薄层扫描法测定复方雷公藤胶囊中香酚内酯的研究

目的：建立控制复方雷公藤胶囊的质量方法。方法：对雷公藤、丹参、黄芪、三七等四味中药用薄层色谱法进行定性鉴别,用薄层扫描法对雷公藤中的雷酚内酯进行定量分析。结果：定性、定量方法灵敏、重现性好,雷酚内酯的含量为２．０５±０．０４μｇ·ｇ＾－１,ＲＳＤ为２．０３％。结论：本法可用于复方雷公滕胶囊的质量控制。     

乳康口服液的制备及质量控制标准

目的：建立了乳康口服液的制备及质量标准。方法：采用TCL法和紫外分光光法对本品进行定性、定量分析。结果：TCL法可用于本品中青皮、丹参、香附定性鉴别。分光光度法可用于丹参的定量分析。结论：本所采用的方法适用于乳康口服液的制备及质量控制。     

活血通络口服液质量标准的研究

目的 制定活血通络口服液质量标准。方法 对黄芪、丹参、赤芍、川芎、当归、地龙等六味中药,薄层色谱法定性鉴别,用薄层扫描法对黄芪中的黄芪甲苷进行定量分析。结果 范围在1．04～5．2μg内呈良好的线形关系,r=0．9987,平均回收率为95．46％,RSD=1．29％。结论 其定性定量方法简便、准确,专属性强,重现性好,可供制定质量标准使用。     

小儿退热镇惊口服液的质量标准研究

目的建立小儿退热镇惊口服液的质量标准。方法采用TLC对方中知母、金银花、板蓝根进行定性鉴别;用HPLC法对绿原酸进行含量测定:色谱柱:Welchrom C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）,流动相:乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液（10:90）,流速为1.0 ml.min^-1,检测波长为327 nm。结果薄层鉴别斑点清晰、分离较好,阴性对照无干扰;绿原酸的浓度在2¹35μg·ml^-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0.9998）,平均加样回收率为99.03%,RSD为2.81%（n=6）。结论所用定性与定量方法简便、专属性强,结果准确、可靠;所建标准可用于小儿退热镇惊口服液的质量控制。     

定搐化风丸质量标准的研究

目的建立定搐化风丸的质量标准。方法采用TIE法对处方中大黄、黄连、防风进行定性鉴别;用CG法对处方中冰片进行定性鉴别;用HPLC法测定方中黄连中盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果在TLC色谱中,能检出大黄、黄连、防风;在GC色谱中能检出冰片;盐酸小檗碱在11—110μg·ml^-1范围内,浓度与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9999）,样品的平均加样回收率为100．17％,RSD为1.2％（n=6）。结论所建立的方法对方中5味药材能准确、快速地进行定性、定量检测,可用于定搐化风丸的质量控制。     

脑血通片显微及薄层鉴别方法研究

目的：建立脑血通片质量标准。方法采用显微镜检查法对需粉碎入药的白芷、丹参、蜈蚣、蝎子进行显微鉴别；采用TLC法对制剂中的丹参、川芎、当归进行定性鉴别。结果显微鉴别中相应药材组织特征均易察见，方法专属性好；薄层鉴别色谱斑点清晰，专属性强，阴性样品无干扰。结论白芷、丹参、全蝎和蜈蚣运用显微鉴别取得了理想的鉴别效果，可作为脑血通片质量控制标准的参考依据；薄层鉴别可以作为脑血通片有效定性的鉴别方法。     

HPLC法测定纯阳正气胶囊中橙皮苷和桂皮醛的含量

目的对纯阳正气胶囊的质量标准进行完善。方法采用TLC法对茯苓、白术、苍术、广藿香进行定性鉴别;采用HPLC法同时测定橙皮苷与桂皮醛含量,Agilent TC-C18（4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm）色谱柱;以水（A）和乙腈（B）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温30℃,检测波长290 nm。结果 TLC法鉴别专属性强,分离度好;HPLC法同时测定橙皮苷与桂皮醛含量,两者分别在2.115~33.84μg·ml^-1（r=0.9998）、12.30~196.80μg·ml^-1（r=0.9997）范围内线性关系、色谱峰分离度、稳定性均良好,平均回收率分别为101.02%、98.46%,RSD分别为1.97%、1.76%。结论 TLC、HPLC方法的定性定量鉴别可作为中药复方纯阳正气胶囊的质量标准的参考。     

柔脉抗栓胶囊质量标准研究

目的 建立柔脉抗栓胶囊的质量标准.方法 用薄层色谱法对水蛭、川芎、大黄进行定性鉴别;用高效液相色谱法对葛根中有效成分葛根素进行定量测定.结果 定性鉴别斑点清晰,分离度好,易于区别;葛根素平均加样回收率为99.98%,RSD=2.00%.结论 所建标准可用于柔脉抗栓胶囊的质量控制.     

伤科搽剂质量控制

目的建立伤科搽剂的质量标准检测方法。方法采用薄层色谱法（TLC）,对处方中生川乌、生草乌、当归进行定性鉴别;采用酸性染料比色法,测定马钱子中士的宁含量。结果TLC分离效果好,斑点清晰,士的宁在0．0224—0．1120mg／ml浓度范围内,浓度与吸光度值呈良好的线性关系,r=0．9977,平均回收率为99．09％,RSD=1．25％。结论该方法可准确、可靠地进行定性、定量检测,能有效地控制伤科搽剂的质量。     

葛枳护肝胶囊质量标准研究

目的 建立葛枳护肝胶囊的质量标准.方法 采用薄层色谱法对葛枳护肝胶囊中葛根、陈皮和人参进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法,检测波长:250 nm,色谱柱:zorbax SB-C18,流动相:甲醇-水(28:72),流速:1.0 ml/min,测定其主要活性成分葛根素的含量.结果 薄层鉴别,供试品色谱中葛根素、大豆苷元、橙...     

Quantitative SPECT leads to improved performance in discrimination tasks related to prodromal Alzheimer's disease.

We investigated the impact of the quantitation and reconstruction protocol on clinical tasks. The performance of standard clinical reconstruction procedures in discrimination tasks related to the diagnosis of prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) was compared with the performance of a quantitative approach incorporating improved corrections for scatter, attenuation, intrinsic spatial resolution, and distance-dependent spatial resolution. METHODS: Seventeen normal controls (normal group), 56 subjects who did not have dementia, who did have memory problems, but who did not develop AD within 5 y of follow-up (questionable group), and 27 subjects who did not have dementia, who did have memory problems, and who did develop AD over the follow-up period (converter group) were considered in this study. (99m)Tc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime SPECT and MRI studies were performed for each subject at baseline. The standard quantitation protocol (STD), routinely used in our clinic, consisted of Compton window scatter correction followed by filtered backprojection with attenuation correction using a uniform attenuation map. In the improved quantitative approach (QUAN), projections were corrected for scatter by use of a general spectral method and reconstructed by use of ordered-subset(s) expectation maximization, incorporating corrections for collimator response and attenuation using both a uniform attenuation map (QUANunif) and a nonuniform attenuation map (QUANnonunif). Mean SPECT activity concentration and MRI volume were estimated for 7 structures: rostral anterior cingulate gyrus, caudal anterior cingulate gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, basal forebrain, amygdala, and the banks of the superior temporal sulcus. Data were analyzed by pairwise discriminant analysis, and performance in binary group discrimination was measured by correlated receiver-operating-characteristic analysis. RESULTS: The use of QUANnonunif yielded a small but systematic improvement in discrimination accuracy for normal versus converter groups (accuracy or area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve [Az], 0.965), normal versus questionable groups (Az, 0.973), and questionable versus converter groups (Az, 0.881) compared with the results obtained with QUANunif (Az, 0.955, 0.962, and 0.866, respectively). Discrimination performance was significantly lower (P < 0.05) with STD than with QUAN in all 3 tasks (Az with STD, 0.906, 0.878, and 0.768, respectively). MRI volume estimation led to a lower overall performance in all 3 tasks than did QUANnonunif (Az with MRI, 0.947, 0.917, and 0.872, respectively). CONCLUSION: Improved quantitative image reconstruction with accurate compensation for scatter, attenuation, and variable collimator response led to significantly better performance in discrimination tasks related to the diagnosis of prodromal AD than did standard clinical reconstruction procedures. The use of a nonuniform brain attenuation map yields a small improvement in discrimination accuracy.     

Evaluation of noise equivalent count parameters as indicators of adult whole-body FDG-PET image quality

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess variation of qualitative and quantitative PET/CT image quality parameters with acquisition time, injection activity and body mass for a representative group of adults undergoing whole-body PET/CT imaging.

Methods

PET scan data from sixty patients were reconstructed with a scan time of 1, 2 and 3 min/bed position. These images were visually scored and three quantitative parameters were calculated: noise equivalent counts per axial length (NEC_patient), noise equivalent count density (NEC_density) and liver signal to noise ratio (liver SNR). The ability of the three quantitative parameters to discriminate qualitative image quality was assessed using ROC analysis.

Results

The quantitative parameters were shown to discriminate images of good/excellent quality from those of poorer image quality with a high degree of accuracy (ROC area >0.9); further, NEC_patient had significantly higher discrimination than either NEC_density or liver SNR (ROC area = 0.97).

Conclusions

NEC_patient, NEC_density and liver SNR all have high discrimination for qualitatively assessed PET image quality. NEC_patient in particular is an effective objective indicator of patient image quality, which will help to assess and standardise scan protocols for purposes such as multi-centre research trials.     

HPLC法测定栀子中栀子苷的含量

目的:建立栀子药材中栀子苷含量的检测方法。方法:采用SB-C18柱,以甲醇-水(23∶77,V/V)为流动相,柱温35℃、流速1.0 ml/min、检测波长240 nm。在此条件下,栀子苷可与样品中其他物质达到良好分离,进而对照标准曲线计算其含量。结果::所建立的方法线性范围可达2～10μg,平均加样回收率为101.2%、RSD为2.3%,5批栀子药材的栀子苷含量为0.910%～2.194%。结论:本研究建立的栀子苷检测方法,线性、稳定性、重现性及回收率均较为理想,可用于栀子药材及栀子苷分离纯化的质量控制。     

A MnCl2-based MR signal intensity linear response phantom

PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop a manganese chloride (MnCl2)-based phantom model that would allow progressive quantitative assessment of tissue hydration based on observed magnetic resonance (MR) imaging signal intensity (SI) linearity characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed using a progressive signal refinement technique that allowed development of an imaging tool for semiquantitative sequential discrimination of MR signal responses. A series of 82 phantoms comprising a gelatin-set MnCl2 composite were imaged under basic T1- and T2-weighted conditions. MR SI measurements were taken using region-of-interest selection, and MnCl2 concentrations were adjusted to allow development of a pair of 8-tube phantoms. These phantoms permitted progressive incremental assessment of hydration based on fundamental MR SI response. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed that phantom MR signal response linearity can be achieved using the phantoms described under both T1 and T2 imaging conditions, yielding R2 values of 0.97 and 0.94, respectively. CONCLUSION: This novel MnCl2-based phantom can be used as a noninvasive reference standard for quantitative classification of in vivo tissue hydration based on routine clinical MR imaging sequences. Progressive correlation testing using a human cartilage sample should be performed to further refine the model for clinical application.     

对《中国药典》2010版一部六味地黄胶囊的商榷

目的探索六味地黄胶囊合理的制备工艺和质量标准。方法通过对2010年版《中国药典》一部六味地黄胶囊的制备及检验的实际应用,发现一些值得商榷的地方。结果根据《中国药典》生产后的得率过高（247.6%）,定量检验的目标物与原药材不符。结论建议更改生产工艺及质量标准。     

百合知母胶囊的质量标准研究

 目的 建立百合知母胶囊的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法（thin layer chromatography,TLC）对百合、知母进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）测定制剂中芒果苷含量。结果 应用薄层色谱法鉴别知母具有专属性,而该法鉴别百合不具有专属性;芒果苷在 0.0674～1.3480 μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r=0.9998;检测下限为0.0674 μg,芒果苷的平均回收率为（98.890±0.497）％,RSD=0.50%。结论 本方法操作简便,结果准确,重复性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

Establishment and results of a magnetic resonance quality assurance program for the pediatric brain tumor consortium

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is used to assess brain tumor response to therapies, and a MR quality assurance (QA) program is necessary for multicenter clinical trials employing imaging. This study was performed to determine overall variability of quantitative imaging metrics measured with the American College of Radiology (ACR) phantom among 11 sites participating in the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium (PBTC) Neuroimaging Center (NIC) MR QA program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An MR QA program was implemented among 11 participating PBTC sites and quarterly evaluations of scanner performance for seven imaging metrics defined by the ACR were sought and subject to statistical evaluation over a 4.5-year period. Overall compliance with the QA program, means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation (CV) for the quantitative imaging metrics were evaluated. RESULTS: Quantitative measures of the seven imaging metrics were generally within ACR recommended guidelines for all sites. Compliance improved as the study progressed. Intersite variabilities, as gauged by CV for slice thickness and geometric accuracy, imaging parameters that influence size or positioning measurements in tumor studies, were on the order of 10% and 1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although challenging to establish, MR QA programs within the context of PBTC multisite clinical trials when based on the ACR MR phantom program can indicate sites performing below acceptable image quality levels and establish levels of precision through instrumental variabilities that are relevant to quantitative image analyses (eg, tumor volume changes).     

Diffusion‐weighted imaging outside the brain: Consensus statement from an ISMRM‐sponsored workshop

The significant advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hardware and software, sequence design, and postprocessing methods have made diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) an important part of body MRI protocols and have fueled extensive research on quantitative diffusion outside the brain, particularly in the oncologic setting. In this review, we summarize the most up‐to‐date information on DWI acquisition and clinical applications outside the brain, as discussed in an ISMRM‐sponsored symposium held in April 2015. We first introduce recent advances in acquisition, processing, and quality control; then review scientific evidence in major organ systems; and finally describe future directions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:521–540.     

Effective strategies for forensic analysis in the mitochondrial DNA coding region

Recently, it has been recognized that accessing information in the mtDNA coding region can provide additional forensic discrimination with respect to the standard typing of the D-loop region, augmenting the sometimes rather limited forensic power of mtDNA testing. Here, we discuss considerations relating to maximally effective approaches for recovering additional discrimination in the coding region, bearing in mind that (1) DNA quality and quantity in typical mtDNA casework usually restrict the amount of additional sequence that can be obtained, and (2) the need for additional discrimination primarily arises when common HV1/HV2 types are encountered. Most investigators have sought additional discrimination by sequencing short segments of coding region that are thought to be particularly variable. Unfortunately, efforts in this regard have generally failed to appreciate that most variation in the coding region is redundant with information already present in HV1/HV2 and have therefore overvalued the potential of this approach for providing additional discrimination. An alternative single nucleotide polymorphism-based approach [Int J Legal Med 118:137-146, 2004] has been to identify specific bases that provide resolution in specific common HV1/HV2 types (and related sequences). We investigate several highly relevant data sets wherein the latter approach performs appreciably better than sequencing selected short portions of the coding region. This is true even when only synonymous variation is targeted to minimize the potential for problems arising from discovery of mutations that have reportedly been related to disease.     

Toward 3D-TRUS image-guided interstitial brachytherapy for cervical cancer

PURPOSETo qualitatively and quantitatively analyze needle visibility in combined intracavitary and interstitial cervical cancer brachytherapy on 3D transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in comparison to gold standard MRI.METHODS AND MATERIALSImage acquisition was done with a customized TRUS stepper unit and software (Medcom, Germany; Elekta, Sweden; ACMIT, Austria) followed by an MRI on the same day with the applicator in place. Qualitative assessment was done with following scoring system: 0 = no visibility 1 (= poor), 2 (= fair), 3 (= excellent) discrimination, quantitative assessment was done by measuring the distance between each needle and the tandem two centimeters (cm) above the ring and comparing to the respective measurement on MRI.RESULTSTwenty-nine implants and a total of 188 needles (132 straight, 35 oblique, 21 free-hand) were available. Overall, 79% were visible (87% straight, 51% oblique, 76% free-hand). Mean visibility score was 1.4 ± 0.5 for all visible needles. Distance of the visible needles to tandem was mean ± standard deviation (SD) 21.3 millimeters (mm) ± 6.5 mm on MRI and 21.0 mm ± 6.4 mm on TRUS, respectively. Difference between MRI and TRUS was max 14 mm, mean ± SD -0.3 mm ± 2.6 mm. 11% differed more than 3 mm.CONCLUSIONSStraight needles were better detectable than oblique needles (87% vs. 51%). Detectability was impaired by insufficient rotation of the TRUS probe, poor image quality or anatomic variation. As needles show a rather indistinct signal on TRUS, online detection with a standardized imaging protocol in combination with tracking should be investigated, aiming at the development of real time image guidance and online treatment planning.