陈旧性前十字韧带损伤的诊断

目的评估前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验和MRI在陈旧性前十字韧带损伤诊断中的意义。方法107例手术证实为陈旧性前十字韧带损伤患者,术前均行前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验和MR检查。术后计算各项检查的敏感性,并分析产生假阴性的原因。结果前抽屉试验的阳性率为78.5%,Lachman试验为97.2%,轴移试验为91.6%,而MRI敏感性为93.5%。10例患者的关节镜检查显示前十字韧带近侧撕裂端再附着于后十字韧带。在此10例中,前抽屉试验的阳性率为60%,Lachman试验为80%,轴移试验为60%,而MRI敏感性为40%。本组9例轴移试验假阴性的患者中,有4例为撕裂的前十字韧带再附着于后十字韧带而替代了部分前十字韧带的功能,因此关节镜下显示胫骨外侧髁半脱位受限。2例Lachman试验假阴性的患者经关节镜证实为前十字韧带断端再附着伴有半月板桶柄样撕裂。在10例再附着患者中有3例MRI表现为韧带倾斜度变化。结论Lachman试验对诊断陈旧性前十字韧带损伤敏感性最高。MRI和轴移试验较敏感,但结果受MR检查技术和伴发损伤等诸多因素的影响。     

增强自体腘绳肌腱移植物重建前交叉韧带

[目的]评价增强自体腘绳肌腱单束等长重建前交叉韧带的临床效果。[方法]回顾性分析本院2015年1月～2018年12月,72例ACL损伤行ACL重建术的患者。其中,34例采用常规自体四股腘绳肌腱单束解剖等长重建前交叉韧带,38例采用自体腘绳肌腱联合缝线增强技术单束解剖等长重建前交叉韧带。比较两组患者应力试验、Lysholm评分和重建ACL的MRI分级。[结果]两组患者均顺利完成手术,均无严重并发症。两组患者末次随访时前抽屉试验、Lachman试验和轴移试验的稳定性均较术前显著改善(P0.05),两组间前抽屉试验稳定性的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但是增加组在Lachman试验和轴移试验的稳定性显著优于常规组(P0.05)。术后6个月和末次随访时,增强组Lysholm评分显著高于常规组(P0.05)。末次随访的MRI检查按Rak分级标准评定,常规组优良率为79.41%,增强组优良率为97.36%,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]增强自体腘绳肌腱单束解剖重建前交叉韧带能有助于避免患者早期康复引起的韧带松弛。     

关节镜下膝前交叉韧带重建术疗效分析

目的：探讨自体中1／3骨－髌腱－骨（B－PT－B）重建前交叉韧带（ACL）的临床效果。方法：1996年9月－2000年10月对13例膝ACL损伤，其中男9例，女4例，年龄23－45岁。均采用关节镜下自体中1／3B－PT－B重建ACL，挤压螺钉固定，治疗CAL损伤后关节不稳定，术前抽屉试验13例均为阳性，轴移试验4例阳性，Lachman试验7例阳性，术后获随访5－25个月，平均15个月。结果：术后屉试验，轴移试验和Lachman试验均转阴性。按照Bosaotta的术后临床指标评价方法，优9例，良3例，可1例，所有患者均感膝关节稳定性明显改善。结论：关节镜下自体中1／3B－PT－B重建ACL损伤疗效显著。     

体征与磁共振成像在前交叉韧带撕裂诊断中的价值

目的 对比分析体征、MRI与关节镜下实际损伤的相互关系,探讨体征及MRI对前交叉韧带(ACL)撕裂的诊断价值.方法 对2006年1月至2010年3月收治的78例(79膝)患者资料进行回顾性分析,左膝45例,右膝32例,双膝l例;男58例,女20例;年龄14～53岁,平均29.3岁.受伤至手术时间为6d至96个月,平均13.1个月.以关节镜检查作为诊断的客观标准,计算前抽屉试验(ADT)、Lachman试验及MRI对ACL撕裂的诊断符合率,比较各种诊断方法的差异.结果 ADT诊断符合率为74.7％,与关节镜检查诊断的差异有统计学意义(x2=1 1.25,P=0.048);Lachman试验诊断符合率为87.3％,与关节镜检查诊断的差异无统计学意义(x2=0.10,P=0.388);MRI诊断符合率为82.3％,与关节镜检查诊断的差异无统计学意义(x2=0.64,P=0.569).ADT与Lachman试验诊断符合率比较差异有统计学意义(x2 =4.115,P=0.043),ADT、Lachman试验分别与MRI的诊断符合率比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 ADT、Lachman试验诊断ACL撕裂与MRI具有同等重要的临床价值,Lachman 试验的诊断符合率高于ADT,三者相结合可提高ACL撕裂诊断的准确率,有效避免漏诊与误诊.     

杠杆征在前交叉韧带损伤查体中的应用研究

目的探讨杠杆征在前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤临床查体中的敏感度和准确性。方法纳入本院自2014-07—2017-03行关节镜治疗的200例ACL损伤,根据损伤类型及损伤时间分为4组:A组(急性损伤期,ACL完全损伤),B组(慢性损伤期,ACL完全损伤),C组(急性损伤期,ACL部分损伤),D组(慢性损伤期,ACL部分损伤)。比较4组杠杆征、Lachman试验、前抽屉试验、轴移试验的阳性率。结果麻醉前后A、C、D组4种诊断方法的阳性率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而B组(慢性完全损伤)4种诊断方法的阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。进一步两两比较,无论是在麻醉前还是麻醉后,A、C、D组中杠杆征阳性率均高于其他3种方法,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。麻醉后A、C、D组杠杆征阳性率均高于麻醉前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论杠杆征在ACL损伤查体时的敏感度较Lachman试验、前抽屉试验、轴移试验更高,受损伤类型与损伤时间的影响较小,并且麻醉状态下杠杆征查体可以获得更准确的阳性率。     

关节镜下自体同侧腓骨长肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带

目的探讨采用关节镜下自体同侧腓骨长肌腱(peroneus longus tendon,PLT)重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)的疗效。方法回顾分析2017年10月—2018年10月采用关节镜下自体同侧PLT重建治疗的35例ACL断裂患者临床资料。男19例,女16例;年龄18～60岁,平均43.4岁。左膝20例,右膝15例。致伤原因:交通事故伤14例,摔伤13例,运动损伤8例。受伤至手术时间3～9 d,平均4.7 d。患者术前膝关节肿胀、疼痛伴活动受限。入院检查前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验均为阳性;MRI检查确诊为ACL断裂。术后每3个月随访1次,直至膝关节功能恢复正常。通过MRI和X线片检查观察腱骨愈合情况与Endobutton钢板和空心钉位置,并进行前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验观察膝关节活动度恢复情况。采用国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分、Lysholm评分、膝关节损伤和骨关节炎(KOOS)评分评价患者关节功能改善情况。结果 35例患者均获随访,随访时间12～18个月,平均14.2个月。术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染、关节僵硬和再断裂等并发症发生。术后前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验均为阴性。MRI示ACL连续,股骨远端隧道和胫骨近端隧道腱骨愈合良好;X线片示Endobutton钢板和空心钉位置稳定。术后3、6、12个月IKDC评分、Lysholm评分及KOOS评分均较术前显著改善,术后随时间延长,各评分均进一步改善,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论关节镜下自体同侧PLT重建ACL断裂后患者恢复快,关节功能良好且稳定性强,临床疗效满意。     

单髁置换术前判断前交叉韧带功能完整的准确性研究

目的探讨各种术前检查判断符合单髁置换标准前交叉韧带功能完整的准确性。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2014年12月,418例(529膝)拟行单髁置换术治疗膝骨关节炎患者,所有患者术前进行Lachman试验、轴移试验和X线检查,405例膝关节行MRI检查,判断前交叉韧带是否符合单髁置换标准。观察各项检查敏感度、特异度、准确性和似然比,采用Kruskal-Wallis法进行统计学检验。结果术中检查前交叉韧带功能完整451膝,功能失完整78膝。Lachman试验准确性90.9%,阳性似然比(positive likelihood ratios,+LR)30.54,阴性似然比(negative likelihood ratios,-LR)0.53;轴移试验准确性89.2%,+LR 17.92,-LR 0.62;X线检查准确性92.8%,+LR 14.04,-LR0.14;修正X线检查准确性97.4%,+LR 153.47,-LR 0.28;MRI检查准确性32.4%,+LR 1.23,-LR 0.16;修正MRI检查准确性82.5%,+LR 4.13,-LR 0.60。经检验,各项检查准确性差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论侧位X线检查是目前判断骨关节炎中ACL功能完整性最准确的检查,而Lachman试验和轴移试验有较高的特异性,MRI有较高的敏感性。     

介绍一种前交叉韧带损伤的检查方法—改良轴移试验

前交叉韧带损伤的检查方法有多种,其中包括抽屉试验,轴移试验,Jert试验和Lachman 试验等,该类检查方法均为患者被动检查,对于急性膝关节损伤患者往往产生明显疼痛恐惧感,检查不合作,出现假阴性结果。我们在检查过程中,改进了轴移试验中患者的被动检查为主动配合,具有无痛性和高准确性等特点。现介绍如下。     

关节镜下应用钮扣式钢板固定四股自体股腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带

目的 探讨关节镜下应用钮扣式钢板固定四股自体腘绳肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament,ACL）的临床疗效. 方法 对32例前交叉韧带损伤者在关节镜下应用钮扣式钢板固定四股腘绳肌腱重建术.术前和术后进行Lachman试验、轴移试验评估膝关节的稳定性,用Lysholm评分法评价膝关节功能.术前常规行MRI及膝关节正侧位、髌骨轴位X线片检查,排除前交叉韧带起止点骨性撕脱. 结果 32例随访3.5～29个月,其中25例＞12个月.所有病例膝关节不稳定感明显改善.术前Lachman试验阳性32例,轴移试验阳性28例.Lysholm综合评分51.8±5.6.术后Lachman试验30例阴性,2例弱阳性,轴移试验均为阴性,膝关节功能Lysholm综合评分为90.7±2.5.3例关节积液,经关节穿刺抽吸后吸收. 结论 关节镜下应用钮扣式钢板固定四股自体腘绳肌腱重建膝ACL的近期临床疗效良好.     

LARS韧带重建前交叉韧带的近期疗效

目的探讨LARS韧带重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)的手术方法和近期疗效。方法回顾分析2008年11月-2010年4月于关节镜下采用LARS韧带重建并获完整随访的80例ACL损伤患者临床资料。男51例,女29例;年龄17～43岁,平均29.2岁。致伤原因:运动伤63例,交通事故伤14例,重物砸伤3例。左膝43例,右膝37例。病程10 d～11个月。前抽屉试验、Lachman试验和轴移试验均为阳性。术前Lysholm、Irgang、Larson评分分别为(55.4±5.7)、(48.3±6.2)、(54.8±7.4)分,国际膝关节评分委员会(IKDC)评分均低于正常值。MRI检查显示ACL损伤。术中保留ACL残余纤维束。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染、下肢深静脉血栓形成等术后早期并发症发生。80例均获随访,随访时间7～24个月,平均16.8个月。术后3例股骨侧螺钉外露,2例胫骨侧螺钉松动,1例伸膝受限,均对症处理。随访期间均无LARS韧带断裂、关节纤维化等并发症发生。末次随访时前抽屉试验阳性2例,Lachman试验阳性3例,轴移试验阳性3例。术后6周及末次随访时Lysholm、Irgang、Larson评分与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后6周及末次随访时IKDC评分正常率分别为43.75%(35/80)及97.50%(78/80)。结论 LARS韧带黏弹性较差,术中需要在偏伸直位固定避免屈曲受限,屈曲位允许移植物有轻微松弛,掌握其特殊手术技巧后重建ACL能获得较好的近期疗效。     

Diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament injury of the knee joint]

From January, 1979 to May, 1989, 107 patients with problems related to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) were treated in our hospital. 100 of the patients had anterior cruciate ligament injury confirmed by arthrotomy or arthroscopy. The remaining 7 patients were found to be normal either by arthroscopy or arthrotomy. 29 patients had fresh ACL injury and 71 old. All the patients had history of trauma of the knee joint. Swelling and pain in the affected knee joint took place in fresh cases and few of them complained of instability or deformity of the knee. On examination, floating patella test was positive in the majority of the fresh cases. It was shown that accurate diagnosis could be made by Lachman test rather than by conventional anterior drawer test in dealing with fresh injury, but with old ones, Lachman test didn't show the advantages. Examination under anesthesia or arthroscopy helped a lot in diagnosing fresh ACL injury. Anterior drawer test (ADT) was significant in determining the existence of ACL injury. When ADT was positive, ACL injury was found in the majority of the cases, however, injured ACL couldn't be ruled out by negative ADT only. Positive valgus stress test on 0 degrees position suggests possibility of ACL injury, even ADT was negative. Despite the negative anterior drawer test positive posterior drawer test on three directions indicated the injury of the posterior cruciate ligament and the anterior cruciate ligament. The positive rate of ADT was higher than that of pivot shift test in dealing with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Positive pivot shift test suggests ACL injury.     

Displaced bucket handle tears of the medial meniscus masking anterior cruciate deficiency

Traditionally, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been difficult to diagnose in the Casualty Department. Studies have shown that the anterior drawer test has a poor sensitivity both in acute and chronic ACL deficient knees [4, 6, 9]; thus, more emphasis has been placed on the pivot shift and Lachman tests [3]. We report four cases of proven ACL rupture where clinical examination revealed an absent pivot shift and a near normal Lachman test following a displaced bucket handle tear of the medial meniscus. This finding has been reproduced in cadaver studies, and we conclude that if the history strongly suggests an ACL injury and examination reveals a stable knee, then the dual pathology of medial meniscus tear and ACL rupture should be suspected.     

Evaluation of knee instability in acute ligamentous injuries

The stability on clinical examination (CE) and examination under anaesthesia (EUA) was evaluated in 350 consecutive acute knee injuries. Valgus instability in knees with a medial collateral tear was observed on CE in 62 and on EUA in 67 cases (p less than 0.05). The anterior drawer sign was positive in 55 patients on CE and in 110 patients on EUA (p less than 0.0001), the corresponding figures for the Lachman test were 66 and 126 respectively (p less than 0.0001). The pivot shift-test was positive in 13 cases on CE and in 87 under anaesthesia (p less than 0.0001). Fresh total tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (confirmed at arthrotomy, n = 79) were detected by the Lachman test in 48 per cent on CE and in 96 per cent on EUA. Of the nine fresh, total tears of the posterior cruciate ligament three were disclosed by the posterior drawer test on CE and all nine on EUA. Anteromedial rotatory instability was observed on CE in 10 patients and on EUA in 47 (p less than 0.0001). In these patients 41 medial collateral tears, 23 posteromedial capsular tears, 21 medial meniscus and 40 anterior cruciate lesions were found. On CE only one anterolateral rotatory instability was found, whereas EUA disclosed 9 cases. Posteromedial rotatory instability was not confirmed on CE, though on EUA four cases were found. CE and EUA detected 2 and 3 posterolateral instabilities respectively. In conclusion, the use of EUA with an adequate mode of stability evaluation in acute knee injuries is strongly advocated. Clinical examination is considered highly unreliable with many false negative findings.     

Partial rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. Natural course

A prospective study was done of 29 patients with conservatively treated partial ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament that were stable at the initial examination under anesthesia. The ruptures were reevaluated for stability and knee function from 12 to 60 months after injury. Many had developed signs of instability. The forward drawer sign (Lachman test) and the pivot shift tests were positive. There was also measurable sagittal instability (anterior drawer sign). In every case, knee function was almost completely restored.     

Evaluation of the clinical signs of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscal injuries

Background:

The diagnostic accuracy of anterior drawer (AD) sign, Lachman test and the pivot shift test for anterior cruciate ligament injury and McMurray test for medial and lateral meniscus is varied with sensitivity and specificity ranging from 2 to 100%. Generally, it is accepted that the pivot shift test is the most specific test to diagnose anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears and that the Lachman test is more sensitive than AD sign. This study was undertaken to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and efficiency for the above-mentioned diagnostic tests.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-eight male patients with clinical ACL injury were examined in the outpatient department and under anaesthesia, the findings were compared with arthroscopy.

Result:

The sensitivity and specificity for the Lachman test, AD sign and pivot shift test performed in the outpatient setting are 78.6 and 100%, 89.3 and 100%, and 75 and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for the Lachman test, AD sign, and pivot shift test performed under anesthesia are 92.9 and 100%, 92.9 and 100%, and 100 and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the McMurray test for medial and lateral meniscus were 35.7 and 85.7% and 22.2 and 100%, respectively.

Conclusion:

The Lachman test, AD sign and pivot shift test are highly specific tests to diagnose ACL laxity in a non-acute setting; pivot shift test under anesthesia is the most sensitive and specific test for diagnosing ACL laxity in a non-acute setting and the McMurray test is not a sensitive test to diagnose meniscal injury in the presence of ACL injury.     

异常加深的股骨外侧髁压迹是前交叉韧带撕裂的间接证据

目的:探讨股骨外侧髁压迹异常程度与前交叉韧带损伤之间的关系.方法:回顾研究2013年1月至2013年11月治疗的前交叉韧带损伤16例患者的X线片和MRI影像学资料,其中男14例,女2例;左膝关节5例,右膝关节11例;年龄19～52岁,平均28.3岁.膝关节侧位X线或MRI矢状位提示股骨外侧髁压迹有异常,使用影像PACS系统中测量工具测量压迹的深度,并分析患者病历资料、体格检查及关节镜术中影像学资料.结果:4例侧位X线片和MRI矢状位可见股骨外侧髁压迹异常并深度2.0 mm,MRI示前交叉韧带撕裂,前抽屉试验和拉姆征均阳性,关节镜探查手术证实前交叉韧带完全撕裂;2例侧位X线片股骨外侧髁压迹未见异常,但MRI矢状位示股骨外侧髁压迹异常并深度1.0 mm,MRI示前交叉韧带撕裂,前抽屉试验和拉姆征均阳性,MRI示前交叉韧带撕裂,其中1例关节镜探查手术证实前交叉韧带完全撕裂,另1例因未行手术探查而无法证实是否完全断裂.结论:膝关节侧位X线片上股骨外侧髁压迹异常加深与前交叉韧带撕裂有密切相关,异常加深的股骨外侧髁压迹是前交叉韧带撕裂的间接证据.     

关节镜下采用6～8股腘绳肌腱单束重建前交叉韧带

目的:探讨关节镜下采用6-8股腘绳肌肌腱单束重建前交叉韧带对恢复膝关节稳定性的临床效果。方法:前交叉韧带损伤患者14例,男9例,女5例;年龄19-51岁,平均32.8岁;病程1-22个月,平均3.7个月。Lachman试验:阳性伴软性终止点12例,阳性伴硬性终止点2例;前抽屉试验:阳性伴软性终止点12例,阳性伴硬性终止点2例;轴移试验阳性12例。合并I度膝关节外翻不稳1例。在关节镜下采用6-8股腘绳肌肌腱单束重建,4孔指骨钢板对移植物行悬吊式固定。结果:术后1年随访,13例患者Lachman试验阴性,1例患者Lachman试验阳性,13例患者轴移试验阴性,1例患者阳性。按照Lysholm膝关节评分标准,评分从术前平均(47.71±1.98)分提高至术后平均(95.36±4.73)分,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论:关节镜下采用6-8股腘绳肌肌腱单束重建前交叉韧带是恢复膝关节稳定性的可靠方法,具有切口小,对伸膝装置无干扰等优点。     

Acute hemarthrosis of the knee: indications for diagnostic arthroscopy

The objective of this study was to define the role of early diagnostic knee arthroscopy for patients with an acute knee injury and hemarthrosis. Forty-five patients with an acute knee injury followed by a posttraumatic hemarthrosis during a 1-year period were prospectively reviewed. All patients were evaluated preoperatively followed by examination under anesthesia and arthroscopy of the knee. The majority of patients, 32 (71%), had an anterior cruciate ligament tear. Meniscal tears occurred in 21 patients (47%). Meniscal tears requiring surgery occurred in only 10 of 25 meniscal tears (40%). Seven patients (16%) had medial collateral ligament and/or posteromedial capsular sprain. Eight patients (18%) had an osteochondral fracture or patellar dislocation associated with an osteochondral fracture. The majority of knees with a torn meniscus or osteochondral fracture had an anterior cruciate ligament tear. Clinically, 18 of 21 knees (86%) with an acute complete anterior cruciate ligament tear were diagnosed preoperatively with the Lachman test. The Lachman test conducted with patients under anesthesia was positive for 19 of 21 knees (90%) with an acute complete anterior cruciate ligament tear. The preoperative examination correctly identified six of seven knees (86%) with a medial collateral ligament sprain. The preoperative Lachman test was positive in only two of five knees (40%) with a partial anterior cruciate ligament tear. The Lachman test with patients under anesthesia was positive for four of five knees (80%) with an acute partial anterior cruciate ligament tear. Preoperative examination yielded the correct diagnosis in only 9 of 21 knees (43%) with a meniscal tear and 1 of 6 knees (17%) with an osteochondral fracture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Clinical analysis of the pivot shift tests: description of the pivot drawer test

A clinical analysis of the pivot shift was performed by evaluating 100 patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficiency in an office setting. Each patient was examined in a random order using the Macintosh, Losee, Hughston, Slocum, pivot drawer, and flexion rotation drawer versions of the pivot shift test. Pathologic anterior tibial displacement was estimated with the Lachman test and quantitatively measured using the KT-1000 knee ligament arthrometer. Pivot shift was graded as 0 (absent), grade I (slight), grade II (definite subluxation), and grade III (subluxation and momentary locking). The presence or absence of any degree of pivot shift was correlated with the arthroscopic finding of a torn ACL. Results indicated the "drawer type" tests were significantly more sensitive than other versions of the pivot shift because they can be performed without causing significant pain and muscle spasm, and the limb position maximizes pathologic coupled motion. A correlation between increasing displacement estimated with the Lachman test and measured displacement with the KT-1000 arthrometer revealed that as pathologic displacement increases so does the grade of the Slocum, pivot drawer, and flexion rotation drawer tests. We recommend using the pivot drawer or flexion rotation drawer as a standard method for assessing the pivot shift phenomenon.