适美观、咀嚼功能恢复良好以及能够避免或减少天然牙的磨除,越来越多地应用于临床。钛基种植体与周围组织形成良好的骨性愈合即骨整合是种植义齿临床成功的关键。尽快达到良好的骨整合,对于实现种植体的早期负载甚至即刻负载和长期稳定十分重要。种植体表面生物化学修饰改性是提高骨整合的重要途径,各种活性肽／蛋白因其确切的成骨效果,近年来一直是国内外材料专家种植体表面修饰的研究热点。本文就种植体表面活性肽／蛋白修饰的研究进展作一综述。     

种植体表面活性肽/蛋白修饰的研究进展

种植义齿因其舒适美观、咀嚼功能恢复良好以及能够避免或减少天然牙的磨除,越来越多地应用于临床.钛基种植体与周围组织形成良好的骨性愈合即骨整合是种植义齿临床成功的关键.尽快达到良好的骨整合,对于实现种植体的早期负载甚至即刻负载和长期稳定十分重要.种植体表面生物化学修饰改性是提高骨整合的重要途径,各种活性肽/蛋白因其确切的成骨效果,近年来一直是国内外材料专家种植体表面修饰的研究热点.本文就种植体表面活性肽/蛋白修饰的研究进展作一综述.     

Bioactive glass and calcium carbonate granules as filler material around titanium and bioactive glass implants in the medullar space of the rabbit tibia

The effect of bioactive glass (BG) and calcium carbonate (CC) granules on bone formation around titanium and BG implants projecting into the medullary space of rabbit tibia was studied. The bone marrow tissue was removed and the medullary space was filled either with BG or CC (Biocoral®) granules (0 630μ800 –m). Conical titanium and BG implants were inserted into the holes drilled in compact bone using the press fit technique. Histomorphometry was used to measure the bone‐biomaterial area in a 1.O mm wide zone around the head of the implant and the contact between formed bone and implant. Significantly larger bone-biomaterial area was obtained around titanium implants using BG than CC granules while no difference was found in connection of BG implants. Better bone‐implant contact was achieved with BG implants than with titanium implants regardless of the type of granules used. The results indicate that BG may prove to be useful as filler and coating material in connection of implants projecting into bone cavities.     

Surface properties and biocompatibility of nitrided titanium for abrasion resistant implant materials

Corrosion, other related properties and biocompatibility of surface nitrided titanium were investigated to examine its possible use as an abrasion resistant implant material. The nitrided layer about 2 microm thick composed of TiN and Ti2N was formed on titanium by a gas nitriding method. The dissolved amount of titanium ion in SBF was as low as the detection limit of ICP, and that in the 1% lactic acid showed no significant difference from titanium. The tissue reaction of the cylindrical implant in soft tissue of rats showed no inflammation, and fine particles of 1 microm induced phagocytosis, which was similar to titanium. The implantation in the femor showed the new bone formed in direct contact with implants. All the results suggested that the wettability, corrosion resistance, S. mutans adhesion and biocompatibility were nearly equivalent to those of titanium. The surface of nitrided titanium was promising, with biocompatibility comparable with titanium, as an implant material such as for an abutment part of a dental implant, which requires high abrasion resistance.