重庆市补碘前后儿童碘营养状况评价

目的通过补碘前后儿童甲状腺肿大率和尿碘对比分析,掌握我市儿童碘营养状况。方法采取普查和ＰＰＳ抽样方法,检查８～１０岁儿童甲状腺肿大率和尿碘水平。结果８～１０岁儿童甲状腺肿大率为１８．３３％,较补碘前下降２倍;尿碘中位数＞３００μｇ／Ｌ;居民户盐碘中位数＞２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,较补碘前显著提高。结论合理补碘能够纠正碘缺乏,改善儿童碘营养状况。     

天津市食盐加碘后甲状腺肿大率与碘营养状况的调查

目的：调查和研究食盐加碘后天津市居民的甲状腺肿大率和碘营养状况,方法：在6个区共调查居民31530人,7－14岁在校儿童4415人,对调查对象进行甲状腺肿大率,尿碘浓度,食盐碘含量等项目的调查。结果：（1）食盐加碘后天津市居民的平均甲状腺肿大率为5．5％,8－10岁儿童平均甲状腺肿大率为19．7％,甲状腺肿大率较食盐加碘以前有了明显下降,但下降的速度较缓慢,（2）天津市食盐加碘以后各区居民的平均尿碘中位数为287．2ug/L,各区儿童尿碘中位数平均为271．6u/L,证明总体人群碘营养充足,（3）天津市居民总体盐碘含量超过20mg/kg水平,各区居民户盐含碘量有9．9％－41．1％超过60mg/kg,说明碘盐的含碘是偏高是一个新的现象。结论：经过3年左右的食盐加碘防治工作,天津市碘缺乏情况已得到控制。     

忻州市儿童碘营养现状及干预措施调查分析

目的分析2002年山西省忻州市碘缺乏病防治现状,为当地政府制定可持续性消除碘缺乏病防治措施提供科学依据.方法在全市190个乡(镇、办事处)中,按原碘缺乏病病区分布和人口比例采用概率抽样方法(PPS法)进行抽样,对当地居民用户盐碘含量,8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率,儿童尿碘水平,居民饮水含碘水平,5年级学生和家庭主妇防治碘缺乏病知识掌握情况进行现状调查.结果 1 200份居民户盐碘盐合格率为90.25%,含碘量均值为30.6mg/kg,中位数为31.3mg/kg;5 602名儿童甲状腺肿大率为7.33%;375名儿童尿碘中位数为292.28μg/L,均值为288.28μg/L;64户居民饮用水碘含量范围值为1.90～77.61μg/L;5年级学生和家庭主妇防治碘缺乏病知识知晓率分别为87.75%,86.8%.结论 2002年度监测结果表明忻州市儿童尿碘水平、居民食用盐的含碘合格率达到国家消除标准,儿童甲状腺肿大率未达到国家碘缺乏病消除标准,对此应予以重视,并进一步探讨其原因.     

不同缺碘地区补碘后儿童碘营养状况调查分析

通过对两个不同缺碘地区补碘后居民盐碘含量，儿童甲状腺肿大率和尿碘的对比分析，结果表明两地区的盐碘中位数均大于２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，尿碘中位数均大于１００μｇ／Ｌ，８～１０岁儿童甲状腺肿大率均在５％～１０％之间，两地区的观察指数均无显著性差异，说明合理补碘完全能够纠正碘缺乏，改善儿童碘营养状况。     

385名儿童甲状腺肿大率与尿碘、盐碘的关系

有关资料报道,尿碘水平达到控制碘缺乏病（ＩＤＤ）标准后,甲状腺肿大率并未达到５％以下的指标。为进一步研究儿童甲状腺肿大率与尿碘、盐碘的关系,２０００年作者对３８５名８－１０岁儿童的甲状腺肿大率,尿碘及家中盐进行了调查,现将调查结果报告如下。１材料与方法１．１调查对象 在１４个县市选择原病区和非病区,每县设一个调查点,每点随机抽取３０名８－１０岁学生。１．２调查指标 按《中国２０００年实现消除碘缺乏病阶段目标评估方案实施意见》［１］进行甲状腺肿大率,尿碘中位数,碘盐合格率的抽查。１．３调查方法１．３…     

广东沿海及珠江三角洲地区人群碘营养状况

目的了解广东沿海及珠江三角洲地区人群碘营养状况。方法用人口比例概率抽样法对该地区抽取３０个调查点１２９３名８～１０岁在学儿童进行甲状腺肿大率、尿碘、盐碘调查;同时调查了儿童的智商水平和新生儿脐带血ＴＳＨ。结果Ｂ超法检查甲状腺肿大率１２．４５％,触诊法检查甲状腺肿大率１２．２２％;盐碘覆盖率５６．２％;尿碘中位数１２４．６０μｇ／Ｌ;平均智商为１０３．４,处于边缘状态和智力落后的儿童占６．８５％;ＴＳＨ＞５ｍＵ／Ｌ的占１０．２５％。结论广东沿海及珠江三角洲地区同样存在碘摄入不足的公共卫生问题,但多属轻度缺碘     

德州市儿童碘营养水平调查

调查了德州市水样４１份，其中浅井水２９份，水碘均值１０７．３μｇ／Ｌ；深井水１２份，水碘均值为４７５．４μｇ／Ｌ。检查８～１０岁儿童２０４３名，饮用浅井水者１４５９名，甲状腺肿大率１２．７％；饮用深井水者５８４名，甲状腺肿大率为１４．７％。检测尿样５５８份，饮用浅井水者４０９份，尿碘中位数为２５５．８μｇ／Ｌ；饮用深井水者１４９份，尿碘中位数５１５．６μｇ／Ｌ。结果表明德州市大部分地区为碘适中地区，但有高碘地区和缺碘地区交错存在于其中，在防治工作中应注意采取不同对策。     

山东省碘缺乏病防治现状及存在问题与对策

目的 通过调查,对山东省碘缺乏病防治现状进行评价,指出存在的问题,并提出相应的防治对策。方法 用人口容量比例概率（ＰＰＳ）抽样法在全省抽取３０个县市区为调查点,对８～１０岁儿童的甲状腺肿大率、尿碘、居民户盐碘合格率、新生儿脐带血ＴＳＨ、学生及家庭主妇健康教育答卷等调查,并对相关指标进行了分析。结果 甲状腺肿大率、尿碘中位数、盐碘合格率三项主要指标基本达到或接近国家消除碘缺乏病标准。但不同地区之间新     

新疆生产建设兵团2011年碘缺乏病防治现状分析

目的了解新疆生产建设兵团(简称兵团)碘缺乏病防治状况及存在问题,为制定科学防治策略提供依据。方法按《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》要求,结合兵团实际,采用"人口比例概率抽样方法(PPS)"选取30个团场,在每个团场抽取40名8~10岁学龄儿童作为调查对象,用B超法检测儿童甲状腺肿大情况并采集其家中食用盐样测定盐碘。同时,从被抽到的40名儿童中随机抽取12名,采集并检测尿碘水平。结果共检测1195份盐样,居民盐碘中位数为31.50mg/kg,居民户碘盐覆盖率、合格碘盐食用率分别为97.49%、96.07%;共检测1 220名8~10岁儿童甲状腺,检出甲状腺肿大者40名,甲状腺肿大率为3.3%;共检测407名8~10岁儿童尿样,尿碘中位数为235.31μg/L,尿碘低于50μg/L的比例占1.5%,低于100μg/L的比例占8.1%。结论兵团防治碘缺乏病的效果显著,各项指标均达到国家碘缺乏病消除标准,不存在碘过量的问题,应根据人群碘营养水平适时调整盐碘,坚持不懈的采用因地制宜、科学补碘的方法防治碘缺乏病,巩固碘缺乏病防治成果。     

鲁西南地区居民碘营养状况评价及防治对策

鲁西南的荷泽地区居民碘营养状况的调查结果。８～１０岁儿童平均甲状腺肿大率达１７．７８％，尿碘中位数各县市均在５００μｇ／Ｌ以上，饮用水碘含量均值大于１００μｇ／Ｌ，有５个县高于２００μｇ／Ｌ，居民食用盐绝大部分为无碘盐和不合格碘盐（两者共占７３．７１％）。证实菏泽地区存在水源性高碘甲状腺肿。在防治上以改换低碘水源为主，包括引用黄河水用于饮用和灌溉电渗析降碘等为主。在采取了防治碘缺乏病的措施之后，尿碘值升高，甲状腺肿大率居高不下时，应考虑高碘甲肿存在的可能，可检测一下饮用水及食物碘含量     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.