下咽及颈胸段食管多原发癌一期手术

目的 探讨下咽、颈胸段食管多原发癌（multiple primary carcinoma,MPC）在胸腔镜辅助下行全喉、下咽、食管切除并管状胃重建一期手术的应用及疗效。方法 胸科组行胸腔镜辅助下分离食管及纵膈淋巴结清扫后开腹行管状胃成形,头颈组行颈部淋巴结清扫、全喉下咽切除、咽胃吻合术。术后常规补充放化疗。结果 本组全部病例均一期完成手术,肺部感染3例,胸腔积液2例、气管撕裂1例;无吻合口瘘及围手术期死亡病例;3年生存率63.6%,5年生存率50.0%。结论 下咽癌应常规行胃镜检查以免MPC的漏诊;胸腔镜辅助下全喉、下咽、食管切除并管状胃重建术可一期完成以往分次手术难以完成的手术治疗,有效提高下咽颈胸段食管多重癌的治疗效果。     

Cyclin D1 and p53 overexpression predicts multiple primary malignant neoplasms of the hypopharynx and esophagus

BACKGROUND: Multiple primary upper aerodigestive tract carcinomas can occur in up to 15% of patients. We have shown previously that half of the patients with multiple upper aerodigestive tract squamous cell carcinomas are initially seen with synchronous tumors. Most metachronous squamous cell carcinomas become manifest within 3 years. OBJECTIVE: To examine the expression of 2 proteins-cyclin D1 and p53--in an attempt to predict the occurrence of multiple primary malignant neoplasms (MPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Monoclonal antibodies to cyclin D1 (DCS-6 [dilution, 1:50]. Novocastra Laboratories Ltd, Newcastle, England) and p53 (DO-7 [dilution, 1-100], Dako Corp, Carpinteria, Calif) proteins were used. Resection specimens from a total of 47 patients, 12 patients with MP and 35 patients with nonmultiple primary malignant neoplasms, were analyzed. Those in the nonmultiple primary malignant neoplasm group had longer than 3 years' follow-up to ascertain the absence of MP. RESULTS: Tumor overexpression of cyclin D1 was significantly associated with the development of MP (P<.01). Tumor overexpression of p53 was also frequent in patients with MP although statistical significance was not achieved. The combination of these 2 parameters was an even greater predictor of MP (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of cyclin D1 and p53 proteins was highly correlated with the development of MP. Additional studies are necessary to confirm this finding. Immunohistochemical evaluation of primary squamous cell carcinomas for cyclin D1 and p53 overexpression may become an important fact of surgical pathologic reporting for primary upper aerodigestive tract squamous cell carcinomas.     

非开胸胃代食管术治疗同时性下咽并胸段食管重复癌5例

目的探讨非开胸胃代食管术治疗同时性下咽并胸段食管重复癌的方法和疗效。 方法对5例同时性下咽并胸段食管重复癌患者,均行非开胸食管内翻拔脱胃上徙术。喉功能保留3例,其中1例下咽后壁癌患者因胃上徙高度不够,采用前臂桡侧游离皮瓣修复下咽及颈段食管;全喉切除2例。结果5例吞咽功能全部恢复,无吞咽困难发生。1例发生咽瘘,经保守治疗痊愈。3例保留喉者均有不同程度呛咳症状。3例保留喉功能者术后全部拔管,发音质量良好。随访1～4年,1年生存率100%(5/5),3年生存率60%(3/5)。结论提高对同时性下咽并胸段食管重复癌的认识,采用非开胸胃代食管术治疗,优越性为成功率高、并发症较少,是一个较理想的手术方法。     

Office-based videoendoscopy for the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus

We have manufactured a trial videoendoscope for the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus in cooperation with Asahi Optical Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan. In this paper we report on the clinical trial of this new and useful videoendoscope. The videoendoscope has small charge-coupled device (CCD) chip built into the tip of this endoscope and is equipped with a transparent hood at the tip, which allows observation and treatment of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus. The outer diameters of the hood (7.5 mm) and the insertion tube (5.1 mm) of the videoendoscope are relatively small, and the diameter of the instrument channel is 2 mm. The videoendoscope system is compact. Compared with conventional flexible fiberscopy and rigid endoscopy, this videoendoscope has several clear advantages. It presents a clear dynamic color image on a color video monitor and provides excellent resolution and recording, thus yielding a high diagnostic accuracy. The diameter of the videoendoscope is relatively small and results in less discomfort for patients. Patients can be examined in a sitting position on a procedure chair at an ENT outpatient clinic, which obviates general anesthesia. The endoscope can be used not only for observation but also for examination and treatment, including biopsy and foreign body extraction. This new endoscope thus widens the indications for office-based endoscopy of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus.     

Management of perforations of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus

Complications related to perforations of the upper aerodigestive system carry a 15% mortality. Nine cases of intraluminal injuries to the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus are reviewed. Seven were related to iatrogenic causes and two associated with foreign bodies. This study details the cause and location of the injuries, associated signs and symptoms, and the resultant morbidity. A protocol for the management of suspected perforations is outlined.     

下咽癌喉癌术后广泛下咽及颈段食管缺损修复方法的比较

目的：探讨4种方法Ⅰ期修复下咽癌及晚期喉癌术后广泛下咽及颈段食管缺损的适应证及治疗效果。方法：用健侧喉黏膜瓣修复部分咽部缺损12例(伴颈段食管切除术2例)．胸大肌皮瓣修复部分咽部缺损6例，游离前臂皮瓣修复保留喉的部分下咽切除术2例．游离空肠重建全下咽和食管上段缺损1例。结果：术中无一例死亡，术后无修复组织坏死．全部组织瓣存活。采用健侧喉黏膜瓣修复者，仅1例术前放疗的患者术后发生咽漏；胸大肌皮瓣修复者，1例发生咽漏。全部病例愈合后均可进普通饮食。随访9～84个月，4例出现吞咽梗阻。结论：下咽癌缺损的修复方法各有侧重。肿瘤的部位和大小是选择修复方法最重要的因素；其次，也应仔细考虑减少并发症。     

Carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus in young adults

Squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus usually presents in the late-middle-aged and elderly. When diagnosed in young adults, the disease process is often thought to be more aggressive and have a worse long-term outcome. Four hundred ninety patients presented to the Christie Hospital and Manchester Royal Infirmary between 1981 and 1990 with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus. Of this group, 24 patients (5%) received their diagnosis before the age of 45. A comparison is made with a control group of 156 (32%) patients who presented between the ages of 60 and 69 years. Analysis of tumor and nodal staging at presentation demonstrates no statistically significant difference between the 2 age groups. There is a higher incidence of a combination of smoking and alcohol abuse in the older age group, but it is of no statistical significance. There is no difference in 5-year survival results between the 2 groups. We conclude that patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus who receive their diagnosis under the age of 45 show no difference in tumor stage or long-term outcome when compared with a control group encompassing the mean age of presentation.     

Reconstruction of the stenotic hypopharynx and cervical esophagus without total laryngectomy

Reconstruction for severe stenosis of the hypopharynx, laryngeal inlet, and/or cervical esophagus is a challenging problem for the surgeon and his patient who want to avoid total laryngectomy. We reviewed the case records of eight patients and the relevant published literature in an effort to define the requirements for success and the causes of failure. A variety of surgical techniques were used. Seven of 8 patients eat a normal or near normal diet. Two of 4 patients, who sustained laryngeal damage at the time of initial injury, required total laryngectomy because of persistent aspiration. The 2 remaining patients and the 4 patients, who did not sustain laryngeal damage at the time of injury, speak with a good voice. Total laryngectomy should be reserved for those patient who cannot be rehabilitated following optimal reconstruction.     

Clinical staging for primary malignancies of the supraglottic larynx

A study of 520 patients with primary supraglottic cancer was conducted. The tumors were staged according to the 1983 and 1988 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) T-and N-stage definitions. There were 293 patients with early stage (T1, T2) tumors, 227 with advanced stage (T3, T4) tumors and 428 with early nodal disease (N0, N1) in both systems. In the 1983 N-staging, there were 44 N2 and 48 N3 lesions; in the 1988 N-staging, there were 62 N2 and 30 N3 lesions. Cox regression analysis showed that the 1983 and 1988 T-stage (T1 through T4) definitions successfully prognosticate for survival when patients were without neck node involvement. In contrast, when neck nodes were present, the N-stage (N0 through N3) of the disease prognosticated survival better than T-stage. Further analyses showed that the 1988 N-stage definition provided a better separation between N2 and N3 lesions compared to the 1983 version. Combined-modality treatment (surgery and radiation) significantly improved survival compared to single-modality treatment (surgery or radiation alone) when patients were staged T4 and N0 through N3 neck disease, but not when patients advanced from T1 to T3. Comparison of treatment efficacy over the last four decades for single-and combined-modality treatment did not reveal statistically significant differences in survival rates in our patient population. This was consistent with cumulative results of various institutions over the last four decades. We conclude that the 1988 AJCC T-and N-stage definitions successfully prognosticate for T-stage (T1 through T4) and N-stage (N0 through N3) with better separation of N2 and N3 lesions compared to the 1983 version.     

Delayed regional metastases, distant metastases, and second primary malignancies in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and hypopharynx

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of delayed regional metastases, distant metastases, and second primary tumors on the therapeutic outcomes in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and hypopharynx. STUDY DESIGN: Chart review and statistical analysis. METHODS: A retrospective tumor registry analysis was made of patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and hypopharynx who were treated with curative intent in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the Radiation Oncology Center of the Washington University School of Medicine (St. Louis, MO) between January 1971 and December 1991 and developed delayed regional metastases (2 y after treatment), distant metastases, and second primary malignancies. RESULTS: In 2550 patients, the mean age (59.8 y), sex (8.5 male patients and 1 female patient), and tumor differentiation did not affect the incidence of delayed distant, regional, or second primary malignancies. The overall incidence of delayed regional metastases was 12.4% (317/2550 patients); distant metastases, 8.5% (217/2550); and second primary tumors, 8.9% (228/2550), with a 5-year disease-specific survival of 41%, 6.4%, and 35%, respectively. Second primary malignancies were not statistically related to the origin of the primary tumor, tumor staging, or delayed regional and distant metastases (P =.98). Delayed regional metastases and distant metastases were related to advanced primary disease (T4 stage), lymph node metastases (node positive [N+]), tumor location (hypopharynx), and locoregional tumor recurrence (P < or =.028). Advanced regional metastases at initial diagnosis (N2 and N3 disease) increased the incidence of delayed and distant metastases threefold (P =.017). These two metastatic parameters were significantly greater in hypopharyngeal tumors than in laryngeal tumors (P =.037). The incidences of delayed regional metastases by anatomical location of the primary tumor were as follows: glottic, 4.4%; supraglottic, 16%; subglottic, 11.5%; aryepiglottic fold, 21.9%; pyriform sinus, 31.1%; and posterior hypopharyngeal wall, 18.5%. The incidences of distant metastases were as follows: glottic, 4%; supraglottic, 3.7%; subglottic, 14%; aryepiglottic fold, 16%; pyriform fossa, 17.2%; and posterior hypopharyngeal wall, 17.6%. Seventeen hypopharyngeal tumors (2%) presented with M1 disease. Delayed regional metastases to the ipsilateral treated neck had a significantly worse survival prognosis than delayed metastases to the contralateral nontreated neck (P =.001). CONCLUSIONS: Conclusions are as follows: 1) The incidence of second primary tumors is independent from the primary tumor staging and distant and delayed regional metastases. The highest incidence occurred in patient groups with the highest disease-free survival rates (P =.0378). 2) Highest incidence of delayed and distant metastases occurred in hypopharyngeal tumors and was three times greater than in laryngeal cancers (P =.028). 3) Salvage therapeutic rates were poor for delayed metastases to the ipsilateral treated nodes and distant metastases as compared with contralateral neck metastases and second primary tumors (P =.001). 4) Delayed and distant lymph node metastases were significantly higher in advanced primary disease (T4 stage), locoregional recurrences, and regional disease (N2 and N3) (P =.028) in both the larynx and hypopharynx. 5) The higher incidence of delayed and distant metastatic disease was related to more advanced initial tumor presentation in hypopharyngeal cancer as compared with laryngeal cancer (P =.039). 6) Incidence of distant metastases was greatest between 1.5 and 6 years after initial treatment with a mean incidence being less than or equal to 3.2 years.     

鼻咽癌多原发癌的临床特征分析

目的 总结鼻咽癌多原发癌的临床特征及其诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析我院7例鼻咽癌多原发癌的临床资料,总结本病临床特点,探讨治疗方法.结果 鼻咽癌多原发癌发生相隔时间3月～8年(平均52月),发现第二原发癌年龄35～78岁(平均46.8岁),其中,第二原发癌位于上颌窦3例,肺部1例,颞骨1例,中耳1例,喉咽1例.第二原发癌全部采取手术治疗,其中1例单侧颈淋巴结清扫,2例双侧颈淋巴结清扫.术后补充放疗5例.随访6-57月,期间4例死亡.结论 鼻咽癌多原发癌的远期疗效不佳,需要细致随访和复查、早期明确诊断和积极治疗,以提高患者生存率.     

Clinical classification and staging for primary malignancies of the maxillary antrum

A study of 51 patients with primary malignant maxillary sinus neoplasms was conducted. None of the patients had neck nodes and/or metastases, and each had 5-year follow-up. The tumors were staged according to the 1983 and 1988 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging systems for maxillary sinus cancers. There were 13 early stage (T1, T2) and 38 advanced (T3, T4) tumors in both systems. Cox regression analyses of survival curves showed increasingly worse prognoses for advanced tumors in both T-staging systems. Further analyses showed a significant difference in survival between T3 and T4 in the 1988, but not in the 1983 system. There were no significant differences in survival according to treatment modality or histological type of malignancy. We conclude that the 1988 system prognosticates successfully for T-stage (1 to 4) and demonstrates significant improvement in detecting T3 versus T4 differences compared to the 1983 system. The 1988 system applies equally for epidermoid cancer and other malignancies of the antrum.     

A useful procedure for observing the cervical esophagus via the hypopharynx

Objective

The aim of the study was to evaluate upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with movable over tube (i.e., the movable over tube method) for observing the hypopharynx to cervical esophagus, for use in treatment, and to determine its safety.

Methods

The study population consisted of 28 patients (23 men, 5 women; a mean age of 66.6 years old; age range of 50–80 years old). The patients consisted of nine cases of globus sensation, eight cases of hypopharyngeal cancer (post-chemoradiotherapy), three cases of hypopharyngeal cancer (untreated), two cases of hoarseness, two cases of unknown primary carcinoma, two cases of foreign body, one case of esophageal cancer, and one case of dysphagia. We used upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with movable over tube to examine the hypopharynx to the cervical esophagus in subjects.

Results

With the movable over tube method, which was performed under pharyngeal surface anesthesia and an infusion of diazepam (5–10 mg/kg body weight), one could observe from the hypopharynx to cervical esophagus without any blind spots. There were no complications after the examination.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the movable over tube method is an easy, useful, and safe method to observe the region from the hypopharynx to the cervical esophagus.     

Reconstruction of hypopharynx and cervical esophagus using a free jejunal graft

Forty-four patients with cancer in the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus underwent pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with a free jejunal graft after total removal of a tumor combined with resection of the circumferential tissues. The graft survival rate was 93.2% (41 of 44). Postoperative complications occurred in 16 patients (36.4%), which included postoperative death in one (2.3%), graft necrosis in 3 (6.8%), fistula formation in 4 (9.1%) and graft stricture in 3 (6.8%). All 3 cases of graft necrosis underwent successfully reimplantation. The mean interval time was 20.9 days until oral intake was possible. Thirty-two of 42 patients (76.2%) were able to take usual food. Esophageal speech was limited in the selected cases by this procedure. A cumulative survival rate of 5 years was 40.6% in this series. This method of reconstruction should be advocated as one of relatively safe and reliable procedures for patients with hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal cancer.