慢性咳嗽病因分布的初步调查

目的 了解上海地区慢性咳嗽病因分布的特点.方法 以中华医学会制定的<咳嗽的诊断与治疗指南>(2009版)中慢性咳嗽诊断流程为指导,对98例咳嗽时间≥8周的患者进行病因分析、咳嗽症状积分、视觉模拟评分及Leicester咳嗽问卷调查.结果 98例患者中明确咳嗽病因诊断94例(95.92%),病因未明者4例(4.08%).94例患者中,单一病因82例(87.23%),双重病因12例(12.77%).咳嗽病因包括咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)44例(40.00%),上气道咳嗽综合征(UACS)28例(25.45%),嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎(EB)21例(19.08%),变应性咳嗽5例(4.55%),胃食管反流性咳嗽4例(3.64%),感染后咳嗽3例(2.73%).治疗前后咳嗽积分、视觉模拟评分及Leicester咳嗽积分比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 CVA、UACS和EB是上海地区慢性咳嗽的常见原因.     

慢性咳嗽120例临床分析

目的探讨慢性咳嗽患者的病因及其治疗方法。方法遵循咳嗽诊断和治疗指南的程序,诊断和治疗两者同步或顺序进行。结果慢性咳嗽的常见病因有：上气道咳嗽综合症（UACS）（39.2%）,咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）（20.0%）,胃食管反流（GERD）（7.5%）,嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎（EB）（6.7%）,CAV合并UACS（7.5%）,CAV合并GERD（3.3%）,UACS合并GERD（4.2%）,CAV合并UACS、GERD（0.83%）等,经过病因治疗后,大多数患者咳嗽消失。结论 UACS、CVA、EB、GERD是慢性咳嗽的主要病因,可为单一病因,也可为两种、三种病因同时存在,大部分患者采取相应病因治疗有效。     

成人慢性咳嗽的诊断与治疗分析

目的分析我院47例成人慢性咳嗽患者的病因构成和治疗效果,探讨成人慢性咳嗽的常见病因及其治疗方法。方法对47例慢性咳嗽患者在询问病史和体格检查的基础上,进行必要的检查,观察相应治疗的效果并进行病因诊断。结果 47例慢性咳嗽患者中上气道咳嗽综合征（UACS）17例（36.2%）,咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）13例（27.7%）,胃食管反流（GER）6例（12.8%）,CVA＋UACS 3例（6.4%）,GER＋UACS 2例（4.3%）,CVA＋GER2例（4.3%）。对这些病人进行相应治疗后35例（81.4%）患者咳嗽得到控制。结论 UACS、CVA和GER是慢性咳嗽的主要病因,严格遵循慢性咳嗽的诊疗原则及行诊断性治疗是病因诊断的重要环节。     

慢性咳嗽98例的病因诊断

目的探讨慢性咳嗽的病因诊断。方法采用Irwin慢性咳嗽解剖学诊断程序＋诱导痰细胞分类检查，对慢性咳嗽持续8周以上的患者进行病因分类，并针对病因进行特异性治疗。结果98例慢性咳嗽患者中，鼻后滴漏综合征（PNDS）43例（43．88％），咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）18例（18．37％），嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎（EB）12例（12．24％），胃食管反流综合征（GER）10例（10．20％），PNDS＋CVA6例（6．12％），GER＋CVA4例（4．08％），慢性支气管炎2例（2．04％），支气管内膜结核1例（1．02％），原因不明咳嗽2例（2．04％），经过针对病因特异性治疗94．90％（93／98）患者的咳嗽症状明显减轻或消失。结论慢性咳嗽的常见病因有PNDS、CVA、EB、GER，试验性治疗有效，对确诊病因有重要意义。     

慢性咳嗽60例临床治疗体会

目的探讨慢性咳嗽的病因及临床特点。方法对本院60例资料相对完整的慢性咳嗽病例进行分析,并结合慢性咳嗽的病因给予对证治疗。结果 60例中明确诊断者57例,其中CVA36例,UACS15例,GERD2例,心理性咳嗽4例,同时合并CVA、UACS7例,原因不明者3例。结论慢性咳嗽病因较多,熟悉慢性咳嗽病因诊断流程,掌握适当的诊断方法,大多数病例可获得明确的病因诊断及治疗。     

老年人不明原因慢性咳嗽的病因分析

目的探讨老年人不明原因慢性咳嗽的病因分布特点。方法74例老年不明原因慢性咳嗽患者,按照慢性咳嗽的解剖学诊断程序,根据病史、体格检查、实验室检查及特异性治疗反应,判定病因。结果确诊69例,确诊率93．2％。常见病因依次为咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）19例;鼻后滴漏综合征（PNDs）18例;胃食管返流性咳嗽（GERC）11例;嗜酸细胞性支气管炎（EB）7例,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）诱导的药源性咳嗽6例;其他病因8例。经特异性治疗,有效率94．2％。结论CVA、PNDs和GERC是老年不明原因慢性咳嗽的常见病因,判定特异性治疗效果在病因诊断中起重要作用。     

高渗盐水诱导痰细胞学检查在儿童慢性咳嗽诊断中的意义

目的探讨高渗盐水诱导痰细胞学检查在儿童慢性咳嗽病因诊断中的意义。方法选择2007年1月至2007年12月广州医学院第一附属医院儿科门诊及住院的198例慢性非特异性咳嗽患儿,参考2006年ACCP《儿童慢性咳嗽临床循证实践指南》的诊断程序进行病因诊断,所有患儿均进行高渗盐水诱导痰细胞学检查,比较不同病因的慢性咳嗽儿童诱导痰细胞学分类的差异。同时选择159名健康儿童作为对照。结果 198例慢性咳嗽患儿中有175例痰诱导成功,成功率为88.4%,不良反应发生率为10.1%,主要表现为咽痒、恶心、咳嗽、头晕,停止诱导后可缓解。对175例痰诱导成功的慢性咳嗽患儿病因进行分析,获得明确诊断的有164例（93.7%）,分别是咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）65例（37.1%）、上气道咳嗽综合征（UACS）52例（29.7%）、感染后咳嗽（PIC）37例（21.1%）、嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎（EB）4例（2.3%）、胃食管反流性咳嗽（GERC）4例（2.3%）、肺结核（TB）1例（0.6%）、气道异物1例（0.6%）,病因未明11例（6.3%）。CVA、UACS、PIC是本组慢性咳嗽患儿最常见的病因。按年龄分为三组,Ⅰ组（4～6岁）51例（29.1%）,Ⅱ组（7～11岁）66例（37.7%）,Ⅲ组（12～14岁）58例（33.1%）。不同年龄组病因分布差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。不同病因组与正常对照组,以及不同病因组之间诱导痰细胞学分类差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论在儿童开展高渗盐水诱导痰细胞学检查是安全和成功率较高的检测手段,对儿童慢性咳嗽病因诊断起着重要作用。     

不同病因慢性咳嗽临床特征的诊断价值

目的 比较不同病因慢性咳嗽患者的特征及伴随症状,探讨其对临床慢性咳嗽的病因诊断的价值.方法 按慢性咳嗽病因诊断程序对2003年6月至2007年12月广州呼吸疾病研究所专科门诊的慢性咳嗽患者进行病因诊断.对单一病因的患者按常见病因进行分组,分析比较不同单一病因的慢性咳嗽患者的咳嗽时相、性质、诱发因素等特征及相关伴随症状.计量资料用x±s表示,计数资料以率表示,统计采用方差分析及卡方检验.结果 共入选196例单一病因的慢性咳嗽患者,男108例,女88例;年龄14～72岁,平均(40±12)岁.其中咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)50例,嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎(EB)55例,上气道咳嗽综合征(UACS)45例、胃食管反流性咳嗽(GERC)46例.不同病因组慢性咳嗽患者年龄、性别及病程差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05).CVA患者以夜间为主的咳嗽发生率为26.0%(13/44),明显高于EB组[9.1%(5/55),x2=5.272,P<0.05]、UACS组[2.2%(1/45),x2=10.657,P<0.01]及GERC组[0%(0/46),x2=13.833,P<0.01],其诊断CVA的特异度为95.9%.GERC的进食相关咳嗽、反流相关症状的发生率分别为52.2%(24/46)和69.6%(32/46),均高于其他病因组(均P<0.05),诊断GERC的特异度分别为83.3%、80.0%.UACS的鼻后滴流感、鼻炎相关症状及鼻病史发生率为66.7%(30/45)、88.9%(40/45)及82.2%(37/45),均高于其他病因组(均P<0.05),诊断UACS的特异度分别为89.4%、65.6%及63.6%.结论 咳嗽的时相特征及部分伴随症状对单一病因慢性咳嗽的诊断具有一定的参考价值.     

慢性咳嗽的临床分析

目的探讨慢性咳嗽的病因及临床诊治方法。方法对2007年1月～2008年1月在我们就诊的慢性咳嗽患者60例，进行系统的诊治，分析其临床资料，明确其病因、症状、诊断、治疗、及预后。结果本组诊断明确者56例，其中鼻后滴漏综合征（PNDS）24例（40％），咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）18例（30％），胃食管反流（GER）11例（18％），嗜酸细胞性支气管炎（EB）3例（5％），原因不明4例（7％），其中胃食管反流并发咳嗽变异性哮喘4例（7％），鼻后滴漏综合征并发咳嗽变异性哮喘6例（10％）。2个月内患者咳嗽明显减轻或消失为有效，总有效率为94％。结论引起慢性咳嗽的病因较多，其中PNDS、CVA、GER为较常见病因，明确诊断，给予相应治疗，效果满意。     

老年人慢性咳嗽的病因构成和临床分析

目的 对老年慢性咳嗽患者采取经验性治疗联合病因诊断流程要求,分析老年人慢性咳嗽的病因及诊治效果. 方法 按照我国咳嗽指南,对52例老年慢性咳嗽患者,采取经验性治疗,效果不明确者,再采取病因诊断流程,包括肺功能、支气管舒张试验或支气管激发试验、诱导痰细胞学检查、鼻窦CT、24 h食管pH值监测等检查,进行病因判断和临床治疗. 结果 52例老年慢性咳嗽患者,明确病因76例次.老年人慢性咳嗽病因依次为咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)23例次(30.3％),上气道咳嗽综合征(UACS) 16例次(21.1％),胃食管反流性咳嗽(GERC)12例次(15.8％),药源性咳嗽(DC)9例次(11.8％),脑血管疾病7例次(9.2％),肺间质纤维化、嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎(EB)、变应性咳嗽(AC)、左心功能不全各1例次(各占1.3％),病因未明4例次(5.3％).单一病因31例(59.6％),二重病因11例(21.2％)、三重病因5例(9.6％)、四重病因1例(1.9％). 结论 CVA、UACS、GERC和DC是最常见的老年人慢性咳嗽的病因,遵循我国咳嗽指南,根据常见病因采取经验性治疗与病因诊断相结合,可较好适合我国基层医院的诊疗需求.     

Importance of atopic cough, cough variant asthma and sinobronchial syndrome as causes of chronic cough in the Hokuriku area of Japan

OBJECTIVE: A prospective multicentre study was conducted to elucidate the causes of chronic cough in Japan. METHODOLOGY: All consecutive and unselected patients complaining of cough lasting 8 weeks or more, who visited our clinics from 1 June to 31 December 2001, were registered. The causes of chronic cough were diagnosed based on the criteria for definite and probable causes of cough as recommended by the Japanese Cough Research Society. RESULTS: Of the 248 patients enrolled, 72 patients (29.0%) were unavailable for follow up before their diagnostic assessment had been finalized. Among the 176 patients who were adequately assessed, a diagnosis was made in 165 patients (93.7%) either as single cause or as one of two causes: atopic cough in 48 (29.1%) and 11 patients (6.7%); cough variant asthma in 46 (27.9%) and nine patients (5.5%); cough predominant asthma in 14 (8.5%) and three patients (1.8%); and sinobronchial syndrome (SBS) in 28 (17.7%) and 14 patients (8.5%), respectively. A diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux-associated cough was made in a total of four patients (2.4%). CONCLUSION: Atopic cough, asthmatic cough consisting of cough variant asthma and cough predominant asthma, and SBS are major causes of chronic cough in Japan.     

112例误诊为支气管炎的老年慢性咳嗽病因分析

目的探讨老年患者慢性咳嗽的误诊及病因分布。方法基层医院误诊为支气管炎的112例老年慢性咳嗽患者,采用咳嗽诊治指南制定的诊断程序,判断病因并予针对性治疗。结果最终病因明确107例(95.54%),其中单一病因为89例(79.46%),复合病因为18例(16.07%)。老年患者病因诊断前三位为胃食管返流性咳嗽、咳嗽变异型哮喘、上气道咳嗽综合征,在女性患者和男性患者中分别占26.39%,20.83%,18.06%和29.31%,22.41%,18.97%。三者占慢性咳嗽病因的67.69%,其次是ACEI诱发的咳嗽。经特异性治疗后咳嗽明显减轻或消失为103例,有效率为91.96%,其余均为部分缓解。结论老年慢性咳嗽病因复杂常被误诊,规范慢性咳嗽病因诊断程序对提高老年慢性咳嗽诊治水平有重要意义。     

The spectrum,clinical features and diagnosis of chronic cough due to rare causes

BackgroundChronic cough has many diverse causes, including common and uncommon causes. There are few comprehensive reports on rare causes of chronic cough. The purpose of this study is to determine the etiological distribution, clinical features, and diagnostic value of special examinations in patients with rare causes of chronic cough.MethodsA retrospective analysis of patients with chronic cough who underwent medical history taking, full examination, and etiological treatment over a 13-year period was conducted. Causes of chronic cough with a prevalence of less than 3% were defined as rare causes.ResultsA total of 1,554 patients were enrolled, and 39 causes of chronic cough were identified. Among them, 1,055 cases were due to common causes, whereas 235 cases were due to rare causes; the causes involved 7 bodily systems. The top five rare causes were protracted bacterial bronchitis, somatic cough syndrome, diffuse panbronchiolitis, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and interstitial lung disease, accounting for 67.2% of all rare causes. Among 235 patients with rare causes, causes in 90 (38.3%) patients were detected by chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), in 44 (18.7%) patients by bronchoscopy/nasopharyngoscopy, and in 21 (8.9%) patients by pulmonary spirometry and diffusing capacity testing.ConclusionsAmong the 31 rare causes of chronic cough in this cohort, the top five were protracted bacterial bronchitis, somatic cough syndrome, diffuse panbronchiolitis, OSAS, and interstitial lung disease. Special examinations, such as chest HRCT and bronchoscopy, should be considered after excluding common causes of chronic cough.     

慢性咳嗽病因变迁的回顾性分析

目的 探讨慢性咳嗽病因变迁的临床意义.方法 收集2004年1月至2008年12月连续在同济大学附属同济医院呼吸内科就诊并经逐步诊断流程探查病因的940例慢性咳嗽患者,以年为单位分成5组,通过x2检验回顾性分析慢性咳嗽病因分布频率和构成的变化趋势.结果 慢性咳嗽的常见病因依次为咳嗽变异性哮喘(437/940,46%)、上气道咳嗽综合征/鼻后滴流综合征(304/940,32%)、嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎(87/940,9%)、胃食管反流性咳嗽(83/940,9%)、感染后咳嗽(60/940,6%)和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂相关咳嗽(46/940,5%).5年间慢性咳嗽病因分布频率存在明昆差异(x2=60.6,P=0.0001),咳嗽变异性哮喘从44%增至51%(x2=12.8,P=0.010),上气道咳嗽综合征/鼻后滴流综合征从49%降至29%(x2=20.1,P=0.001),胃食管反流性咳嗽从2%增至10%(x2=17.6,P=0.002),而嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎、感染后咳嗽和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂相关咳嗽分布频率保持不变.结论 慢性咳嗽主要病因随时间发生变迁,可影响相应的诊治策略.     

不同年龄慢性咳嗽患者病因分析和疗效观察

目的 探讨不同年龄慢性咳嗽患者的病因和针对性治疗的疗效.方法 258例慢性咳嗽患者分为青年组145例和中老年组113例,采用中华医学会《咳嗽的诊断与治疗指南》对其病因进行分析,根据临床表现、辅助检查和特异性治疗效果综合判断,针对慢性咳嗽的病因给予特异性治疗,停药4周后判断疗效.结果 青年组和中老年组患者中,最终病因明确...     

A pathogenic triad in chronic cough: asthma, postnasal drip syndrome, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.

BACKGROUND: Coughing may be produced by a number of different disorders in distinct anatomic sites. Chronic cough causes major functional limitation in a considerable patient population and requires careful evaluation. METHODS: Seventy-eight nonsmoking patients of both genders who complained of cough for > or =3 weeks and had normal findings on plain chest radiographs were studied prospectively. Their histories were obtained, and physical examinations were performed. The diagnostic workup included pulmonary function tests, CT of the paranasal sinuses and chest, carbachol provocation test, fiberoptic rhinoscopy, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, and 24-h esophageal pH monitoring. The final diagnosis depended on clinical, radiologic, and laboratory findings; a successful response to therapy was required for confirmation. RESULTS: The causes of chronic cough were determined in all patients. Coughing was due to a single cause in 30 patients (38.5%) and multiple causes in 48 patients (61.5%). The five most important causative factors were asthma (46 patients; 58.9%), postnasal drip syndrome (PNDS; 45 patients; 57.6%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD; 32 patients; 41.1%), bronchiectasis (14 patients; 17.9%), and tracheobronchial collapse (11 patients; 14.1%). INTERPRETATION: Asthma, PNDS, and GERD, alone or in combination, were responsible for 93.6% of the cases of chronic cough. The presence of these three conditions was so frequent that the expression "pathogenic triad of chronic cough" should be acknowledged in specialized literature. It is essential to consider pulmonary and extrapulmonary causes in order to prescribe a successful specific therapy for chronic cough.     

不明原因慢性咳嗽的病因分布及诊断程序的建立

目的观察慢性咳嗽的病因分布,在此基础上建立慢性咳嗽的病因诊断程序。方法对于入选的慢性咳嗽患者,在询问病史和查体的基础上,进行诱导痰、肺通气功能+气道高反应性、X线胸片、鼻窦X线片或CT、24h食管pH值监测等检查,根据检查结果和治疗反应,最后确定病因诊断。结果共收集慢性咳嗽患者194例,平均年龄(41±12)岁(16～71岁),平均咳嗽时间(62±86)个月(2～487个月)。慢性咳嗽病因比例依次为:嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎51例次(22.4%)、鼻炎/鼻窦炎39例次(17.1%)、咳嗽变异型哮喘31例次(13.6%)、变应性咳嗽28例次(12.3%)、胃食管反流性咳嗽27例次(11.8%)、其他病因43例次(18.8%),病因未明9例次(3.9%)。单一病因咳嗽者153例(82.7%),复合病因32例(17.3%)。结论慢性咳嗽的病因分布与国外相比有着较大的差别,嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎和变应性咳嗽是慢性咳嗽的重要病因。根据上述慢性咳嗽病因分布和临床特征,提出了新的慢性咳嗽病因诊断程序。     

Chronic cough in adults

Cough, a defense mechanism for clearing the airways of secretions, exudate, or foreign bodies, may become a troublesome symptom. Chronic cough, one of the most frequent symptoms requiring medical attention, is often not due to identifiable causes in adults. Chronic productive cough defines chronic bronchitis, and thus is present in 100% of these patients, and frequently in patients with bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and chronic infectious respiratory diseases. However, chronic cough is most frequently dry. Thus, chronic cough in adults is a difficult syndrome requiring multidisciplinary approaches, particularly to diagnose and treat the most frequent identifiable causes, but also to decide which patients may benefit by treating the central cough hypersensitivity by neuromodulatory therapy and/or non-pharmacologic treatment (speech pathology therapy). Recent guidelines provide algorithms for diagnosis and assessment of cough severity; particularly chronic cough in adults. After excluding life-threatening diseases, chronic cough due to identifiable causes (triggers and/or diseases), particularly smoking and/or the most frequent diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, eosinophilic bronchitis, and adverse reactions to drugs [angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and sitagliptin]) should be treated by avoiding triggers and/or according to guidelines for each underlying disease. In patients with troublesome chronic cough due to unknown causes or persisting even after adequate avoidance of triggers, and/or treatment of the underlying disease(s), a symptomatic approach with neuromodulators and/or speech pathology therapy should be considered. Additional novel promising neuromodulatory agents in clinical development (e.g., P2X3 inhibitors) will hopefully become available in the near future.     

Eosinophilic bronchitis is an important cause of chronic cough.

Eosinophilic bronchitis presents with chronic cough and sputum eosinophilia, but without the abnormalities of airway function seen in asthma. It is important to know how commonly eosinophilic bronchitis causes cough, since in contrast to cough in patients without sputum eosinophilia, the cough responds to inhaled corticosteroids. We investigated patients referred over a 2-yr period with chronic cough, using a well-established protocol with the addition of induced sputum in selected cases. Eosinophilic bronchitis was diagnosed if patients had no symptoms suggesting variable airflow obstruction, and had normal spirometric values, normal peak expiratory flow variability, no airway hyperresponsiveness (provocative concentration of methacholine producing a 20% decrease in FEV(1) ([PC(20)] > 8 mg/ml), and sputum eosinophilia (> 3%). Ninety-one patients with chronic cough were identified among 856 referrals. The primary diagnosis was eosinophilic bronchitis in 12 patients, rhinitis in 20, asthma in 16, post-viral-infection status in 12, and gastroesophageal reflux in seven. In a further 18 patients a diagnosis was established. The cause of chronic cough remained unexplained in six patients. In all 12 patients with eosinophilic bronchitis, the cough improved after treatment with inhaled budesonide 400 micrograms twice daily, and in eight of these patients who had a follow-up sputum analysis, the eosinophil count decreased significantly, from 16.8% to 1.6%. We conclude that eosinophilic bronchitis is a common cause of chronic cough, and that sputum induction is important in the investigation of cough.