直肠癌柱状经腹会阴切除术6例

目的:介绍直肠癌柱状经腹会阴切除术(柱状APR)的应用体会.方法:山东大学齐鲁医院普外科2009年2月-2009年5月采用柱状APR治疗6例低位直肠癌患者.采用Holm等描述的手术过程,按TME技术要求游离直肠系膜,向下游离到肛提肌的起点处停止,结肠造瘘,关闭腹部切口.翻转患者置于俯卧位,实施扩大的会阴部切除,沿外括约肌、耻骨直肠肌、肛提肌外表面游离到肛提肌的盆壁起始处,即腹部向下游离的终点下方,后方自尾骨骶骨连接处切开,进入骶前,然后由后至前,将肛提肌自起始处离断.结果:柱状APR切除更多远端直肠周围组织,所有患者无直肠穿孔,会阴刀口均一期愈合,1例患者出现会阴血清肿,1例患者出现盆底腹膜疝.结论:柱状APR可以切除更多的低位直肠癌瘤周组织,减少术中穿孔,降低环周切缘阳性率.     

直肠癌柱状经腹会阴切除术中俯卧折刀位的安置

目的探讨俯卧折刀位在低位直肠癌柱状经腹会阴切除术(柱状APR术)应用的优越性,介绍手术巡回护士在安置俯卧折刀位时的方法和技术。方法对15例低位直肠癌患者采用柱状APR术游离直肠系膜,向下游离到肛提肌的起点处停止,行乙状结肠单口造口术,关闭腹部切口。巡回护士协助术者翻转患者置于俯卧折刀位,实施扩大的会阴部切除。结果15例患者均顺利完成手术,无一例因手术体位导致皮肤受损或压疮,术后1~3d恢复胃肠功能,住院8~10d,会阴切口均Ⅰ期愈合。结论柱状APR术采用俯卧折刀位能充分暴露手术视野,有利于手术的顺利进行,降低相关并发症。     

柱状经腹会阴直肠癌切除术及其改进（附10例报告）

目的 报告柱状经腹会阴直肠癌切除术（cylindrical abdominoperineal resection）和使用人类脱细胞真皮基质（human acellular dermal matrix,HADM）进行盆底重建的初步应用结果。方法 北京朝阳医院普外科自2008年1月至2009年1月,采用柱状经腹会阴直肠癌切除术治疗10例低位直肠癌。腹部操作中不将直肠系膜从肛提肌分离。会阴操作中采用俯卧折刀位,在进入盆腔之前环周解剖出肛提肌。切除尾骨和部分骶5,切开Waldeyer筋膜进入盆腔,从后向前切断两侧肛提肌。在会阴横肌的后方切断盆底肌纤维并将直肠和肛管完整切除,标本呈圆柱状。盆底缺损使用人脱细胞真皮基质重建。结果 所有病人无直肠穿孔,病理示环周切缘阴性,术后会阴伤口I期愈合。平均随访9个月,无会阴伤口感染、裂开、膨出和疝的发生。发生无症状血清肿1例和会阴疼痛2例。结论 柱状经腹会阴直肠癌切除术可以降低Miles手术环周切缘阳性率和肠穿孔率,HADM盆底重建可以降低手术难度。     

改良腹腔镜肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术治疗低位直肠癌

目的:评价改良腹腔镜经肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术的安全性与可行性。方法:回顾分析2013年8月至2015年2月为21例低位直肠癌患者施行腹腔镜经肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术的临床资料,术中根据肿瘤浸润程度行侧方完全或不完全切除肛提肌,尽可能使腹会阴手术交汇平面下移,无需改变患者体位,通过会阴部切口去除标本,腹腔镜下缝合关闭盆底腹膜,以预防肠管下坠造成内疝。观察手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结获取数量、术后并发症等指标。结果:操作均成功完成,无中转手术及术中并发症、腹腔镜相关并发症发生。手术时间平均(186.1±32.5)min,术中出血量平均(149.6±26.7)ml;淋巴结获取数量(15.3±6.4)枚;标本上的肛提肌个体化地附着在直肠系膜上,环周切缘均阴性。结论:术中不更换患者体位,在腹腔镜下完成柱状腹会阴联合切除术是可行的,且具有肿瘤学效果好、并发症少的优点。     

腹腔镜辅助经前会阴超低位直肠前切除术首例报道

目的 报道1例腹腔镜辅助经前会阴超低位直肠前切除术(APPEAR)的临床资料.方法 2010年10月12日,北京协和医院基本外科对1例新辅助放化疗后的低位直肠癌患者予以腹腔镜辅助APPEAR手术.手术首先经腹腔镜进行传统全直肠系膜切除:然后于会阴中部做一新月形皮肤切口,经前会阴入路在直视下使刚电刀游离被肛提肌包围的远端...     

采用脱细胞真皮基质重建盆底的直肠癌柱状腹会阴联合切除术

随着TME的广泛开展．直肠癌前切除术后患者的复发率显著降低：然而．进展期低位直肠癌行腹会阴直肠癌根治术（abdominoperineal resection,APR）的术后复发率和生存率却没有得到明显改善。这可能是因为传统腹会阴直肠癌切除术过多分离直肠系膜和肛提肌之间的间隙．标本相应出现一个缩窄的“腰”．造成肿瘤周围组织切除不够充分。为了改善这种情况,Holm等对T3和T4期低位直肠癌患者采用了一种称为柱状APR的方法．即整块切除直肠肛管和尽可能多的肛提肌．切除的标本呈柱状：初步疗效分析结果显示,患者术后局部复发率有所下降。     

经盆腔途径肛提肌外腹会阴联合直肠切除术36例

目的评价对经肛提肌外腹会阴联合直肠切除术（ELAPE）的腹组操作进行改良——即在腹部操作过程中经盆腔途径直视下切断肛提肌治疗低位直肠恶性肿瘤的安全性、可行性及临床疗效。方法2010年1月到2013年3月,福建医科大学附属协和医院结直肠外科对36例低位直肠恶性肿瘤（距肛缘小于或等于5cm）患者行腹腔镜（26例）或开放（10例）手术中经盆腔途径行ELAPE术,术中可根据肛提肌受累情况个体化决定肛提肌切除范围：会阴部操作时无需翻转患者体位。总结该改良术式的初步应用结果。结果除开放手术者术中发生1例直肠穿孔外。其余患者术中均未发生相关并发症及中转手术。手术时间为（220．9±36．8）min,术中出血量为（121．6±99．7）ml。所有标本切断的肛提肌均附着在直肠系膜上,标本的环周切缘阳性率为5．6％（2／36）。术后随访2—27月,未见肿瘤复发或转移。结论经盆腔途径肛提肌外腹会阴联合直肠切除术操作简单、术中可个体化决定肛提肌切除范围、手术时间短和近期肿瘤学效果好。     

肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术在低位直肠癌中的应用

目的 观察肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术在低位直肠癌中的疗效,探讨其安全性和可行性.方法 2010年12月-2012年12月对11例低位直肠癌采用肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术,并加以改良,观察其环周切缘阳性率、术中肠道或肿瘤穿孔率及近远期并发症的发病率.结果 11例患者术中均未出现肿瘤破溃及肠道穿孔,未出现阴道、前列腺、精囊及尿道的副损伤；其中1例出现切口感染,无会阴疝的发生；病理检测环周切缘均为阴性.随访3～ 26个月,1例男性出现性功能障碍,1例死亡,病死率为9％,均无会阴部慢性疼痛的发生.结论 低位直肠癌采用肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术治疗可以降低环周切缘阳性率和术中穿孔率,减少肿瘤局部复发,盆底筋膜的重建可以减少术后并发症的发病率.     

腹腔镜经腹柱状腹会阴联合切除术治疗低位直肠癌

目的评价腹腔镜经腹柱状腹会阴联合切除术的安全性和可行性。方法福建医科大学附属协和医院普通外科于2010到2011年期间对6例距离肛缘3cm以内的T3～T4期直肠癌患者．行腹腔镜经腹柱状腹会阴联合切除术,术中在腹腔镜直视下经腹切除肛提肌,会阴部操作时未翻转患者的体位。其中3例患者应用人脱细胞真皮基质补片行盆底重建。结果全部操作均成功完成．无术中并发症、腹腔镜相关并发症及中转手术。平均手术时间为186．7min,平均术中出血量为101．7ml。所有标本均呈柱状．标本上的肛提肌均附着在直肠系膜上,环周切缘均为阴性。应用人脱细胞真皮基质补片重建盆底者未见并发症。结论腹腔镜下经腹切除肛提肌、不改变患者体位行人脱细胞真皮基质补片重建盆底是可行的。该术式极大地简化了柱状腹会阴联合切除这一巨创、繁杂的术式．并具有肿瘤学效果好和并发症少的优点。     

经肛门内外括约肌间切除直肠的直肠癌根治术疗效评价

目的评价经肛门内外括约肌间切除直肠的超低位直肠癌保肛手术的临床疗效。方法总结31例低位直肠癌患者直肠全系膜切除术（TME）加经肛门内外括约肌同切除术的临床资料。结果31例患者肿瘤下缘距齿状线2cm以内，有18例进展期直肠癌患者术前先进行放、化疗。腹部手术施行全直肠系膜切除，向下切断骶骨直肠韧带和部分肛提肌达肛门外括约肌环上缘，沿外括约肌环和肠壁（内括约肌）之间再向下分离1—2cm。肛门手术组在癌灶下缘2cm之齿状线下方垂直于肛管长轴切开内括约肌全层，然后沿肛门内、外括约肌环间隙向上游离，与腹部手术组会师。将近端结肠或结肠储袋与肛管或肛管．齿状线行端端吻合。全组无手术死亡；术后肛门功能恢复较好。平均随访12个月，29例患者无复发和转移；1例出现复发和转移，另1例癌胚抗原19．9，但未发现转移灶。结论经肛门内外括约肌同切除直肠的超低位直肠癌保肛手术可以达到良好的根治性，并保留较好的肛门功能，是一种可选择的根治性保肛手术方法。     

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??Preliminary result of modified cylindrical abdominoperineal resection??A report of 10 cases WANG Zhen-jun, GAO Zhi-gang, HAN Jia-gang, et al. Department of General Surgery, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, China Corresponding author: WANG Zhen-jun??E-mail:wang3zj@sohu.com Abstract Objective To report the preliminary result of cylindrical abdominoperineal resection (cylindrical APR) and pelvic reconstruction with human acellular dermal matrix (HADM). Methods Cylindrical APR was performed in 10 consecutive patients with advanced very low rectal cancer between January 2008 and January 2009. The mesorectum was not dissected off the levator muscles at abdominal part of the operation, the perineal part of the operation was done in the prone position. The levator muscles were exposed circumferentially. The coccyx and part of the 5th sacrum were disected and Waldeyer’s fascia divided. The levator muscles were divided laterally on both sides from posterior to anterior. The remaining pelvic floor muscle fibres were divided just posterior to the transverse perineal muscles and the levator muscles were resected en bloc with the anus and lower rectum. The specimen was cylindrical. The pelvic defects were reconstructed with HADM. Results There was no bowel perforation??and all specimens were proved CMR negative by pathology. Perineal wounds were healed uneventfully. After 9 months’ follow-up, no patient developed perineal wound infection, breakdown, bulge or herniation. There were three complications including one patient developed seroma and two with perineal pain. Conclusion Clindrical APR and HADM pelvic reconstruction reduced circumferential margin positive and rectum perfortion rate, and made the procedure safer.     

Extended abdominoperineal resection with gluteus maximus flap reconstruction of the pelvic floor for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative tumour perforation, positive tumour margins, wound complications and local recurrence are frequent difficulties with conventional abdominoperineal resection (APR) for rectal cancer. An alternative technique is the extended posterior perineal approach with gluteus maximus flap reconstruction of the pelvic floor. The aim of this study was to report the technique and early experience of extended APR in a select cohort of patients. METHODS: The principles of operation are that the mesorectum is not dissected off the levator muscles, the perineal dissection is done in the prone position and the levator muscles are resected en bloc with the anus and lower rectum. The perineal defect is reconstructed with a gluteus maximus flap. Between 2001 and 2005, 28 patients with low rectal cancer were treated accordingly at the Karolinska Hospital. RESULTS: Two patients had ypT0 tumours, 20 ypT3 and six ypT4 tumours. Bowel perforation occurred in one, the circumferential resection margin (CRM) was positive in two, and four patients had local perineal wound complications. Two patients developed local recurrence after a median follow-up of 16 months. CONCLUSION: The extended posterior perineal approach with gluteus maximus flap reconstruction in APR has a low risk of bowel perforation, CRM involvement and local perineal wound complications. The rate of local recurrence may be lower than with conventional APR.     

Anterior-entry Abdominoperineal Resection: A Variation in the Method of Perineal Dissection

Background  

For patients with rectal cancer, there is a greater risk of a positive radial margin or local tumor recurrence when an abdominoperineal versus low anterior resection is performed, or when tumors are in an anterior versus nonanterior location. In response, clinical leaders have encouraged perineal dissection in the prone position or in concert with a coccygectomy. We describe anterior-entry abdominoperineal resection, which may minimize the need for such maneuvers and negative patient outcomes.     

Randomized clinical trial of conventional versus cylindrical abdominoperineal resection for locally advanced lower rectal cancer

BackgroundAn alternative treatment for low rectal cancer is the cylindrical technique. We aim to compare the outcomes of patients undergoing conventional abdominoperineal resection (APR) versus cylindrical APR.MethodsA prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel controlled trial was conducted between January 2008 and December 2010. Sixty-seven patients with T3-T4 low rectal cancer were identified during the study period (conventional n = 32, cylindrical n = 35).ResultsPatients who received cylindrical APR had less operative time for the perineal portion (P < .001), larger perineal defect (P < .001), less intraoperative blood loss (P = .001), larger total cross-sectional tissue area (P < .001), similar total operative time (P = .096), and more incidence of perineal pain (P < .001). The local recurrence of the cylindrical APR group was improved statistically (P = .048).ConclusionsCylindrical APR in the prone jackknife position has the potential to reduce the risk of local recurrence without increased complications when compared with conventional APR in the lithotomy position for the treatment of low rectal cancer.     

V2Prone abdomeno perineal excision of rectum

Traditionally, the perineal dissection during an Anbdomeno-perineal resection of the rectum (APER) is conducted in conjunction with the trans-abdominal pelvic dissection with the patient in Lloyd-Davis and then the Lithotomy positions. There is a higher local recurrence rate in APER as compared to restorative anterior resection. The current practices in APER often result in a 'surgical waist' in the resection specimen, which might threaten the resection margin. There are many advantages to performing the perineal dissection with the patient in a prone Jack-Knife position. The oncological benefit is that it facilitates the achievement of a more cylindrical resection specimen, giving a wider resection margin and hence lowering the risk of local recurrence. This video utilises annotated diagrams and a high definition digital recording of the perineal dissection in a 52 year old male patient with a low rectal cancer undergoing APER, following neo-adjuvant long course chemo-radiotherapy. We demonstrate how the use of the prone jack-knife position gives excellent exposure and improved surgical access, facilitating a better oncological resection.     

Amputación abdominoperineal extraelevadora en posición prono

The Miles operation is every day more in the limelight. The abdominoperineal escision compared to anterior resection results in increased rate of circumferential resection margin (CRM) infiltration, increased iatrogenic tumor perforation rate and poorer quality of the mesorectum. These worse results may be caused by excessive dissection between the distal mesorectum and the plane of the levator ani and the consequent “waist” or “cone” effect in the specimen. A wider excision of the pelvic floor muscles, known as extraelevator abdominoperineal escision (ELAPE), would provide a “cylindrical” specimen which would hypothetically reduce the risk of tumor perforation and CRM infiltration and local recurrence rate. However, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the ELAPE is oncologically superior compared to standard abdominoperineal escision. Independently from the surgical technique adopted, another actual point of discussion is the position of the patient during the perineal part of the operation. The position on “prone” provides excellent pelvic exposure, a top-down dissection under direct vision and is very comfortable for the operating surgeons. However, there is no clear scientific evidence of the superiority of prone ELAPE over supine ELAPE in terms of oncologic results, morbidity and mortality. The laparoscopy seems to be the best surgical approach for the abdominal part of the operation, although it has not been validated so far by large prospective studies.Prospective, controlled and randomized trials are necessary to resolve all these issues. The current interest in a more accurate and standardized perineal surgery to obtain a cylindrical specimen, undoubtedly, will improve results.     

柱状（经肛提肌外）腹会阴联合切除术治疗低位进展期直肠癌

针对传统腹会阴联合切除术治疗卣肠癌术后局部复发率较高的缺点．近年来提出了柱状腹会阴联合切除术（CAPR）的手术方法,也称为经肌提肌外腹会阴联合切除术。从目前研究来看,该术式可以降低直肠癌手术的环周切缘阳性率和肿瘤穿孔率,降低术后局部复发牢,从而可能提高患各的生存率。随着研究的深入,出现了一些热点问题,如盆底的重建方法、会阴部手术操作的体位、腹腔镜技术的联合应用、术后的会阴疼痛以及术后泌尿生殖神经损伤的并发症等。在临床实践和解剖学研究的基础上提出的个体化CAPR技术有望在保证根治性的前提下,减少患者创伤,降低术后并发症的发生。     

Two case reports of perineal hernia after laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection with a proposed modification to the operative technique

Perineal hernia is a rare complication following laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection (APR) for rectal cancer. We present two case reports of perineal hernia following laparoscopic APR and discuss their management. We suggest that they developed because the pelvic peritoneum was left open during laparoscopic APR and propose that closure of the pelvic peritoneum should be routine in this operation.     

Perineal hernia as a rare complication after laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection: Report of a case

We report what seems to be the second documented case of perineal hernia after laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection (APR) and describe its successful repair with transperineal intraperitoneal mesh. An 89-year-old woman complained of a large, painful perineal swelling 4 months after APR for rectal cancer. Computed tomography (CT) showed small intestine protruding through the pelvic floor into the perineal area. However, opening of the hernia sac revealed no intra-abdominal adhesions. An oval, 8 × 12 cm Bard Composix Kugel Patch (Davol, Cranston, RI, USA) was inserted into the intraperitoneal space and secured over the defect in the pelvic floor; then firmly attached to the pelvic wall with 16 interrupted nonabsorbable sutures. There has been no sign of hernia recurrence in 10 months of follow-up. We speculate that because laparoscopic surgery is minimally invasive, fewer postoperative adhesions in the abdominal cavity can result in the small bowel sliding more readily into the perineal area. Based on our experience, perineal hernia after laparoscopic APR can be repaired easily and effectively with a Composix Kugel Patch.