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目的了解反复呼吸道感染(RRTI)儿童血清甘露聚糖凝集素(MBL)水平及第一外显子54密码子的突变率,探讨血清MBL水平与RRTI的关系。方法用ELISA方法检测2000～2003年在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院就诊的65例RRTI儿童和238名正常儿童血清MBL水平,测定其中11例低MBL血症的RRTI儿童的免疫学指标(IgG、IgA、IgM、C3、C4),并用聚合酶链反应(PCR)限制性内切酶片段长度多态性分析(RFLP)方法与55名正常儿童MBL第一外显子54密码子基因多态性进行分析。结果RRTI儿童出现低血清MBL水平频率明显多于正常儿童(χ2=6.96,P<0.05),其MBL54密码子突变率亦明显增高(P<0.05),低血清MBL血症导致RRTI主要在2岁以前,血清MBL水平越低,感染频率越高,其C3、C4水平也越高。结论儿童MBL54密码子突变导致低MBL血症在2岁以前有反复呼吸道感染的倾向,MBL水平越低,感染机率越高。     

儿科常见感染性疾病患儿血浆甘露糖结合凝集素浓度检测

目的 比较几种儿科常见感染性疾病患儿血浆甘露糖结合凝集素(MBL)浓度.方法 采用ELISA法检测血浆MBL浓度,组间比较采用SPSS软件11.0版的非参数检验.结果 健康组(105例)、反复呼吸道感染组(57例)、急性呼吸道感染组(21例)、急性阑尾炎组(17例)、体表局部脓肿组(13例)的血浆MBL浓度中位数分别为1 065、798、1 477、1 463和1 707 ng/ml,健康组MBL浓度低于急性呼吸道感染组(P=0.030)和体表局部脓肿组(P=0.021),但与反复呼吸道感染组(P=0.052)相比差异无统计学意义;反复呼吸道感染组与其他感染组相比,MBL浓度明显低于急性呼吸道感染组(P=0.011)和体表局部脓肿组(P=0.005).结论 低血浆MBL浓度可能是儿童反复呼吸道感染的影响因素之一.     

维生素D受体基因多态性与小儿反复呼吸道感染的相关性研究

目的 探讨雏生素D受体(VDR)基因BsmI位点多态性与小儿反复呼吸道感染(RRTI)的相关性,寻找RRTI的易感基因.方法 应用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术,检测2004年3月至2006年2月长春市儿童医院97例RRTI患儿和同期于该院体检的100名健康对照组儿童血浆VDR基因BsmI位点基因型.结果 RRTI组BB、Bb基因型出现频率与健康对照组相比,有增高的趋势(X2=14.97,P＜0.01).结论 维生素D受体基因多态性与小儿反复呼吸道感染的发病具有相关性.     

儿童巨细胞病毒感染与甘露聚糖结合凝集素表达相关性研究

目的探讨甘露聚糖结合凝集素(MBL)基因多态性及血浆蛋白水平与儿童巨细胞病毒(HCMV)感染的相关性。方法收集2007年3～11月在浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院诊断为HCMV感染的患儿作为HCMV感染组，选择同期行健康体检的儿童作为对照组。对两组行MBL基因检测和分型，并对HCMV感染组进行随访，分别测定其急性期和恢复期血浆MBL蛋白水平。分别比较两组基因变异频率和血浆MBL蛋白水平。结果HCMV感染组纳入104例，对照组纳入105例；HCMV感染组有50例患儿进行随访，HCMV感染组MBL基因启动子区-550位点的L型变异频率明显高于对照组(56.7% vs 34.3%, P=0.001)，野生单体基因型HYPA的频率明显低于对照组(47.6% vs 62.8%, P=0.002)，完整基因型中高水平表达基因型(YA/YA)的频率低于对照组(41.3% vs 60.0%, P=0.007)，而低水平表达基因型(YA/XA, YA/YB, XA/XA)的频率高于对照组(52.9% vs 29.5%, P=0.001)。HCMV感染组急性期和恢复期血浆MBL蛋白水平均低于对照组(P=0.019和0.000)。HCMV感染组急性期血浆MBL蛋白水平高于恢复期（P＝0.000）。结论MBL基因多态性导致的血浆MBL蛋白水平低下与儿童HCMV感染相关，提示MBL可能对儿童HCMV感染具有保护作用。     

Shank3基因单核苷酸多态性与中国汉族儿童孤独症的关联

目的 探讨Shank3基因单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)与中国汉族儿童孤独症之间的关系.方法 采用PCR与限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)分析方法对82例孤独症儿童及80例健康儿童Shank3基因上的2个SNPs位点rs9616915和rs13057681的基因型和等位基因进行测定.采用病例-对照方法分析SNPs位点等位基因的分布,对孤独症组和健康对照组SNPs位点进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验.结果 1.健康对照组和孤独症组儿童观察值和预期值间差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05),即健康对照组和孤独症组均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡法则.2.二组儿童rs9616915和rs13057681位点等位基因频率和基因型分布上差异无统计学意义(rs9616915:基因型χ2=0.452,P>0.05;等位基因χ2=0.217,P>0.05;rs13057681:基因型χ2=0.256,P>0.05;等位基因χ2=0.173,P>0.05).结论 Shank3基因rs9616915和rs13057681SNPs片段与中国汉族儿童孤独症的发病无关,孤独症的易感基因有待于进一步研究.     

神经连接蛋白-4基因单核苷酸多态性与孤独症患儿的关系

目的探讨神经连接蛋白-4(NLGN4X)基因单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)与中国汉族儿童孤独症的关系。方法应用聚合酶链式反应与限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)分析方法对40例中国汉族孤独症儿童(孤独症组)及40例健康对照儿童(健康对照组)进行2个SNPs位点rs7049300和rs1882260的等位基因和基因型测定。用病例-对照分析SNPs位点等位基因的分布,对孤独症组和健康对照组SNPs位点进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验,采用SPSS12.0软件进行统计学分析。结果NLGN4X基因SNPs片段rs7049300和rs1882260的基因型分布频率符合Hardy-Weinberg(χ2=0.008、0.144,Pa>0.05),孤独症组和健康对照组在上述各位点等位基因频率和基因型分布均无统计学差异[rs7049300:χ2(基因型)=1.382,χ2(等位基因)=0.928,Pa>0.05;rs1882260:χ2(基因型)=0.811,χ2(等位基因)=0.921,Pa>0.05]。结论NLGN4X基因上的2个SNPs片段rs7049300和rs1882260与儿童孤独症的发病无关,孤独症的...     

甘露糖结合凝集素基因多态性与中国汉族儿童过敏性紫癜的相关性研究

目的：近来有研究认为某些自身免疫性疾病可能与甘露糖结合凝集素(MBL)缺陷有关。MBL基因多态性影响MBL水平。过敏性紫癜(Henoch-Schnlein purpura, HSP)是一种全身性血管炎综合征,其病因被认为可能与免疫损伤有关。该研究探讨MBL基因第54号密码子多态性与中国汉族儿童过敏性紫癜(HSP)的关系。方法：应用聚合酶链反应-限制性内切酶片段长度多态性分析,对160例健康中国汉族儿童及104例过敏性紫癜(HSP)患儿的MBL基因多态性进行检测。结果：①HSP患儿MBL基因GGC/GAC基因型频率明显高于健康对照组(51.9% vs 25.0%)(P<0.05),而GGC/GGC基因型频率显著低于健康对照组(46.2% vs 73.8%)(P<0.05)。HSP患儿GAC等位基因频率明显高于健康对照组(0.279 vs 0.138)(P<0.05),而GGC等位基因频率明显低于健康对照组(0.721 vs 0.862)(P<0.05);GAC等位基因与HSP的发病明显相关(OR=2.46,95% CI=1.32-4.48,P<0.05)。②在HSP患儿中,GAC型等位基因携带者中有前驱感染史者明显多于GGC纯合子(P<0.05)。结论：HSP发病受遗传背景影响,MBL第54号密码子基因多态性可能是HSP易感性标志。     

儿童特发性间质性肺疾病与肺表面活性物质-B基因多态性的相关性研究

目的 探讨肺表面活性物质(surfactant protein,SP)-B外显子4(T131I)位点的基因多态性与儿童特发性间质性肺疾病的相关性.方法 收集2013年10月至2016年9月在深圳市儿童医院和广西医科大学附属第一医院住院诊断为特发性间质性肺疾病的患儿共67例为病例组,选择同期与特发性间质性肺疾病无关的因呼吸道感染在深圳市儿童医院住院的102例患儿为对照组,采用SP-B全外显子和侧翼区高通量测序法对所有病例采集的标本进行检测,分析外显子4(T131I)位点的基因型和等位基因分布.结果 病例组和对照组SP-B基因外显子 4(T131I)位点的基因型均可检出3 种,CC、CT及TT型,病例组所占比例分别为67.16%、25.37%、7.46%,对照组分别为56.86%、35.29%、7.84%,两组基因型分布的差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.981,P=0.371);病例组C等位基因频率为79.85%,对照组为74.51%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.288,P=0.256).对照组SP-B基因外显子 4(T131I)位点的基因突变频率为43.14%(44/102),与人类基因组千人人群数据库基因突变频率平均值52.00%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与欧洲千人人群数据库基因突变频率53.88%、南亚千人人群数据库基因突变频率45.50%和美洲整体人群数据库基因突变频率41.93%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而与东亚千人人群数据库基因突变频率26.39%和非洲千人人群数据库基因突变频率80.18%比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 SP-B 基因外显子4(T131I)位点的基因多态性与儿童特发性间质性肺疾病易感性不存在相关性,外显子4(T131I)位点的基因突变频率与种族人群和地域具有一定的差异性.     

白细胞介素-10单核苷酸多态性与呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎的病例-对照研究

目的 探讨温州地区汉族儿童IL-10/T-819C和A-1082G位点单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)的分布特征及其与呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)毛细支气管炎易感性、病情的关联和对血清总IgE和鼻咽分泌物(NPS)IL-10的影响.方法采用DNA测序法检测114例汉族RSV毛细支气管炎患儿(病例组)和90例健康儿童(健康对照组)IL-10/T-819C、A-1082G位点SNPs;应用化学发光法检测病例组血清总IgE;用ELISA法检测病例组NPS IL-10水平.结果病例组IL-10/T-819C位点TT、CT、CC基因型频率比较分别为 45.6%、40.4%和14.0%,等位基因频率分别为T 65.8%、C 34.2%;健康对照组基因型频率分别为TT 47.8%、CT 36.7%、CC 15.5%,等位基因频率分别为T 66.1%、C 33.9%,二组基因型及等位基因频率比较差异均无统计学意义(χ2=0.306,0.005Pa>0.05).病例组IL-10/A-1082G AA、AG基因型频率分别为86.8%、13.2%,等位基因频率分别为A 93.4%、G 6.6%;健康对照组基因型频率分别AA 87.8%、AG 12.2%,等位基因频率分别为A 93.9%、G 6.1%,二组比较差异均无统计学意义(χ2=0.040,0.037Pa>0.05).病例组IL-10/T-819C和IL-10/A-1082G位点不同基因型患儿NPS IL-10和血清总IgE水平比较差异均无统计学意义(H=0.676,F=0.687;Z=0.620,t=1.107Pa>0.05).IL-10/T-819C位点和A-1082G位点基因型频率在轻度和中重度患儿之间的差异均无统计学意义(χ2=0.779,1.793Pa>0.05).结论温州地区汉族儿童存在IL-10/T-819C和A-1082G位点基因多态性,但未发现其与RSV毛细支气管炎存在关联.     

胃泌素释放肽受体基因多态性与儿童孤独症的关联研究

目的 探讨胃泌素释放肽受体(GRPR)基因第二外显子1106 C/T和1316 C/T单核苷酸多态性(SNP)在西安市汉族儿童中的分布特征及与孤独症(CA)的关系.方法 采用聚合酶连反应(PCR)技术,对59例孤独症患儿、82名正常对照儿童的2个SNP位点的基因型进行检测,通过测序进行验汪.用病例-对照和传递不平衡检验(TDT)分析SNP位点等位基因的分布,并对2个SNP位点的连锁、单体型及与孤独症行为的表现进行分析.结果 ①CA组和正常对照组GRPR基因第二个外显子1106和1316位点均有多态性表现,以TT基因型为主,未发现其他多态性位点.其中正常对照组儿童TT、TC、CC三基因型频率分别为68.3%、17.1%和14.6%,CA组分别为67.8%、16.9%和15.3%,各自按Hardy-Weinberg平衡温和度检验,差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.81、4.52,P均>0.05).两组基因型频率和等位基因频率分布差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.01、0.24,P均>0.05).②CA组儿童性别间基因型分布和等位基因分布差异无统计学意义(χ2=4.96、2.37,P均>0.05);正常对照组男女间TT、CT基因型分布差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.64,P<0.05),两组等位基因分布差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.04,P>0.05).③经秩相关性分析各基因型与描述儿童孤独症行为的ABC量表的总分和各因子分无相关性(rs=0.010～0.145,P均>0.05).结论 西安市汉族儿童中GRPR基因第二个外显子1106和1316位点存在基因多态性,并以TT基因型为主.未发现孤独症患儿和正常儿童间GRPR基因第二个外显子1106和1316基因多态性存在差异.正常对照儿童性别间TT、TC两组等位基因间存在差异.ABC量表的总分和各因子分与该基因多态性无相关性.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.