HIV感染者T细胞NKG2C/NKG2A表达及与疾病进展关系研究

目的：研究HIV慢性感染者和HARRT治疗者T细胞NKG2C/NKG2A受体的表达变化,探讨其与疾病进展的关系。方法：选取HIV慢性感染者、接受HAART治疗的HIV感染者以及健康人的外周血细胞,通过荧光抗体染色,利用流式细胞仪检测T细胞上表达的NKG2C/NKG2A受体。结果：HIV慢性感染者NKG2C⁺ T细胞,NKG2A⁺ T细胞和NKG2C+NKG2A- T细胞百分比明显高于健康对照组 (P=0.025、P=0.032、P=0.029),HARRT治疗组则明显低于HIV慢性感染者(P=0.033、P=0.037、P=0.018),恢复到正常水平,与健康对照组相比无统计学差异。HIV慢性感染者外周血CD4⁺ T淋巴细胞绝对数和表达NKG2A、NKG2C⁺NKG2A⁺和NKG2C-NKG2A⁺ 的T细胞呈负相关(r=-0.697,P<0.000 1;r=-0.463,P=0.015;r=-0.693,P<0.000 1),HIV慢性感染者外周血T细胞上表达的NKG2C与NKG2A的比值与CD4⁺ T淋巴细胞绝对数呈正相关(r=0.476,P=0.012)。结论：HIV感染者T细胞表面NKG2C和NKG2A的表达研究具有重要意义,为HIV感染的临床预后评估提供科学依据。     

卵巢肿瘤患者外周血NK细胞受体NKG2A、NKG2D及NK活性检测的临床意义

通过研究卵巢癌及良性卵巢肿瘤患者外周血NK细胞表面受体的表达情况及NK活性的变化,分析探讨宿主NK细胞受体与肿瘤免疫逃逸的关系及其临床价值。分离受检者外周血单个核细胞,应用MTT法检测NK细胞的细胞毒活性,流式细胞术检测NK细胞受体NKG2D和NKG2A的表达,并结合临床病理因素作比较分析。结果显示,与良性卵巢肿瘤组和正常组相比,卵巢癌患者外周血NK细胞的细胞毒活性降低,NK细胞表面NKG2D的表达水平降低,而NKG2A的表达水平明显升高,其变化与卵巢癌的病情进展有关。此结果表明,卵巢癌患者机体NK细胞杀伤活性下降,NKG2D与NKG2A二者之间的平衡表达可能对NK细胞的功能状态起着重要的调节作用。     

传染性单核细胞增多症患儿NKG2D表达变化初探

目的 观察传染性单核细胞增多症(infectious mononucleosis,IM)患儿自然杀伤(NK)细胞和CD8+T细胞NKG2D表达,探讨导致Epstein-Barr病毒(EBV)感染免疫功能紊乱的可能机制.方法 传染性单核细胞增多症患儿29例,同龄健康对照组25例.流式细胞术检测外周血NK细胞、CD8+T细胞表面激活性受体NKG2D及抑制性受体NKG2A表达,CD14+单核细胞(MC)表面NKG2D配体MHC Ⅰ相关分子A(MICA)与人巨细胞病毒蛋白UL16的结合蛋白1(ULBP-1)表达;酶联免疫吸附试验(EHSA)检测血浆游离MICA (sMICA)、IL-7、IL-12、IL-15、IFN-γ及TGF-β等细胞因子浓度.结果 (1)IM组患儿NK细胞及CD8+T细胞表面NKG2D表达明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),其中3例拟诊EBV-相关噬血细胞综合征(EBV-HLH)患儿表达下调最为显著;(2)IM组患儿CD14+ MC MICA与ULBP-1表达与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);(3)IM患儿细胞因子IL-15与TGF-β较对照组降低,IL-7、IL-12、IFN-γ及sMICA较对照组升高;(4)IM患儿NK细胞NKG2A表达明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),CD8+T细胞NKG2A表达与对照组相比无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 EBV感染患儿NK细胞、CD8+T细胞NKG2D表达过度下调可能是导致免疫功能紊乱的原因之一,IL-15及IL-12等细胞因子调控失衡,sMICA血浓度增高等多种因素可能与其NKG2D表达下调有关.     

HIV原发感染者自然杀伤样T细胞NKG2A/NKG2D变化的研究

目的深入了解人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)原发感染者(primary HIV infection,PHI)NKT样细胞表面NKG2A/NKG2D受体表达的变化。方法选取25例未经高效抗逆转录病毒治疗的HIV原发感染者和27例HIV抗体阴性健康对照,用流式细胞仪检测研究对象外周血NKT样细胞表面NKG2D和NKG2A的表达。结果 HIV原发感染者NKT样细胞绝对数和百分率显著低于健康对照(P<0.01)。HIV原发感染者NKT样细胞表面NKG2A、NKG2D受体表达与健康对照并无显著差异。HIV原发感染者病毒调定点低组NKG2A+NKT样细胞、NKG2A+NKG2D-NKT样细胞以及NKG2A+NKG2D+NKT样细胞百分率均显著低于病毒调定点高组(P<0.05);NKT细胞绝对数和百分率、NKG2D+NKT样细胞、NKG2D+NKG2A-NKT样细胞百分率在两组间相似,没有显著性差异。NKG2A+NKT细胞的百分比与病毒载量正相关(R=0.430,P=0.032)。结论 NKT样细胞数量以及其表面NKG2A受体的表达可作为HIV疾病进程的预测指标之一。     

NKG2D及其配体研究进展

NKG2D是较为独特的NK细胞活化性受体，其配体具有多样性，因而其识别机制较独特；其表达范围不仅局限于NK细胞，还在T细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞中有表达，功能上，不仅有直接刺激作用，还能作为协同刺激分子传递第二信号。NKG2D及其配体的研究对抗肿瘤免疫、抗感染免疫、自身免疫病的认识具有重要意义。本文对NKG2D及其配体的研究进展作一综述。     

妊娠期uNK、pNK细胞NKG2A与NKG2D的表达及其生物学意义的研究

目的:研究妊娠期妇女子宫NK细胞(uNK细胞)与外周血NK细胞(pNK细胞)表面NKG2A和NKG2D及其相应配体的表达,探讨uNK细胞表面NKG2A和NKG2D的不平衡表达与母胎界面所形成的免疫耐受关系。方法:采用流式细胞术检测30例孕6～9周的正常妊娠妇女uNK细胞和pNK细胞NKG2A、NKG2D的表达状况;RTPCR技术检测绒毛膜组织HLAE、MICA的表达。结果:子宫NK细胞NKG2A的表达显著高于外周血NK细胞,二者分别为(97.86±1.75)%与(33.35±10.92)%;子宫NK细胞NKG2D的表达水平与外周血NK细胞相近,分别为(93.21±4.52)%与(97.80±1.72)%,滋养层组织仅检测到HLAEmRNA的表达。结论:妊娠期子宫NK细胞表面高表达抑制性受体NKG2A,同时滋养层组织表达相应的配体HLAE,这可能是维持母胎界面免疫耐受的重要因素。     

IL-2促进PBMC来源的NK、NKT、CD8+T细胞高表达NKG2D

目的 观察大剂量IL-2活化的人外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）中，NKG2D在NK细胞、T细胞和NKT细胞表面的表达规律。方法 使用三重免疫荧光标记的流式细胞术检测NKG2D的表达情况。使用sMICA蛋白与人PBMC共同培养，之后使用流式细胞术分析NKG2D在NK细胞中的表达情况。使用半定量RT-PCR方法检测大剂量IL-2活化的人PBMC中NKG2D及其锚定蛋白DAP10 mRNA的表达变化。结果 使用大剂量IL-2活化人PBMC细胞后，NKG2D在NK细胞、CD^＋T细胞和NKT细胞表面的表达均增加，但是在CD4^＋T细胞表面始终不表达。同时IL-2可以拮抗sMICA对NKG2D的下调作用。半定量RT-PCR结果显示，使用大剂量IL-2活化人PBMC之后，NKG2D及其锚定蛋白DAP10的mRNA水平并不发生明显变化。结论 大剂量IL-2培养人PBMC之后，NKG2D在NK细胞、CD8^＋T细胞和NKT细胞表面的表达均增加，可能是PBMC活化并获得广谱抗肿瘤效应的机制之一．     

NKG2D及其配体研究进展

NKG2D是较为独特的NK细胞活化性受体 ,其配体具有多样性 ,因而其识别机制较独特 ;其表达范围不仅局限于NK细胞 ,还在T细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞中有表达 ,功能上 ,不仅有直接刺激作用 ,还能作为协同刺激分子传递第二信号。NKG2D及其配体的研究对抗肿瘤免疫、抗感染免疫、自身免疫病的认识具有重要意义。本文对NKG2D及其配体的研究进展作一综述。     

活化性受体NKG2D及其配体的研究进展

NK细胞是肌体免疫系统至关重要的组成部分,其表达多种活化性和抑制性细胞表面受体。NKG2D是较为独特的活化性受体,属C型凝集素家族跨膜蛋白,分布较广,NK细胞、T细胞和其他免疫细胞都可以产生,其配体具有多样性,MHCⅠ类相关分子（MIC）是人类NKG2D识别的配体之一,应激性表达在一些肿瘤细胞或病原体感染细胞的表面。NKG2D既能直接活化NK细胞,又能以协同刺激的方式促进CD8^＋αβT细胞的活化,在抗肿瘤免疫和病毒感染等方面发挥重要作用。     

妊娠子宫微环境中uNK细胞NKG2A和NKG2D及其配体表达的研究

目的：研究妊娠子宫微环境中子宫自然杀伤细胞（uNK细胞）NKG2A和NKG2D及其相应配体的表达，探讨NKG2A与NKG2D的不平衡表达在母胎免疫耐受形成中的作用。方法：选择30例孕6-9周的正常妊娠妇女,分离其新鲜蜕膜组织，除去绒毛,分离蜕膜和外周血单个核细胞，采用流式细胞仪测定NK细胞的数量及NKG2A与NKG2D的表达；采用RT-PCR技术检测滋养层组织NKG2A与NKG2D配体人类白细胞抗原-E(HLA-E)、主要组织相容性复合体-Ⅰ类分子相关蛋白A(MICA)mRNA的表达结果：妊娠子宫蜕膜淋巴细胞中NK细胞约占70%,流式细胞分析的结果显示，子宫自然杀伤细胞NKG2A的表达显著高于外周血NK细胞，分别为97.86%±1.75%与33.35%±10.92%（〖AKx-D〗±s），两者差异显著（P<0.05），在滋养层细胞中检测到其配体HLA-E的表达；而与外周血相比，uNK细胞表面NKG2D的表达与之较为相近，分别为93.21%±4.52%与97.80%±1.72%，但两者仍有显著差异（P<0.05）。在滋养层组织未检测到其相应配体MICA mRNA的表达结论：蜕膜中的淋巴细胞主要为NK细胞，其免疫学表型与外周血NK细胞有较大的区别，妊娠期子宫自然杀伤细胞表面高表达抑制性受体NKG2A，同时滋养层组织表达相应的配体人类白细胞抗原-E，这可能是维持母胎界面免疫耐受的重要因素。     

Inhibitory NKG2A and activating NKG2D and NKG2C natural killer cell receptor genes: susceptibility for rheumatoid arthritis

The inhibitory (NKG2A) and activating (NKG2D and NKG2C) natural killer (NK) cell receptors are expressed on a subset of NK and T cells. They regulate the innate and adaptive immune systems related to cytotoxicity and cytokine production that are involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The role of inhibitory and activating NK cell receptor genes might contribute to chronic inflammation and destruction of bone and cartilage in RA. Therefore, we investigated the association of the NKG2A, NKG2C, and NKG2D genotypes with RA. NKG2A (KLRC1) NKG2C (KLRC2), and NKG2D (KLRK1, D12S249E) genes were genotyped in 210 unrelated patients with RA and 298 controls using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. We further investigated the relationships between the genotypes of each single nucleotide polymorphism and the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF), antinuclear antibody (ANA), and bony erosions in RA patients. The major NKG2A c.338-90*A/*A, NKG2C102*Ser/*Ser, and NKG2D72*Ala/*Ala genotypes in RA were significantly associated compared with controls [P = 0.013, odds ratio (OR) = 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.44-0.91; P < 0.0001, OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.44-2.96; and P = 0.019, OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.45-0.93, respectively]. The minor NKG2A c.338-90*G/*G, NKG2C102*Phe/*Phe, and NKG2D72*Thr/*Thr genotypes showed a risk of RA (P = 0.010, OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.17-3.54; P < 0.0001, OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.12-0.48; and P = 0.032, OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.05-5.01, respectively) compared with controls. No significance was observed between the inhibitory (NKG2A) or activating (NKG2C and NKG2D) receptor genotypes and the presence of RF, ANA, or bony erosions in RA.     

NKG2D ligands expression and NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity in human laryngeal squamous carcinoma cells

The NKG2D is an activating immunoreceptor expressed by NK cells and CD8⁺ T cells. Engagement of NKG2D by its ligands is critical for both innate and adoptive immunity. While the overexpression of NKG2D ligands on certain tumour cells has previously been demonstrated, little is known about NKG2D ligand expression on human laryngeal tumour cells. In this study, we first verified that the interaction between NKG2D and its ligands was critical for NK cell-based immune response to human laryngeal squamous carcinoma cells Hep-2. This NKG2D-mediated effect was observed by transfecting the recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-N1/NKG2D as well as the NKG2D blockade. The mRNA and protein expression of NKG2D ligands, MHC class I-related chain molecules A (MICA) and UL16-binding proteins (ULBPs), in human laryngeal carcinoma cell line Hep-2 and fresh tumour tissues were evaluated. Compared with non-tumour tissues of vocal cords polyps, MICA and ULBP-3 were strongly overexpressed on both the human laryngeal carcinoma cell line Hep-2 and fresh human laryngeal carcinoma tissues. The mechanism and impact of NKG2D ligands overexpression on NK cell-mediated anti-laryngeal cancer immune response would require further investigation.     

NKG2D与NKG2DL在肺癌免疫调节中的作用及临床意义

NKG2D与NKG2DL是目前研究的热点,NKG2D可表达于几乎所有的NK细胞、CD8+αβT细胞、γδ T细胞及少量CD4+αβT细胞的细胞膜表面,与其配体NKG2DL结合后,可激活NK细胞及T细胞,诱导机体的抗肿瘤免疫应答,杀伤表达NKG2DL的肿瘤细胞,因此,NKG2D及其配体NKG2DL在肿瘤的免疫调节过程中起着极其重要的作用.目前肺癌的预后仍不容乐观,迫切需要发展一种新型的治疗方法来达到特异杀灭肿瘤细胞而不损伤或仅轻微损伤正常细胞的目的,这使得免疫疗法成为一种极具吸引力及应用前景的治疗肺癌的方法.     

Murine cytomegalovirus regulation of NKG2D ligands

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes morbidity risk in immunologically suppressed and immunodeficient patients including congenital infections. Approaches to curb the consequences of HCMV infections are restricted by a lack of complete understanding of viral pathogenesis. The infection of mice with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) as a model of HCMV infection has been particularly useful in elucidating the role of innate and adaptive immune response mechanisms. A large number of cytomegalovirus genes modulate the innate and the adaptive host immune response. The products of several MCMV genes are involved in subverting the natural killer (NK) cell response by down-modulating cellular ligands for the NKG2D receptor expressed on NK cells and CD8⁺ T cells. Mutant viruses lacking these immunoevasion genes are attenuated with respect to virus growth in vivo. Given the importance of the NKG2D receptor in controlling both NK- and T cell-mediated immunity, it is of tremendous importance to understand the molecular mechanisms and consequences of viral regulation of the NKG2D ligands.     

Cloning of NKG2-F,a new member of the NKG2 family of human natural killer cell receptor genes

The NKG2 family of genes encodes at least four different type II transmembrane molecules (NKG2-A, NKG2-B, NKG2-C and NKG2-E) which contain a C-lectin domain. These proteins have been shown to be covalently associated with CD94, another C-type lectin member. The heterodimers are involved in natural killer cell-mediated recognition of different HLA-allotypes. Here we describe the cloning of a new NKG2-related gene, termed NKG2-F, localized 25 kb from NKG2-A as well as its relationship with the previously described NKG2-D cDNA. Despite the similarities with the other NKG2 genes, NKG2-F encodes a putative protein which does not contain any lectin domain. However, a conserved 24-amino acid sequence, present in all members of the NKG2 family, suggests that NKG2-F is also able to form heterodimers with CD94.     

Women with Pre-Eclampsia Have an Altered NKG2A and NKG2C Receptor Expression on Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cells

Problem  Preeclampsia, a pregnancy disorder, is associated with exaggerated inflammation and increased serum monokines. Uterine natural killer (NK) cells are implicated in preeclampsia pathology, but little is known regarding peripheral NK cells in the disease.
Method of Study  We examined blood NK cells at delivery in women with preeclampsia, in healthy pregnant women and in healthy non-pregnant blood donors as a reference.
Results  Although the percentages of both NKG2A- and NKG2C-positive NK cells were normal in preeclamptic women, the levels of NKG2A and NKG2C on NK cells were significantly up-regulated in these women. In vitro stimulation of PBMCs from healthy pregnant women and blood donors with monokines resulted in increased percentage of NKG2A⁺ NK cells and increased NKG2A levels, while levels of NKG2C were decreased.
Conclusions  Our results suggest that the peripheral NK-cell pool is skewed in preeclampsia and possibly under the influence of monokines like interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-12.