C-sis反义寡脱氧核苷酸抑制兔主动脉平滑肌细胞增殖的时效关系

为观察局部处理Ｃ－ｓｉｓ反义寡脱氧核苷酸对平滑肌细胞增殖及新生内膜肥厚的抑制作用，球囊导管损伤６０只新西兰白兔胸主动脉后，经导管局部处理每只兔１ｍｇ（２ｍＬ）Ｃ－ｓｉｓ反义或正义寡脱氧核苷酸或２ｍＬ生理盐水，于损伤后第３、７、１４天和第２８天，用免疫组织化学方法结合图象分析，评价损伤动脉内膜平滑肌细胞增殖及新生内膜改变。结果发现，Ｃ－ｓｉｓ反义寡脱氧核苷酸明显抑制内膜平滑肌细胞增殖，最高抑制作用出     

Roscovitine抑制大鼠颈总动脉球囊损伤后内膜增生的研究

目的:观察roscovitine对球囊损伤后大鼠颈总动脉血管平滑肌细胞及内膜增生的抑制作用,以期提供新型的支架涂层药物。方法:建立大鼠颈总动脉球囊损伤模型模拟经皮冠状动脉腔内介入术(PCI)术后再狭窄,干预组损伤局部给予roscovitine(200μmol/L)孵育10分钟。14天后取材,免疫荧光染色观察roscovitine对局部血管平滑肌细胞增殖的作用;HE染色观察roscovitine对内膜增生的作用。结果:本研究建立了大鼠颈总动脉球囊损伤模型,球囊损伤后14天,局部血管平滑肌细胞增殖活跃、内膜增生明显。Roscovitine干预后,血管平滑肌细胞增殖率明显降低,内膜增生被显著抑制,管腔狭窄率和内膜中膜面积比值显著降低。结论:Roscovitine显著抑制大鼠颈总动脉球囊损伤后局部血管平滑肌细胞增殖,进而有效抑制内膜增生,降低再狭窄发生率。     

核转录因子NF-κB对血管损伤和新生内膜形成的影响

目的:探讨核转录因子NF-κB对血管平滑肌细胞增殖以及大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤后血管新生内膜的作用。方法:原代培养大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞。检测增殖的平滑肌细胞内增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)和NF-κB水平。制作大鼠血管球囊损伤模型,检测血管新生内膜形成及单核细胞化学趋化因子(MCP-1)、NF-κBp65和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK2)的表达。结果:增殖的平滑肌细胞PCNA和NF-κBp65蛋白水平表达增加。NF-κBp65反义和诱骗寡核苷酸抑制PCNA表达。大鼠血管球囊损伤后第7天,正义组、诱骗对照组、模型组的内膜面积、中膜面积、内膜/中膜比值达到高峰。反义组、诱骗组和反义诱骗组显著降低内膜与中膜比值(P<0.05)。球囊损伤后3d、5d、7d,MCP-1mRNA和蛋白质水平持续而明显的表达增强,14d后略为降低。反义组、诱骗组、反义诱骗组在各时间点均能减少MCP-1mRNA和蛋白质表达。Western Blot检测显示血管球囊损伤后7d,NF-κBp65、ERK2的蛋白合成达到高峰。反义组、诱骗组、反义诱骗组较模型组、正义组、诱骗对照组各时相点蛋白合成均减弱。结论:增殖的平滑肌细胞NF-κBp65基因表达增加。NF-κB调控PCNA、MCP-1、ERK2的基因表达和蛋白质水平。局部转染NF-κB反义和诱骗寡核苷酸能抑制血管新生内膜的形成。     

纳米粒子载反义单核细胞趋化蛋白-1基因局部定位转染抑制兔颈动脉内膜损伤后内膜增生的研究

目的 观察纳米粒子包载反义单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）基因局部腔内转染对兔颈动脉球囊损伤后内膜增生的影响。方法 采用球囊导管损伤动脉内膜的方法建立兔颈动脉球囊损伤模型。用纳米粒子包载反义MCP-1基因。采用保留灌注的方法进行局部腔内定位转染。结果 聚合酶联反应检测发现重组基因整合，RNANorthern杂交观察到转基因治疗组有反义MCP-1基因表达，内源性MCP-1基因的表达受抑制，转基因治疗组内膜/中膜面积比降低42%。结论 纳米粒子可以作为转基因载体。反义MCP-1基因的表达能够有效抑制球囊损伤后新生内膜的增生。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子反义寡脱氧核苷酸抑制胰岛素诱导动脉平滑肌细胞增殖

为研究胰岛素诱导的动脉平滑肌细胞增殖作用和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子反义寡脱氧核苷对培养的Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞生长的影响。采用胰岛素和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子反义寡脱氧核苷酸处理培养的Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞,Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｎｂｌｏｔ检测碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因ｍＲＮＡ表达,并测定氚标胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷掺入和细胞计数。结果发现胰岛素能明显诱导平滑肌细胞碱性成纤维细胞生长因子ｍＲＮＡ表达和增殖,且呈浓度依赖性。胰岛素浓度由０．００１ｍｇ／Ｌ增加到１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,平滑肌细胞增殖率由１０％增加到５３％。碱性成纤维细胞生长因子反义寡脱氧核苷酸（５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）能明显抑制胰岛素诱导的平滑肌细胞碱性成纤维细胞生长因子ｍＲＮＡ表达和增殖,氚标胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷掺入被抑制４１．１％（与对照组比较,Ｐ＜０．０１）,细胞计数被抑制３０．２％（与对照组比较,Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示胰岛素可通过诱导平滑肌细胞碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的表达而促进动脉平滑肌细胞增殖,碱性成纤维细胞生长因子反义寡脱氧核苷酸能有效抑制胰岛素诱导的平滑肌细胞的ＤＮＡ合成及其增殖。     

预防血管成形术后再狭窄的C-sis反义寡脱氧核苷酸在血清中的稳定性

目的 探讨自行设计合成的C-sis癌基因反义寡脱氧核苷酸(AODN)和C-sis癌基因反义硫代磷酸寡脱氧核苷酸(PS-AODN)血清稳定性。方法 用小牛血清模拟体内条件于不同时相点进行稳定性试验,用高效液相色谱法测定血清中AODN和FS-ODN。结果 AODN在血清中1小时内降解43.3％,1天降解53.1％。PS-ODN 1 h降解23.7％,第6天降解59.6％。PS-AODN血清中的稳定性明显高于AODN。结论 PS-AODN在血清中有较好的稳定性,提示其具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

腺病毒介导BTEB2基因转染对动脉损伤后新生内膜增生的影响

目的 :构建反义转录元件结合蛋白 2 (BTEB2 )重组腺病毒载体并研究BTEB2反义RNA对动脉损伤后新生内膜增生的影响。方法 :通过聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)法从培养的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞中制备BTEB2cDNA ,将其反向克隆至腺病毒载体 ,构建反义BTEB2重组腺病毒 ;用重组腺病毒局部转染球囊损伤的大鼠颈动脉 ,观察反义BTEB2基因转染对BTEB2蛋白表达及损伤动脉新生内膜形成的影响。结果 :构建的BTEB2反义重组腺病毒经鉴定正确 ,其滴度为 5× 10 9/ml;反义BTEB2重组腺病毒转染可明显抑制BTEB2蛋白表达及新生内膜增生。结论 :成功构建了反义BTEB2重组腺病毒载体 ;BTEB2反义RNA可明显抑制大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤后的新生内膜增生。     

弹性蛋白酶抑制剂对动脉损伤后血管平滑肌细胞增生作用的研究

目的　探讨弹性蛋白酶抑制对平滑肌细胞向内膜迁徙及增生的作用。方法　 2 0 0 2 - 0 8～ 2 0 0 3- 0 5 ,用 2F球囊导管损伤Wistar大鼠颈总动脉内皮 ,给弹力蛋白酶抑制剂 ,做损伤动脉组织染色及免疫染色 ,测定内膜及中膜的BrdU阳性细胞率、细胞数及面积。结果　球囊损伤后 ,弹力蛋白酶抑制剂给药 10d明显抑制内膜BrdU阳性细胞率、细胞数及面积 ,尽管给药 5d对上述指标无明显抑制作用。结论　弹性蛋白酶抑制剂通过降低内膜平滑肌增生抑制内膜肥厚 ,有可能成为用于治疗内膜增生的新药物。     

放射治疗对兔髂动脉粥样硬化狭窄成形术后再狭窄的影响

目的：探讨^32P液体球囊血管近距离照射预防血管成形术后再狭窄的量效关系及其抑制再狭窄发生的可能机制。方法：24只大耳白兔，采用髂动脉内膜损伤加高脂饲养6周，建立兔双侧髂动脉粥样硬化狭窄模型，随机选择一侧髂动脉血管成形术并分别给与9．1Gy、21.8Gy和33．4Gy^32P液体球囊血管照射治疗，另一侧髂动脉灌注造影剂，作为自身对照。术后5周行血管造影并取材进行光镜观察、电镜观察、核因子-κB（NF—κB）、胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）免疫组织化学染色，用计算机图像分析测量新生内膜面积、中膜面积、管腔面积及免疫组化染色阳性面积百分比。结果：对照组血管段内膜明显增生，管腔明显狭窄；9．1Gy组未观察到明显的生物效应；21．8Gy组血管壁平滑肌细胞增殖和迁移明显受抑，管腔面积无明显丢失；33．4Gy组管腔重度狭窄，内膜严重增厚，中膜平滑肌明显萎缩变薄，4例血管腔内血栓形成。结论：^32P液体球囊在一定的吸收剂量范围内确可安全有效地防止血管成形术后再狭窄形成，其机制可能为是抑制新生内膜形成和管腔面积丢失；抑制NF-κB及其靶基因的活化，从而抑制血管平滑肌细胞的增殖、迁移，促进平滑肌细胞凋亡以及抑制血管负性重塑。     

多沙唑嗪对血管狭窄和血清一氧化氮的影响

目的探讨多沙唑嗪对兔腹主动脉球囊损伤后血管狭窄的影响,及其与血清一氧化氮、血管内膜中膜平滑肌细胞增生的关系。方法23只新西兰兔随机分为正常对照组、球囊损伤组、多沙唑嗪组。正常对照组不予任何方式处理。另两组行腹主动脉球囊损伤术,同时多沙唑嗪组应用多沙唑嗪控释片4mg/d,观察各组血清一氧化氮以及血管损伤处血管狭窄、血管内膜中膜增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的变化。结果应用多沙唑嗪4周后多沙唑嗪组血清一氧化氮含量增高,血管损伤处血管内膜、外膜增生减轻,新生内膜面积减少,管腔面积增加,内弹力层和外弹力层包围面积增加,血管内膜中膜PCNA阳性平均灰度降低。结论多沙唑嗪可以抑制球囊损伤后兔腹主动脉血管的狭窄,抑制血管内膜中膜平滑肌细胞增殖,增加血清一氧化氮含量。     

Antisense Bcl-x oligonucleotide induces apoptosis and prevents arterial neointimal formation in murine cardiac allografts

OBJECTIVE: Cardiac allograft arteriosclerosis, which limits long-term survival of recipients, cannot be prevented by conservative therapies. The arteriopathy is characterized by diffuse intimal thickening comprised of proliferative smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Cell death is a prominent feature of atherosclerosis; Bcl-x is one of the anti-apoptotic mediators. METHODS: To test the hypothesis that antisense bcl-x oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) is effective in preventing intimal hyperplasia through enhancing apoptosis after cardiac transplantation, we performed single intraluminal delivery of antisense bcl-x ODN into murine cardiac allografts (n = 9). DBA/2 (H-2d) hearts were transplanted into B10.D2 (H-2d) mice. Sense bcl-x ODN (n = 8) and no treatment (n = 8) studies were also performed. RESULTS: Allografts were harvested at 4 weeks after transplantation; all allografts kept beating throughout the period. Coronary intimal thickening had developed in nontreated and sense ODN transfected allografts at 4 weeks after transplantation with enhanced expression of Bcl-x and cell adhesion molecules, and suppressed apoptosis. However, antisense bcl-x ODN prevented neointimal formation through enhanced apoptosis. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that apoptosis of vascular SMCs induced by Bcl-x is associated with initial hyperplasia after heart transplantation. Antisense bcl-x ODN inhibits SMC proliferation by inducing apoptosis in graft coronary arteries.     

大鼠胸主动脉球囊损伤对细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因Fas、Bcl-2表达的影响

目的探讨大鼠胸主动脉球囊损伤后细胞凋亡和凋亡相关基因表达的变化规律。方法将30只400~500 g的雄性SD大鼠随机分为2组,手术组(n=24)行球囊扩张损伤大鼠胸主动脉术;对照组(n=6)不行球囊损伤,作为正常对照。分别于术后2、7、14、28 d取胸主动脉应用HE染色、TUNEL法、免疫组化和计算机图像分析仪进行形态学、细胞凋亡、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、凋亡基因Fas;抗凋亡基因Bcl-2表达水平检测。结果对照组管壁处于非增殖状态;手术组球囊损伤后7 d形成新生内膜,血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖活跃;14 d内膜明显增厚,但VSMC增殖已减弱;28 d内膜继续缓慢增厚,管腔明显狭窄。动脉损伤后Fas表达和TUNEL法测定的凋亡规律一致,两周内凋亡较明显,但细胞凋亡高峰时间(中膜7 d、内膜14 d)迟于增殖高峰(中膜2 d、内膜7 d),两周后凋亡与增殖均明显下降。动脉损伤后抗凋亡基因Bcl-2表达下调,在中膜和内膜分别在7 d1、4 d达最低水平,后回升,与凋亡基因Fas表达呈明显负相关(r=-0.878,P<0.001)。结论动脉球囊损伤后,平滑肌细胞的凋亡呈现规律性变化,可能在管腔狭窄的病理过程中具有重要作用。     

球囊损伤大鼠主动脉内皮后血小板活化及凝血酶受体表达的变化

目的 探讨经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术后再狭窄的发生机制。方法建立大鼠主动脉内皮球囊损伤模型，分别于术后3天、7天、14天和28天，通过组织学检查、放射免疫法和逆转录一聚合酶链反应技术检测主动脉球囊损伤后内膜增生的情况、血小板表面GMP-140数目和凝血酶受体mRNA表达的变化。结果凝血酶受体mRNA在正常血管组织的表达较弱，球囊损伤术后第3天已显著增加，术后第14天达峰值，术后第28天开始下降。GMP-140于术后第3天明显升高，术后第7天开始下降。内皮损伤术后第3天已有增殖的血管平滑肌细胞移行至内膜层；术后第7天内膜开始增生；术后第14天血管平滑肌细胞的增殖及内膜增生更为明显；术后第28天血管平滑肌细胞的增殖明显减弱，细胞外基质增加，内膜继续增生。结论血管内皮损伤内膜增生的过程中血小板活化．凝血酶受体mRNA表达增加。     

罗格列酮对大鼠胸主动脉球囊损伤后内皮再生和内膜增生的影响

目的探讨罗格列酮(rosiglitazone,RSG)对血管损伤后内皮再生和内膜增生的影响。方法制备大鼠胸主动脉球囊损伤模型,将SD大鼠随机分为RSG组、对照组和假手术组,于术后第7天和第14天处死动物。分别进行伊文思蓝染色观察内皮覆盖情况,细胞核增殖抗原(PCNA)免疫组化染色和组织形态学定量分析,并测量损伤后14 d时各组血清一氧化氮(NO)含量。结果RSG 7 d组和14 d组的再生内皮覆盖率分别为38.2%和75.2%,均较对照组(32.4%和60.4%)显著增加(P<0.05和P<0.01),且RSG 14 d组血清中的NO含量较对照组升高。球囊损伤后7 d内膜开始有少量增生,14 d时形成明显的新生内膜。RSG使损伤后14 d形成的新生内膜显著减少,内膜面积与中膜面积的比值(IA/MA)较对照组降低60.9%。与对照组比较,RSG 7 d组和14 d组新生内膜内的PCNA阳性表达指数均显著减少。结论RSG可以促进大鼠胸主动脉球囊损伤处的内皮再生,并减少新生内膜的形成。     

Transient down-regulation of L-type Ca(2+) channel and dystrophin expression after balloon injury in rat aortic cells

OBJECTIVE: Migration and proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells are critical responses during restenosis after balloon angioplasty. We investigated the changes in the expression of Ca(2+) channels and dystrophin, two determinants of contraction, after balloon injury of rat aortas. METHODS: Proliferation and migration of aortic myocytes were triggered in vivo by the passage of an inflated balloon catheter in the aortas of 12-week-old male Wistar rats. We used the whole-cell patch clamp technique to investigate Ba(2+) currents (I(Ba)) through Ca(2+) channels in single cells freshly isolated from media and neointima at various times after injury (days 2, 7, 15, 30 and 45). RESULTS: No T-type Ca(2+) channel current was recorded in any cell at any time. In contrast, a dihydropyridine (DHP)-sensitive L-type I(Ba)was recorded consistently in the media of intact aorta. After aortic injury, I(Ba) decreased dramatically (at days 2 and 7) but recovered over time to reach normal amplitude on days 30 and 45. In the neointima, I(Ba) was absent on day 15 but also increased gradually over time as observed at days 30 and 45. The use of a specific antibody directed against the L-type Ca(2+) channel alpha(1C) subunit showed, both by immunostaining and by Western blotting, no expression of the Ca(2+) channel protein on day 15. Parallel immunodetection of dystrophin showed that this marker of the contractile phenotype of SMCs was also not detectable at this stage in neointimal cells. Both proteins were re-expressed at days 45 and 63. Balloon injury induces a transient down-regulation of I(Ba) in arterial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Cell dedifferentiation and proliferation in vivo abolish the expression of L-type Ca(2+) channels and dystrophin in neointimal cells. These changes may be critical in the regulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis and, thereby, contraction of the arterial SMCs during restenosis following angioplasty.     

Selective Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor for the Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor In Vitro Inhibits Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation After Reinjury of Arterial Intima In Vivo

Summary. The long-term success of coronary angioplasty is limited by restonosis. This study was undertaken to investigate whether and to what extent the enhanced proliferative response observed in a balloon reinjury model of rat aorta is regulated by the PDGF receptor (PDGF-R). Balloon injury was performed to 14-day-old pre-existing neointimal lesion in rat aorta. PDGF receptor and ligand immunoreactivity were measured at several time points after the first and second injury, and PDGF-R signaling was blocked with a selective inhibitor of PDGF-R tyrosine kinase. In the neointima, after repeated injury, upregulation of PDGF-AA was seen to coincide with a prompt proliferative response of smooth muscle cells (SMC). Administration of the PDGF-R tyrosine kinase inhibitor in vivo, tested and found to inhibit the proliferation of SMC induced by PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB, but not by IGF-1, EGF, or bFGF, resulted in a 60% reduction in the absolute number and percentage of BrdU+ cells after the second balloon injury to pre-existing neointima, but had no significant effect on proliferation after the first injury. Endpoint lesion are was reduced by 50% in the treated group at 14 days after the second injury. The results suggest that systemic administration of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor specific for the PDGF-R can be useful in the prevention of restenosis.     

卡维地洛对大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤后血管内膜增生的影响

目的探讨卡维地洛(CAR)对大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤后内膜增生的影响。方法雄性Wistar大鼠36只,随机分为假手术组、损伤组和CAR组,每组12只,后2组建立大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤模型。3组均于术后7、14天分别处死6只大鼠。观察颈动脉形态学变化,计算新生内膜面积,免疫组织化学检测增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)阳性细胞的表达。结果假手术组无新生内膜发生。与假手术组比较,损伤组大鼠术后7天,新生内膜形成并增厚,14天内膜增厚更明显(P0.01)。与损伤组比较,CAR组术后14天,新生内膜面积减少44%(P0.01),管腔面积增加82%(P0.01),内膜PCNA表达显著降低(P0.01)。结论 CAR可有效抑制颈动脉球囊损伤后内膜增生。     

Intramural methotrexate therapy for the prevention of neointimal thickening after balloon angioplasty.

OBJECTIVES. The study was performed to test the hypothesis that high local, intramural concentrations of antineoplastic agents at the site of balloon injury inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation without systemic toxicity. BACKGROUND. The predominant mechanism for recurrent stenosis after coronary balloon angioplasty is neointimal thickening due to medial smooth muscle cell proliferation. The clinical use of potent antiproliferative agents to prevent restenosis has been limited by the potential for severe systemic side effects. Local therapy with these agents may be effective and free of systemic complications. METHODS. After bilateral balloon angioplasty of the carotid arteries of 14 juvenile farm pigs, the dilated arterial segments were treated locally with methotrexate (6.25 mg/ml, total dose 25 mg) or 0.9% saline solution through a perforated balloon catheter. The animals were then killed 30 days after balloon injury to determine the effects of this therapy on neointimal thickness. In an additional six animals, tritium-labeled methotrexate was used to determine the concentration and duration of detectability of methotrexate in the wall of the treated arteries and in the systemic circulation. RESULTS. Two hours after drug instillation the concentration of labeled drug was greater than 1,000-fold greater in the wall of the treated artery than in circulating blood, and this ratio remained between 50 and 100 for at least 7 days. Despite this difference, the mean intimal thickness 30 days after the procedure was similar in the 10 methotrexate-treated arteries and the 18 saline-treated arteries (59 +/- 30 vs. 56 +/- 25 microns, p = 0.6). The morphologic appearance of the neointima was similar in each group and suggested an important role for mural thrombus in the genesis of the intimal thickening. CONCLUSIONS. Treatment with intramural methotrexate, delivered through a perforated balloon catheter at the selected concentration and total dose, failed to prevent intimal thickening after balloon injury. Nonetheless, the perforated balloon catheter appears to be a promising means of delivering a high local concentration of drugs with potentially life-threatening systemic side effects. The optimal concentrations and combinations of candidate drug therapies warrant further evaluation.