原发性肝癌腹腔镜切除中的几个焦点问题

腹腔镜肝脏手术由于创伤相对较小,术中出血少,术后并发症发生率低,住院时间短,近年来得到迅猛的发展,从最初的腹腔镜肝脏边缘组织的活检。和肝囊肿的开窗治疗嵋。到目前有望成为肝左外叶切除的金标准手术。不过短短十数年间。随着人们对肝脏血管解剖的进一步了解以及肝脏精准外科技术和腹腔镜技术的不断发展创新,腹腔镜在肝外科中的应用必将越来越广泛。原发性肝癌是否适合腹腔镜肝切除一直存在争议,本文就大家关注的焦点问题展开讨论。     

原发性肝癌的局部切除治疗

局部切除治疗原发性肝癌36例，肝癌直径＞5．0cm30例，小于等于5．0cm6例，中位直径6．8cm，36例中右肝癌15例，中肝癌2例，左肝癌19例，行肝癌局部切除术后无肝功能衰竭发生，无手术死亡，1，3，5年生存率各72．3％，42．4％，30．3％，本资料表明局部切除治疗原发性肝癌手术并发症少，长期生存率满意，对肝硬化肝癌尤其适用。     

腹腔镜肝切除治疗原发性肝癌

自1991年Reich首次报道腹腔镜切除肝脏肿瘤以来,随着肝脏外科技术和腹腔镜技术的不断发展,腹腔镜肝脏切除经历了对肝脏较小的、位置浅表的良性肿瘤切除;肝脏恶性肿瘤局部切除的尝试;到     

原发性肝癌肝切除治疗现状

原发性肝癌肝切除治疗现状陈孝平在我国，原发性肝癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。据近年来的统计资料显示，其发病率仍在不断上升，在有些地区，本病已在男性人群恶性肿瘤死亡原因中居第一位。Ｋｅｗ（１９８７）统计了５８５例，平均生存期仅１．５个月。近年来，国内外在以...     

原发性肝癌的根治性切除标准

根治性切除是原发性肝癌可能被治愈的唯一手段。但何谓根治性切除 ,至今直接讨论其标准的文章〔1,2〕尚少 ,多数由作者根据自己的经验而定 ,缺乏客观性和统一性 ,更有作者在同类报道中采用不同标准〔3 ,4〕,使得大家对标准的认识十分混乱。本文旨在通过总结不同标准 ,探讨较为合理实用的根治性标准。一、以外科因素为主的标准完整切除肿瘤是根治手术的基本条件 ,少数学者仅以此为根治标准〔3 ,5,6〕,但更多学者则明确提出切缘无残癌的条件〔7〕。而切缘大小对根治是否有影响则一直是外科因素中争论的热点。有学者认为根治性手术应有 1ｃｍ以…     

原发性肝癌的手术治疗进展

原发性肝癌 (ＨＣＣ)是世界上最常见的恶性肿瘤之一 ,预后差 ,全球每年超过 10 0万人死于原发性肝癌。在每年新增加病例中 ,约 45 %在中国[1] 。ＨＣＣ由于易转移 ,且经常合并肝硬化 ,死亡率、复发率均高 ,目前采取的是以手术切除为主的综合治疗。 1891年Ｌｕｃｋｅ成功切除 1例肝恶性肿瘤 ,195 2年Ｌｏｒ ｔａｔ Ｊａｃｏｂ用解剖肝门技术行大肝癌规则切肝 ,196 3年Ｓｔａｒｔｚ进行首例肝癌肝移植 ,肝癌外科经历了巨大的跨越。我国原发性肝癌治疗经历了大肝癌规则切除、小肝癌局部切除 ,局部切除加综合治疗、生物治疗兴起及复发转移控制研…     

腹腔镜肝切除技术的综合评价

外科微创化是21世纪外科的发展趋向，而腹腔镜外科是微创外科的重要组成部分。随着技术的逐渐成熟和临床经验的不断积累，目前腹腔镜技术已广泛应用于胆囊切除术、胃肠道和盆腔器官手术。但由于肝脏解剖及生理特点的特殊性和技术器械的局限性，腹腔镜肝切除术(laparoscopic hepatectomy，LH)一直被看作是危险的高技术手术，比传统的开腹肝切除手术更具危险性，因而发展比较缓慢，     

腹腔镜肝癌手术的现状与发展

肝癌是常见的恶性肿瘤，发病率和病死率较高。手术切除是主要的治疗方法，但传统开腹手术创伤大，术后恢复慢，对机体免疫系统打击大，术后早期难以进行综合治疗。自20世纪90年代起，外科医生开始探索腹腔镜手术治疗肝癌，并取得了一定的疗效，主要包括腹腔镜肝脏切除术、腹腔镜下射频消融术等。腹腔镜手术具有创伤小，术后恢复快，对机体打击小等优点。但腹腔镜肝切除术对外科医生技术要求很高，因手术风险大而发展缓慢。总的来说，腹腔镜技术应用于肝脏恶性肿瘤的治疗还处于探索阶段。     

原发性肝癌的手术切除治疗

目的　总结原发性肝癌手术切除病例的治疗效果。方法　回顾性分析近 5年我院 30 1例肝癌病人手术切除治疗情况。结果　 4 0 %有乙肝病史 ,6 2 %伴有肝炎。肝功能A级 4 6 % ,B级38% ,C级 16 %。肿瘤位于左肝占 31% ,右肝 6 5 % ,左右肝 4 %。小肝癌 2 3% ,大肝癌 76 %。 6 1%合并肝硬化 ,8%合并门静脉癌栓 ,3%合并胆管癌栓。左外叶切除 8 6 % ,左半肝切除 8% ,右半肝切除12 6 % ,肝段切除 71 8%。 31%采用Pringle术 ,阻断时间为 15± 4min ,最长 30min。 10 %采用半肝血流阻断术 ,阻断时间为 2 5± 12min ,最长 6 0min。 1 3%采用全肝血流阻断术 (改良Heaney法 ) ,阻断时间为 14± 4min ,最长者为 2 0min。术中出血量为 10 5 6± 1195ml,输血量为 6 6 5± 5 91ml,手术时间为 194± 84min。术后总并发症发生率为 19 9% ,严重并发症发生率为 7 3% ,手术死亡率为2 7% ,住院时间为 2 5± 12d。术后 1,3,5年存活率分别为 74 % ,5 6 % ,4 2 %。结论　肝切除术后并发症发生率较高 ,但严重并发症发生率和手术死亡率较低。术中控制出血及肝切除量 ,减少手术时间是降低术后并发症和死亡率的关键     

原发性肝癌外科治疗方法的选择

一、原发性肝癌肝切除的手术适应证(一 )病人一般情况1.病人一般情况较好 ,无明显心、肺、肾等重要脏器器质性病变 ;2 .肝功能正常 ,或仅有轻度损害 ,按肝功能分级属Ｉ级 ;或肝功能分级属Ⅱ级 ,经短期护肝治疗后有明显改善 ,肝功能恢复到Ⅰ级 (肝功能分级见表 1) ;3 .肝储备功能 (如吲哚靛氰绿 15分钟滞留率 ,ＩＣＧｒ15 )在正常范围 ;4.无广泛肝外转移性肝癌癌灶。(二 )局部病变情况1.下述病例可作根治性肝切除 :(1)单发的微小肝癌(直径≤ 2ｃｍ) ;(2 )单发的小肝癌 (直径 >2ｃｍ ,≤ 5ｃｍ) ;(3)单发的向肝外生长的大肝癌 (直径 >5ｃｍ ,…     

Laparoscopic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma

Background Single, small hepatocarcinomas (HCC) are still an indication for partial liver resection in patients ineligible for transplantation. Anatomical resections are recommended for oncological reasons. The mini-invasive approach of laparoscopy should minimize hepatic and parietal injury, thereby decreasing the risk of liver failure and ascites. However, the oncological results of this approach and its presumed benefits remain undemonstrated. We evaluated the short- and midterm results of laparoscopic liver resections for HCC. Methods Between 1999 and 2006, we performed 32 laparoscopic liver resections for HCC. Mean tumor size was 3.8 ± 2 cm and the mean age of the patients was 65 ± 11 years. Twenty-two patients had cirrhosis (21 Child A and one Child C). Operative and postoperative results were analyzed, together with recurrence and survival rates. Results We carried out 13 unisegmentectomies, nine bisegmentectomies, one trisegmentectomy, two right hepatectomies, one left hepatectomy, and six atypical resections. The duration of the operation was 231 ± 101 minutes. Conversion to laparotomy was required in three patients (9%), none in emergency situations. Mean blood loss was 461 ml, with five patients (15.6%) requiring blood transfusion. The mean surgical margin was 10.4 mm. One cirrhotic patient (Child C) underwent surgery for a partially ruptured tumor and died of liver failure. Two patients had ascites and no transient liver failure occurred in the other 19 cirrhotic patients. Mean hospital stay was 7.1 days. During a mean follow-up of 26 months, 10 patients (31%) presented recurrence within the liver. None of the patients had peritoneal carcinomatosis or trocar site recurrence. Three-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 71.9% and 54.5%, respectively. Conclusions Laparoscopic liver resection for HCC is feasible and well tolerated. Midterm survival and recurrence rates are similar to those after laparotomy.     

Laparoscopic liver resection of hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND: We have continued to develop laparoscopic hepatectomy as a means of surgical therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: We evaluated the degree of invasiveness and analyzed the outcomes of laparoscopic hepatectomy compared with open hepatectomy for HCC. RESULTS: There were notable differences with respect to blood loss and operating time compared with open hepatectomy cases. Patients started walking and eating significantly earlier in the laparoscopic hepatectomy group, and these more rapid recoveries allowed shorter hospitalizations. On the Estimation of Physiologic Ability and Surgical Stress (E-PASS) scoring system, there was no difference in preoperative risk. However, a significant difference was seen in the surgical stress and comprehensive risk scores between the open hepatectomy and laparoscopic hepatectomy groups. Concerning the survival rate and disease-free survival rate, there were no significant differences between procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic hepatectomy avoids some of the disadvantages of open hepatectomy and is beneficial for patient quality of life (QOL) as a minimally invasive procedure if the operative indications are appropriately based on preoperative liver function and the location and size of HCC.     

转移性肝癌的腹腔镜肝切除术

目的探讨转移性肝癌的腹腔镜肝切除术经验。方法对1997年至2004年度布里斯班医院所进行的所有肝切除术患者进行回顾性研究。结果有84例患者进行了腹腔镜肝切除，其中33例（39％）为恶性肿瘤。33例中28例为转移性，其中22例为结直肠癌转移。13例患者进行左肝外侧叶切除，9例患者进行了右半肝切除，其余6例行肝段或不规则切除。67％失去随访，追踪随访12例患者2年存活率和无瘤生存率为75％和67％。结论在高度选择过的恶性肿瘤患者中行腹腔镜肝切除术是可行的。但要求术者有丰富的开腹肝切除术经验和腹腔镜操作技能。     

Laparoscopic liver resection facilitates salvage liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma

Background/Purpose  In patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a previous liver resection (LR) may compromise subsequent liver transplantation (LT) by creating adhesions and increasing surgical difficulty. Initial laparoscopic LR (LLR) may reduce such technical consequences, but its effect on subsequent LT has not been reported. We report the operative results of LT after laparoscopic or open liver resection (OLR). Methods  Twenty-four LT were performed, 12 following prior LLR and 12 following prior OLR. The LT was performed using preservation of the inferior vein cava. Indication for the LT was recurrent HCC in 19 cases (salvage LT), while five patients were listed for LT and underwent resection as a neoadjuvant procedure (bridge resection). Results  In the LLR group, absence of adhesions was associated with straightforward access to the liver in all cases. In the OLR group, 11 patients required long and hemorrhagic dissection. Median durations of the hepatectomy phase and whole LT were 2.5 and 6.2 h, and 4.5 and 8.3 h in the LLR and OLR groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Median blood loss was 1200 ml and 2300 ml in the LLR and OLR groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Median transfusions of hepatectomy phase and whole LT were 0 and 3 U, and 2 and 6 U, respectively (P < 0.05). There were no postoperative deaths. Conclusions  In our study, LLR facilitated the LT procedure as compared with OLR in terms of reduced operative time, blood loss and transfusion requirements. We conclude that LLR should be preferred over OLR when feasible in potential transplant candidates.     

Laparoscopic liver resection

BACKGROUND: This paper describes a 10-year experience of laparoscopic liver surgery, including several major hepatectomies for malignant tumours. METHODS: Of 243 hepatectomies carried out between January 1995 and December 2004, 113 (46.5 per cent) were performed by laparoscopy and 89 were included in this retrospective study. RESULTS: Twenty-four laparoscopic hepatectomies (27 per cent) were for benign disease and 65 (73 per cent) for malignant tumours, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in 16 patients and colorectal metastasis (CRM) in 41. Minor hepatectomy was performed in 51 patients and major hepatectomy (three or more Couinaud segments) in 38. Conversion to laparotomy was necessary in 12 patients and perioperative blood transfusion in eight. One patient with cirrhosis who underwent right hepatectomy for HCC with conversion to open surgery died 8 days after surgery. Major morbidity occurred in eight patients (16 per cent) having minor hepatectomy and in 11 (29 per cent) of those having a major resection. The 3-year overall and disease-free survival rates for patients with CRM (mean follow-up 30 months) were 87 (11 patients at risk) and 51 (6 patients at risk) per cent respectively. Corresponding values for patients with HCC (mean follow-up 40 months) were 85 (10 patients at risk) and 68 (5 patients at risk) per cent. CONCLUSION: In experienced hands, the results of laparoscopic liver surgery are similar to those for laparotomy.     

Laparoscopic liver resection

In experienced hands and with appropriate case selection, laparoscopic liver resection has proven to be a safe procedure with the added benefit of minimal-assess surgery. Successful laparoscopic liver resection, from wedge resection to formal lobectomy, had been reported for both benign and malignant disease of the liver. We present a young female with a solitary hepatocellular carcinoma in the left lateral segment in whom we successfully performed laparoscopic segmentectomy with the aid of a laparoscopic ultrasonic surgical aspirator, Harmonic Scalpel and laparoscopic ultrasound. She was discharged home on day 5. There was no complication.