牛珀至宝微丸对内毒素休克肾组织诱生型一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的　探讨牛珀至宝微丸对内毒素休克肾组织iNOS表达的作用。方法　静脉注射内毒素 (LPS) 1 5mg/kg、腹腔注射D 氨基半乳糖糖 (D Ga1N) 10 0mg/kg造成内毒素休克模型 ,用牛珀至宝微丸干预处理 ,免疫组化方法检测诱生型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS)在肾组织内的表达。结果　牛珀至宝微丸可以使肾内iNOS表达减弱 ,肾损伤减轻。结论　牛珀至宝微丸可以减轻内毒素休克造成的肾损伤 ,这种保护作用可能是通过调节肾组织NOS表达而产生的     

盐酸戊乙奎醚抑制脂多糖致急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织中PMN扣押和NF-κB活化

目的：观察盐酸戊乙奎醚(PHC)对脂多糖(LPS)致急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠中性粒细胞(PMN)肺内扣押及对肺组织核因子κB（NF-κB）活化的影响。方法： SD大鼠随机分为对照组、LPS模型组（静脉注射5 mg/kg LPS）、LPS+PHC高、中和低(3.0、1.0和0.3 mg/kg)3个剂量组，每组8只，用比色法测定肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性，进行支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)PMN计数，蛋白免疫印迹法检测肺组织NF-κB的表达。结果： PHC显著降低ALI大鼠肺组织MPO活性、BALF中PMN计数比例（均P＜0.05)；ALI组大鼠肺组织磷酸化NF-κB的表达显著高于正常对照组（P＜0.05)；PHC高、中剂量组能显著抑制大鼠肺组织磷酸化NF-κB表达高于ALI模型组（均P＜0.05)；在造模后不同的时点观察，PHC对磷酸化NF-κB表达的作用有差别，以造模后6 h时最能有效抑制磷酸化NF-κB上调。结论： PHC能抑制LPS诱导ALI大鼠PMN在肺内扣押和肺组织NF-κB活化，PHC抑制LPS诱导PMN肺内扣押可能与抑制NF-κB活化有关，后者有待进一步验证。     

丙酮酸乙酯对LPS致急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织NF-κB p65及TNF-α和IL-lβ的影响

目的:观察丙酮酸乙酯(EP)对内毒素性急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠肺组织核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)p65表达及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)含量的影响,探讨EP可能的肺保护机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠30只随机分为三组(n均=10):正常对照组,静脉注射与其它二组等量生理盐水;LPS组,静脉注射脂多糖(LPS)5mg/kg复制大鼠ALI模型;EP+LPS组,于静脉注射LPS前1h腹腔内注射EP(40mg/kg)。所有动物于注射LPS或生理盐水后4h颈动脉放血处死,取肺组织用Westernblot测定其NF-κBp65的表达,用ELISA测定其TNF-α和IL-1β的含量。结果:与对照组相比,LPS组、EP+LPS组肺组织NF-κBp65表达增加,肺组织TNF-α和IL-lβ含量升高(P0.05);与LPS组相比,EP+LPS组肺组织NF-κBp65表达降低,肺组织TNF-α和IL-lβ含量降低(P0.05)。结论:EP通过下调大鼠LPS诱导的肺组织NF-κBp65表达,降低了TNF-α和IL-lβ的释放。EP可减轻ALI大鼠肺的炎症反应。     

右美托咪定改善感染性休克大鼠急性肺损伤及对TLR9/NF-κB通路表达的影响

目的用,并探讨其可能的机制。方法将SD大鼠分为假手术组(Sham),模型组(LPS)和DMED治疗组(LPS+DMED);称重并计算各组大鼠肺系数、肺组织湿/干重比(W/D)和含水量;HE染色检测各组大鼠肺组织病理变化;ELISA检测各组大鼠肺组织IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白的表达;免疫荧光化学法染色各组大鼠肺组织NF-κB(p65)的表达;Western blot法检测TLR9和NF-κB(p65)的蛋白表达。结果与LPS组比较,DMED明显降低感染性休克大鼠的肺系数、肺组织湿/干重比(W/D)和含水量,改善感染性休克大鼠肺组织病理变化,显著降低IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表达水平,减弱肺组织中NF-κB(p65)的活化,抑制TLR9和NF-κB(p65)的蛋白表达。结论 DMED对感染性休克大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用,与减轻炎症因子和抑制TLR-9/NF-κB信号通路相关。     

连翘酯苷A对脂多糖诱发的小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的研究中药单体连翘酯苷A对脂多糖(LPS)诱发小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用及可能机制。方法采用腹腔注射LPS(10 mg/kg体质量)建立内LPS诱发急性肺损伤小鼠模型;实验分正常对照组,急性肺损伤模型组,抗体组,连翘酯苷A高、中、低剂量组;其中抗体组在造模前12 h前腹腔注射抗小鼠Toll样受体4/髓样分化蛋白2(TLR4/MD2)复合物抗体(50μg/20 g体质量),连翘酯苷A干预组在造模前7 d腹腔注射连翘酯苷A1次/d,剂量分别为(80、20、5)mg/kg体质量;各组小鼠在造模4 h后留取血和肺组织,动态浊度法检测血浆内毒素的含量,HE染色法观察肺组织病理的改变,RT-PCR和Western blot法测定肺组织TLR4的表达,免疫组化测定肺组织MyD88和NF-κB的表达,ELISA检测血清中TNF-α的含量。结果与正常组相比,模型组血浆中内毒素含量显著升高,肺泡间隔明显增厚,充血,水肿及大量的中性粒细胞浸润;与模型组相比,连翘酯苷A用药各组血浆内毒素含量明显下降(P0.01),肺组织病理损伤不同程度的减轻,TLR4 mRNA和蛋白的表达明显下调(P0.01),MyD88和NF-κB蛋白的表达也显著降低(P0.01),血清中TNF-α的含量降低,连翘酯苷A干预各组呈剂量依赖关系。结论连翘酯苷A对LPS诱发的急性肺损伤小鼠起保护作用,其机制可能与其抑制LPS-TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB信号通路有关。     

长春西汀注射液减轻脂多糖诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤

目的:观察长春西汀注射液对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导大鼠急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的作用,并研究初步的作用机制。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠50只,随机分为正常对照组(control)、模型组(ALI组)以及长春西汀低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,每组10只。正常对照组股静脉注射0.9%氯化钠注射液(5 m L/kg);模型组股静脉注射LPS 10 mg/kg;长春西汀低、中和高剂量组股静脉注射LPS 10 mg/kg,30 min后分别腹腔注射长春西汀注射液0.2 mg/kg、0.7 mg/kg和1.2 mg/kg。伊红染色观察肺部组织病理学切片,TUNEL法检测肺组织的细胞凋亡,分光光度法检测并计算肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,Western blot法检测肺组织中NF-κB、ICAM-1、VCAM-1、Bax与Bcl-2的蛋白水平。结果:与模型组相比,采用长春西汀给药后,明显减轻急性肺损伤的肺组织结构损伤与炎性细胞浸润,降低肺组织凋亡的细胞数与MPO活性,下调细胞中NF-κB、ICAM-1、VCAM-1与Bax的蛋白表达水平,上调Bcl-2的蛋白表达水平。结论:长春西汀注射液对急性肺损伤大鼠的肺组织具有保护作用,可能与降低肺组织中MPO活性,以及调控NF-κB、ICAM-1、VCAM-1、Bax与Bcl-2蛋白表达水平有关。     

槲皮素对脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织NF-κB表达的影响

目的观察槲皮素对脓毒症相关急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠的炎症信号转导通路NF-κB p65的影响。方法选用健康雄性Wistar大鼠36只,随机均分为4组:对照组、脂多糖(LPS)组、槲皮素低剂量组(30mg/kg),槲皮索高剂量组(50mg/kg),用LPS 10mg/kg溶于生理盐水2ml腹腔内注射,建立脓毒症ALI大鼠模型,对照组予等量生理盐水2ml腹腔注射,治疗组于造模前30min腹复腔注射槲皮素,所有实验动物于造模后24h应用10%水合氯醛4ml/kg腹腔注射进行麻醉,并处死。所有大鼠取肺组织进行苏木素-伊红(HE)染色,观察病理学改变并进行病理评分且对比,应用免疫组化及Western blot检测NF-κB p65在肺组织的表达。结果与对照组相比,LPS组的肺损伤明显,病理评分明显增加(P0.05);较LPS组,槲皮素治疗组肺组织HE病理染色明显改善,病理评分显著下降(P0.05),但两个治疗组之间病理评分无统计学差异。与对照组比较,LPS组的免疫组化及Western blot检测的NF-κB p65含量明显增高(P0.05),而槲皮素治疗组比LPS组NF-κB p65含量明显下降(P0.05),但两治疗组比较无明显差异。结论槲皮素对脓毒症ALI大鼠的肺脏保护作用可能与其抑制NF-κB p65的表达相关。     

Wortmannin对急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织VEGF和NF-кB表达的影响

目的研究Wortmannin对急性肺损伤模型小鼠肺组织血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和核转录因子-кB(NF-кB)表达的影响。方法 30只昆明小鼠随机分为正常对照组、急性肺损伤组和Wortmannin处理组。采用腹腔注射LPS(10 mg/kg)建立小鼠急性肺损伤模型,对照组腹腔注射同体积的生理盐水,Wortmannin处理组则于造模前2 h腹腔注射Wortmannin(1.4 mg/kg)。LPS注射后6 h处死大鼠,计算肺组织湿/干重(W/D)比值,Western blot方法检测三组小鼠肺组织内VEGF和NF-кB的表达变化,RT-PCR方法检测三组小鼠肺组织内VEGF mRNA和NF-кB mRNA的表达变化。结果急性肺损伤组小鼠肺组织VEGF和NF-кB蛋白和mRNA表达产物的平均光密度值显著高于正常对照组,而Wortmannin处理组显著低于急性肺损伤组小鼠。结论 Wortmannin能抑制急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织VEGF和NF-кB表达。     

蛇床子素对失血性休克所致肺损伤大鼠的保护作用及机制

目的探讨蛇床子素(Osthole)对失血性休克所导致的肺损伤大鼠的保护作用及其治疗机制。方法将SPF级SD大鼠50只,体重200-250g,随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、失血性休克组(HS组)、蛇床子素组(Ost组)、NF-κB抑制剂组(PDTC组)、蛇床子素联合NF-κB抑制剂组(Ost+PDTC组),每组10只。利用股动脉放血法制作大鼠失血性休克模型,自体血回输复苏;Sham组不放血,Ost组于建模后腹腔注射蛇床子素25mg/kg,于HS发生后4h处死大鼠。HE染色观察大鼠肺组织病理变化;检测大鼠各组肺湿/干重比;检测肺组织SOD和MDA水平;ELISA法检测大鼠血清中IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α;Western Blot法检测各组大鼠肺组织中NF-κB p65, IκB-α, p-IκB-α蛋白表达水平。结果 HS组大鼠肺损伤严重,肺组织中SOD水平降低、MDA水平升高(P0.05),血清中IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α水平升高(P0.05),蛇床子素可以抑制失血性休克引发的肺损伤;Ost组大鼠肺湿/干重比显著降低;肺组织SOD水平升高、MDA水平降低(P0.05);血清中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平均降低(P0.05);同时, NF-κBp65、 p-IκB-α蛋白表达降低, IκB-α蛋白表达升高(P0.05),且加入NF-κB抑制剂后,蛇床子素对炎症因子的改善作用受到抑制,对NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白的调控也受到抑制。结论蛇床子素有效减轻失血性休克导致的急性肺损伤,与抑制NF-κB信号通路介导的炎症反应相关。     

内毒素急性肺损伤中p38MAPK、NF-κB 与HO-1的关系

目的: 探讨内毒素急性肺损伤中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p38(p38MAPK)、核转录因子κB( NF-κB)与血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)的相互关系。方法: 健康雄性Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为5组(n=8):对照组或生理盐水组(NS组)、内毒素组(LPS组)、血红素氧合酶-1诱导剂血晶素+内毒素组(Hemin+LPS组)、血红素氧合酶-1抑制剂锌原卟啉IX+内毒素组(ZnPPIX+LPS组)、p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580+内毒素组(SB+LPS组)。气管内滴注LPS或NS 6h后检测动脉血气,右肺肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中性粒细胞比、蛋白含量,右肺上叶肺组织湿/干重比;用Western blotting检测右肺下叶p38MAPK、NF-κB蛋白的表达;用免疫组化检测右肺中叶HO-1蛋白的表达,并进行病理学观察。结果: 与NS组比较,LPS组、Hemin+LPS组、SB+LPS组、ZnPPIX+LPS组肺组织湿/干重比明显增加(P<0.05),BALF中性粒细胞比、蛋白含量显著增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),动脉血PaO₂、PaCO₂和HCO^-₃显著下降(P<0.05),肺组织p38MAPK、NF-κB蛋白表达明显增高(P<0.05),HO-1强阳性表达(P<0.01或P<0.05);与LPS组比较,Hemin+LPS 组、SB+LPS组肺组织湿/干重比,肺泡灌洗液中性粒细胞比、蛋白含量明显减少(P<0.05),p38MAPK、NF-κB蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05),HO-1的表达明显升高(P<0.05),而ZnPPIX+LPS组恰好相反;Hemin+LPS 组、SB+LPS组之间动脉血PaO₂、PaCO₂和HCO^-₃,BALF中性粒细胞比、蛋白含量,肺组织湿/干重比,肺组织p38MAPK/NF-κB及HO-1蛋白的表达均无显著差异(P>0.05)。ZnPPIX+LPS组肺组织损伤最重,LPS组次之,Hemin+LPS组和SB+LPS组最轻。结论: 在内毒素急性肺损伤中p38MAPK/NF-κB与HO-1相互抑制,各自独立发挥作用。     

转录因子NF-κB在内毒素休克中的作用

目的探讨内毒素休克大鼠组织炎性介质的表达特征及其和核转录因子NFκB(nuclearfactorkappaB)的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学技术检测脂多糖(lippolysaccharice,LPS)内毒素休克大鼠肝肾组织转录因子NFκB、炎性介质ICAM1、VCAM1、iNOS的表达。结果LPS内毒素休克大鼠肝肾组织转录因子NFκBp65,炎性介质ICAM1、VCAM1、iNOS阳性细胞率高于正常对照组;炎性介质ICAM-1、VCAM-1、iNOS阳性细胞率与NF-κBp65阳性细胞率成正相关。用吡咯烷二硫氨基甲酸(pyrrolidinedithiocarbmate,PDTC)抑制转录因子NFκB的内毒素休克大鼠炎性介质ICAM1、VCAM1、iNOS阳性细胞率低于LPS组。结论核转录因子NFκB在LPS引起的大鼠内毒素休克炎性介质的表达中起调节作用。     

Gambogic acid protects from endotoxin shock by suppressing pro-inflammatory factors in vivo and in vitro

Objective

Gambogic acid (GBA) targeted Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and prohibited TNF-α/NF-κB signaling pathway. It can be inferred that the anti-inflammatory activity of GBA results from inhibiting the cytokine production via NF-κB signaling pathway. We used the RAW264.7 cell line and the endotoxin shock mouse model to confirm the hypothesis that GBA protects mice from endotoxin shock by suppressing cytokine synthesis.

Method

RAW264.7 cells were cultured and the endotoxin shocked mice model was constructed. ELISA was employed to evaluate the change of cytokine secretion levels. The effects of GBA on the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway were also determined by western blot and immune-fluorescent analysis. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay, and the cell migration was tested by wound healing assay.

Result

Our results demonstrated that GBA significantly inhibited the LPS-induced release of pro-inflammatory factors both in cell lines and mice serum, thereby protecting mice from endotoxin shock. Furthermore, we observed that the reduction of inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1-beta, interleukin 6 and TNF-α resulted from the Hsp90’s client protein IKK degradation and the suppression of NF-κB pathway. Moreover, GBA suppressed the migration of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that GBA has a potential both as an antitumor and anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent.     

急性肺损伤小鼠肺内热休克蛋白A12B的表达

目的:观察急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)小鼠肺内热休克蛋白A12B(heat shock protein A12B,HSPA12B)的表达改变,以及脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)对血管内皮细胞HSPA12B表达的影响.方法:采用气管注射LPS(5 mg/kg)复制小鼠ALI动物模型,6 h后取小鼠肺组织,采用real-time PCR和Western印迹检测肺组织内HSPA12B mRNA和蛋白表达.体外研究采用LPS(1μg/mL)诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞炎症反应,real-time PCR和Western印迹检测细胞HSPA12B mRNA和蛋白表达,采用NF-κB信号通路抑制剂PDTC观察LPS诱导HSPA12B表达的可能分子机制.结果:与正常组相比,LPS诱导的ALI小鼠肺组织HSPA12B mRNA和蛋白含量显著增加,同时LPS可时间依赖性地上调人脐静脉内皮细胞HSPA12B mRNA和蛋白表达,而PDTC预处理可部分逆转LPS诱导的HSPA12B mRNA和蛋白上调.结论:ALI小鼠肺内HSPA12B的表达增加,其机制可能与LPS激活NF-κB信号通路有关.     

Biological activity of truncated C-terminus human heat shock protein 72

Heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72), a canonical intracellular molecular chaperone, may also function as an extracellular danger signal for the innate immune system. To further delineate the biological role of Hsp72 in the innate immune system, we generated two truncated versions of the full length human Hsp72 (N-terminus Hsp72, amino acids 1-430; and C-terminus Hsp72 amino acids 420-641) and directly compared their ability to activate cells from the macrophage/monocyte lineage. In RAW 264.7 macrophages transfected with a NF-κB-dependent luciferase reporter plasmid, C-terminus Hsp72 was a more potent inducer of NF-κB activity than N-terminus Hsp72, and this effect did not seem to be secondary to endotoxin contamination. C-terminus Hsp72-mediated activation of the NF-κB pathway was corroborated by increased activation of IκB kinase, degradation of IκBα, and increased NF-κB-DNA binding. C-terminus Hsp72 was a more potent inducer of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages and in primary murine peritoneal macrophages from wild-type mice. C-terminus Hsp72 did not induce TNFα expression in primary murine peritoneal macrophages from Toll-like receptor (TLR4) mutant mice, indicating a role for TLR4. In human THP-1 mononuclear cells, C-terminus Hsp72 induced tolerance to subsequent LPS stimulation, whereas N-terminus Hsp72 did not induce tolerance. Finally, control experiments using equimolar amounts of N-terminus or C-terminus Hsp72 demonstrated a higher biological potency for C-terminus Hsp72. These data demonstrate that the ability of human Hsp72 to serve as an activator for cells of the macrophage/monocyte lineage primarily lies in the C-terminus region spanning amino acids 420-641.     

ZC3H12D attenuated inflammation responses by reducing mRNA stability of proinflammatory genes

Infection in airspaces and lung parenchyma may cause acute lung injury and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome due to acute inflammatory response, leading to organ failure and high mortality. ZC3H12D has been shown to modulate Toll-like receptor signaling. This study aimed to investigate the change of ZC3H12D during acute lung injury and its role in inflammation processes. Mice were challenged with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) intratracheally. The expression levels of Zc3h12d, NF-κB, and cytokines were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), ELISA, and Western blot. The mRNA stability was assessed by qPCR after cells were treated with actinomycin D for specified times. The 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR) of c-fos was cloned immediately downstream of the luciferase coding sequence driven by CMV promoter and luciferase activity was measured with a Luciferase Assay kit. Upon LPS treatment, ZC3H12D levels were reduced in mouse immune cells, whereas levels of NF-κB, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly increased. Knockdown Zc3h12d in THP1 cells resulted in the upregulation of NF-κB while overexpression of Zc3h12d inhibited NF-κB expression. Ectopic Zc3h12d significantly reduced the mRNA stability of c-fos, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Attachment of the c-fos 3′-UTR made luciferase expression levels sensitive to levels of ZC3H12D. The data indicated that ZC3H12D could suppress both the initial inflammation storm and chronic inflammation by targeting the mRNA of cytokines as well as NF-κB and c-fos.     

“失血加LPS”大鼠肺脏IκBα和TLR4基因表达及参麦的肺脏保护作用

目的： 探讨参麦注射液的抗休克效果及其作用机制。 方法： 大鼠随机分为单纯失血性休克（HS）组、失血加脂多糖（HS+LPS）组、地塞米松（HS+LPS+Dex）组和参麦注射液（HS+LPS+SM）组。HS+LPS组大鼠模型复制：首先，大鼠放血至MAP 40 mmHg,维持10 min（失血性休克），然后舌下静脉注射LPS（1.5 mg/kg）。4h后留取肺脏组织,RT-PCR法测定IκBα和TLR4 mRNA表达、ELISA法测TNF-α含量，并进行肺脏组织电镜观察。 结果： HS+LPS+SM组TLR4 mRNA表达明显低于HS+LPS组（P<0.05）；HS+LPS+SM组IκBα mRNA表达明显高于HS+LPS组（P<0.05）；HS+LPS+SM组肺脏组织匀浆TNF-α含量明显低于HS+LPS组（P<0.05）；HS+LPS+SM组肺组织病理损伤显著轻于HS+LPS组。 结论： 参麦注射液能够下调肺脏组织中TLR4 mRNA表达，同时上调IκBα的表达，进而抑制促炎介质TNF-α释放，提示参麦注射液可能通过调节NF-κB信号转导途径抑制炎症反应而对机体细胞起保护作用。     

NSCLC and the alternative pathway of NF-κB: uncovering an unknown relation

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although our knowledge on the pathobiology of the disease has increased in the last decades, the prognosis of lung cancer patients has hardly changed. Many signaling pathways are implicated in lung carcinogenesis, but the role of the alternative pathway of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in lung cancer pathogenesis and progression has not been investigated. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of this pathway in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. NF-κB2 and RelB protein expression was retrospectively assessed by immunohistochemistry in tissue samples from 109 NSCLC patients. RelB and NF-κB2 protein levels differed between tumors and adjacent nonneoplastic lung parenchyma. Cytoplasmic immunoreactivity of NF-κB2 and RelB was correlated with tumor stage (p = 0.03 and p = 0.016, respectively). In addition, cytoplasmic NF-κB2 levels were related to tumor grade (p = 0.046). Expression of RelB in the cytoplasm was tumor histologic type-specific, with squamous cell carcinomas having the highest protein levels. Nuclear expression of RelB and NF-κB2 differed between tumor and nonneoplastic tissues, possibly indicating activation of the alternative pathway of NF-κB in cancer cells. Moreover, lymph node metastasis was related to nuclear NF-κB2 expression in tumor cells. The deregulation of the alternative NF-κB pathway in NSCLC could play a role in the development and progression of the disease.