磁共振阴性的局灶性脑皮质发育不良的手术治疗

目的探讨磁共振难以确定病灶的致痫性局灶性脑皮质发育不良的诊断和定位方法,提高手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析联合应用视频脑电图(VEEG)、脑磁图(MEG)及术中皮层电极脑电图监测(ECo G)检查,诊断、定位并经手术后病理证实为局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)的24例磁共振检查阴性的难治性癫痫患者的临床资料。结果 24例癫痫患者行手术治疗,病理FCDⅠa型5例,FCDⅠb型3例,FCDⅠc型5例,FCDⅡa型6例,FCDⅡb型5例。术后随访1~5年,EngelⅠ级9例,EngelⅡ级5例,EngelⅢ级8例,EngelⅣ级2例。结论联合应用VEEG、MEG和(或)ECo G技术有助于准确诊断和定位磁共振阴性的FCD,提高FCD致难治性癫痫的手术疗效。     

影响局灶性皮质发育不良所致难治性癫痫手术疗效的相关因素分析

目的分析影响局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)所致药物难治性癫痫手术疗效的相关因素。方法收集2015年9月至2018年7月在中国科学技术大学附属第一医院神经外科接受手术治疗并经病理确诊为FCD的50例药物难治性癫痫患者的临床资料,包括病史、发作频率、病灶位置、视频脑电结果、头颅MRI表现、术前服药种类、手术切除范围、术后早期癫痫发作情况,采用Engel分级评估患者手术疗效,并将其分为预后良好组和预后不良组。运用统计学方法分析FCD所致难治性癫痫的手术疗效相关影响因素。结果共有50例患者接受手术,其中致痫灶位于颞叶31例,额叶14例,顶叶2例,枕叶2例,颞枕叶1例,手术完整切除致痫灶44例,未完整切除6例,术后病理分型为FCDⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型分别有19例、17例、14例,术后随访时间为12～46个月,平均(20.7±7.9)个月,术后EngelⅠ级34例、EngelⅡ级3例、EngelⅢ级5例、EngelⅣ级8例,预后良好组34例,预后不良组16例。单因素分析显示病程≥10年、术后出现早期癫痫发作、致痫灶未完全切除者手术疗效较差(均P0.05)。二分类Logistic回归分析结果显示,致痫灶是否完全切除和术后是否出现早期癫痫发作是FCD所致难治性癫痫手术疗效的独立影响因素(均P0.05)。结论致痫灶是否完整切除和术后是否出现早期癫痫发作与FCD致难治性癫痫的手术疗效密切相关。患者的病程也是FCD致难治性癫痫手术疗效的重要预测因素。     

局灶性脑皮质发育不良致难治性癫痫手术预后影响因素分析

目的探讨局灶性脑皮质发育不良(focal cortical dysplasia,FCD)致难治性癫痫(intractable epilepsy,IE)手术预后的影响因素。方法回顾性分析2009年12月至2012年12月新疆医科大学第一附属医院手术的61例FCD致IE的手术效果。应用Logistic回归分析探讨FCD致IE预后的影响因素。结果本组随访1~3年,术后预后良好(Engel I级)42例,预后不良19例(Ⅱ级10例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级4例)。Logistic回归分析显示FCD I型、致痫灶未完全切除、脑电图发作间期痫样波(interictal epileptiform discharge,IED)与病灶脑叶不一致为影响预后的独立危险因素,其OR值及95%可信区间分别为5.409[1.171,24.970]、4.760[1.104,20.528]、4.315[1.015,18.349],而年龄、民族、性别、头颅MRI检查结果、致痫灶所在脑叶位置对预后无明显影响。结论 FCDⅡ型、致痫灶完全切除、发作间期痫样波与病灶脑叶一致均与手术预后良好相关。     

局灶性皮质发育不良所致难治性癫痫的微创神经外科治疗

目的应用神经导航结合术中皮质电极描记,微创治疗局灶性皮质发育不良(focal cortical dysplasia,FCD)所致的难治性癫痫。方法 26例局灶性皮质发育不良所致的难治性癫痫患者,术前常规使用CT、磁共振成像(magnetic resonanceimaging,MRI)、长程视频脑电图(digital video signal and electroencephalogram,VEEG)、磁共振波谱分析(MR Spectroscopy,MRS)等检查,如病灶位于功能区则行功能性磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)。术中通过神经导航确定的病灶与ECoG确定的致痫灶位置及范围进行对比,了解两者的吻合程度及差异,综合分析后精确并标记出癫痫波的起源位置和范围,将局灶性皮质发育不良病灶和周边的致痫皮质切除;如致痫灶位于功能区或附近,在保留功能区皮质的基础上,给予低功率皮质热灼。结果术后病理结果:26例患者病理标本符合FCD。术后患者无明显并发症出现。根据Engel术后效果分级进行评估,Ⅰ级23例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级1例。结论神经导航结合术中皮质电极描记在局灶性皮质发育不良所致的难治性癫痫手术中,具有定位准确、损伤少的优点,在切除致痫灶的同时能最大程度保护脑功能。     

胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤（DNT）的手术方法及其疗效。方法 2007年6月至2013年6月显微手术治疗DNT患者17例,手术方式采用在皮层脑电图指引下行肿瘤加致痫灶扩大切除术。术后至少随访1年,根据Engel预后分级评估手术效果。结果所有患者肿瘤均得到全切,病理学均证实为DNT,其中10例合并局灶性脑皮质发育不良（FCD）,术后未出现永久性功能障碍。患者术后随访1~4.5年,无肿瘤复发,17例中无癫痫发作（EngelⅠ级）的13例（76.5%）,仍有少量癫痫发作（EngelⅡ级）4例（23.5%）。结论 DNT是一种少见的以癫痫为主要临床表现的良性肿瘤,常伴有FCD,多发展为药物难治性癫痫,在皮层脑电图监测下行肿瘤加致痫灶扩大切除可以获得良好的癫痫控制率。     

局灶性皮质发育不良所致癫痫手术预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨影响局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)致癫痫患者手术预后的相关因素。方法回顾性分析42例FCD致癫痫手术治疗患者的临床资料,FCD均经术后病理证实。术后随访12~36个月,进行Engel分级评定患者的预后;应用Logistic回归分析探讨影响手术预后的相关因素。结果术后EngelⅠ级者27例(64.3%),Ⅱ级者6例(14.3%),Ⅲ级者6例(14.3%),Ⅳ级者3例(7.1%)。Logistic回归分析显示,MEG定位致痫灶与手术范围不一致[OR值6.063,95%可信区间(CI)1.168~31.482)]和致痫灶未完全切除(OR值7.739,95%CI 1.447~41.398)是影响FCD致癫痫患者手术预后的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。而性别、年龄、病程、有无高热惊厥史、致痫灶位置、头颅MRI是否阳性、病理分型对手术预后的影响均无统计学意义。结论发作间期MEG定位致痫灶与手术范围的一致性,以及致痫灶完全切除与FCD致癫痫患者的手术预后良好有关。     

海马硬化合并局灶性皮质发育不良致难治性颞叶癫痫手术预后的影响因素

目的探讨影响海马硬化(hippocampal sclerosis,HS)合并局灶性皮质发育不良(focal cortical dysplasia,FCD)双重病理所致难治性颞叶癫痫手术预后的因素。方法回顾性分析45例病理学证实为双重病理(HS合并FCD)致难治性颞叶癫痫手术患者的临床资料。术后随访1～5年,将随访结果进行Engel分级,EngelⅠ-Ⅱ级者为治疗有效组,Ⅲ-Ⅳ级者为治疗无效组。应用二元Logistic回归分析影响预后的相关因素。结果术后Engel分级:治疗有效组29例(64. 4%),其中Ⅰ级者27例、Ⅱ级者2例;治疗无效组16例(35. 6%),其中Ⅲ级者9例、Ⅳ级者7例。二元Logistic回归分析示,病理分型为FCDⅢa型(P=0. 032,OR=6. 098,95%CI=1. 167～31. 863)和致痫灶是否完全切除(P=0. 002,OR=13. 487,95%CI=2. 574～70. 679)对手术预后的影响有统计学意义;而发病年龄、术前发作频率、病程、手术年龄、有无高热惊厥史、头颅MRI是否异常对手术预后的影响均无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。结论病理分型为FCDⅢa型、完全切除致痫灶是双重病理(HS合并FCD)所致颞叶癫痫手术预后良好的影响因素。     

幕上与癫痫有关的海绵状血管瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨幕上表现于癫痫的颅内海绵状血管瘤外科治疗方法和效果.方法 25例幕上表现于癫痫的颅内海绵状血管瘤患者,根据术前影像学、脑电图表现与运动区的关系分为A、B二组.手术在皮层脑电图(ECoG)监测下进行,包括单纯切除血管瘤、切除血管瘤和切除含铁血黄素层,以及辅助部分皮层痫灶切除、皮层热灼或软膜下横切等.结果 本组海绵状血管瘤均令切除,2例术后有一过性轻度肢体功能障碍,无手术死亡.随访10个月-4.5年,A组9例,Engel Ⅰ级6例;Engel Ⅱ B级2例;Engel Ⅲ级1例.B组16例,均无发作.结论 幕上与癫痫有关的海绵状血管瘤在ECoG监测下做病灶和痫灶切除,是控制术后癫痫发作的有效手段;运动区和附近海绵状血管瘤由于手术没有完全切除致痫灶可能是术后癫痫控制率差的原因.     

局灶性皮质发育不良致药物难治性癫痫的手术预后及其影响因素

目的探讨局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)导致的药物难治性癫痫的手术预后及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析2007年5月至2015年11月手术治疗的97例病理确诊为FCD导致的药物难治性癫痫的临床资料。结果手术全切致痫灶71例,未全切26例。术后出现颅内感染5例、脑积水2例。1例术后第三年死亡。术后平均随访(59.18±28.62)个月。术后病理:FCDⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型分别为38、23、36例。术后EngelⅠ级60例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级16例,Ⅳ级10例。多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,MRI有阳性发现、致痫灶全切的病人预后好。K-M生存分析显示5年预后良好的概率为59%左右。结论对于FCD致药物难治性癫痫,MRI有阳性发现、手术年龄18岁及全切致痫灶的病人手术预后良好。     

难治性癫过度运动发作的临床特征与致灶定位

目的总结以过度运动发作为主要表现的药物难治性癫的诊疗经验。方法回顾性分析25例药物难治性癫病人的临床资料,均以过度运动发作为主要表现。根据症状特点、MRI、头皮视频脑电图及颅内脑电图监测,综合定位致灶,并行手术切除。结果切除额叶致灶23例,切除前颞叶致灶2例。神经病理学检查显示:皮质发育不良(FCD)Ⅰ型8例,FCDⅡ型12例,节细胞胶质瘤1例,皮质微发育不良1例,灰质异位1例,胶质瘢痕1例,海马硬化1例。术后随访12~60个月,按Engel分级:Ⅰ级19例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级2例。结论以过度运动发作为特点的难治性癫病人,其致灶主要位于额叶,但也可位于额叶外的脑区,准确切除致灶后疗效满意。     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的诊断与显微外科治疗

目的探讨颅内海绵状血管瘤的诊断与显微手术治疗效果。方法分析32例（34个病灶）颅内海绵状血管瘤病人的临床表现、影像学特征、手术治疗及预后。病人术前均行头颅M刚和（或）CT检查,单发病灶30例,多发病灶2例。主要临床表现为头痛、癫痫及神经功能障碍。均行最微外科手术。结果全切除33个病灶,部分切除1个病灶,术前诊断均与病理相符。15例伴癫痫者术中均予皮质脑电监测,根据术中发现行扩大切除5例,皮质热灼3例;术后达EngelI级14例,EngelⅡ级1例,术后无新发癫痫病例。24例随访3—26个月,均未发现复发病例。结论影像技术的进步使颅内海绵状血管瘤的术前诊断率大大提高。颅内海绵状血管瘤可通过显微手术切除获得良好疗效。伴有癫痫者需行术中皮质脑电监测并根据术中发现决定手术策略。     

Intraoperative MRI with integrated functional neuronavigation-guided resection of supratentorial cavernous malformations in eloquent brain areas

Between March 2009 and January 2010, 36 patients with 38 supratentorial cavernous malformations in eloquent brain areas underwent surgery with the aid of intraoperative MRI (iMRI), functional neuronavigation, and electrocorticography (ECoG). To optimize outcomes, the hemosiderin-stained tissue surrounding the lesion in addition to the cavernous malformation itself (lesion) was microsurgically removed, leaving behind only small areas adjacent to, or overlapping with, functional areas. According to the Zabramski classification, there were 13 type I lesions, which all underwent total resection. There were 25 type II or III lesions with a surrounding hypointense rim, and all of these lesions were completely removed; the surrounding hypointense rims were completely removed in 15 patients and partially removed in 10. No new neurologic disorders occurred postoperatively. Twenty patients had preoperative epileptic seizures, nine of whom were refractory to treatment. During follow-up, seizure outcome was assessed using the Engel classification, and 11 patients with non-refractory epilepsy had a class I outcome. Of the nine patients with refractory epilepsy, seven (77.8%) had a class I outcome, one (11.1%) had a class II outcome, and one (11.1%) had a class III outcome.     

Seizure outcome after resection of cavernous malformations is better when surrounding hemosiderin-stained brain also is removed

PURPOSE: Considering the epileptogenic effect of cavernoma-surrounding hemosiderin, assumptions are made that resection only of the cavernoma itself may not be sufficient as treatment of symptomatic epilepsy in patients with cavernous malformations. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis whether seizure outcome after removal of cavernous malformations may be related to the extent of resection of surrounding hemosiderin-stained brain tissue. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 31 consecutive patients with pharmacotherapy-refractory epilepsy due to a cavernous malformation were included. In all patients, cavernomas were resected, and all patients underwent pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We grouped patients according to MRI findings (hemosiderin completely removed versus not/partially removed) and compared seizure outcome (as assessed by the Engel Outcome Classification score) between the two groups. RESULTS: Three years after resection of cavernomas, patients in whom hemosiderin-stained brain tissue had been removed completely had a better chance for a favorable long-term seizure outcome compared with those with detectable postoperative hemosiderin (p=0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that complete removal of cavernoma-surrounding hemosiderin-stained brain tissue may improve epileptic outcome after resection of cavernous malformations.     

幕上海绵状血管瘤所致癫癎的手术预后及其相关影响因素分析

目的探讨颅内海绵状血管瘤（CCA）所致癫癎的手术效果及其相关影响因素。方法回顾性分析49例CCA所致癫癎病人的手术效果。并分析年龄、性别、病灶位置、病灶大小、病程、癫癎发作类型与手术预后的相关性。结果术后随访1~4年,EngelI级39例（79．6％）,EngelII～Ⅳ级10例（20．4％）。统计学分析显示：病灶〈1．5cm、病程≤1年及部分性癫癎发作的病人手术预后较好（P〈0．05）,而年龄、性别、病灶位置与手术预后没有明显的相关性（P〉O．05）。结论CCA所致癫癎的手术效果理想,病灶大小、病程和癫癎发作类型与手术预后相关。     

Sturge-Weber syndrome: indications and results of surgery in 20 patients

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the indications and timing for resective surgery in patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) and medication-resistant epilepsy. BACKGROUND: SWS that causes epilepsy severe enough to merit surgery is rare. Because of the variable natural history of the disease, it is difficult to establish clear-cut indications for surgery and prospective studies are not feasible. Attitudes of clinicians and surgeons remain variable. METHODS: The authors assessed the presurgical epilepsy profile, criteria for surgery, monitoring techniques, and the postoperative outcome of epilepsy in all patients with SWS consecutively admitted between 1972 and 1990 to two referral centers (Paris and Montreal) and underwent surgery for intractable seizures. RESULTS: All 20 patients had a minimal postoperative follow-up of 4 years and all but one are still followed by one of the authors. One patient had a callosotomy, five underwent hemispherectomy, and 14 had cortical resection. Despite variability in the age at onset of seizures (range: 2 months to 12 years), age at operation (range: 8 months to 34 years) and surgical methods, almost all patients benefited from surgery. Visually guided complete resection of the pial angioma and underlying cortex, whenever possible, seemed sufficient; results were no better with intraoperative corticography. In children with previous hemiparesis, hemispherectomy proved particularly effective: all five became seizure free. None of the patients showed any aggravation of cognitive impairment following surgery; none of those who were operated on early presented with severe mental retardation, and 13 of 20 became seizure free. CONCLUSION: Although the natural history of SWS is imperfectly known, increasing duration of seizures and of postictal deficits, increase in atrophy or of calcified lesions or both, are indicative of its progressive nature. Despite the expected heterogeneity that renders formal comparison of the various approaches difficult, the current study provides new evidence to support early surgery in patients with SWS and drug-resistant epilepsy. The authors' results suggest that lesionectomy is a good approach, provided that the pial angioma is unilateral and the resection can be complete.     

Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb: completeness of cortical, not subcortical, resection is necessary for seizure freedom

Purpose: Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCD IIb) lesions are highly epileptogenic and frequently cause pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Complete surgical resection leads to seizure freedom in most cases. However, the term “complete” resection is controversial with regard to the necessity of performing resections of the subcortical zone, which is frequently seen in these lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 50 epilepsy patients with histologically proven FCD IIb. The extent of surgical resection was determined by SPM5‐based coregistration of the preoperative and postoperative MRI scans. Postoperative outcome was analyzed with regard to (1) the completeness of the resection of the cortical abnormality and (2) the completeness of the resection of the subcortical abnormality. Key Findings: Complete resection of the cortical abnormality led to postoperative seizure freedom (Engel class Ia) in 34 of 37 patients (92%), whereas incomplete cortical resection achieved this in only one of 13 patients (8%, p < 0.001). Among the patients with complete cortical resection, 36 had FCDs with a subcortical hyperintensity according to MRI. In this group, complete resection of the subcortical abnormality did not result in a better postoperative outcome than incomplete resection (90% vs. 93% for Engel class Ia, n.s.). Significance: Complete resection of the MRI‐documented cortical abnormality in FCD IIb is crucial for a favorable postoperative outcome. However, resection of the subcortical hyperintense zone is not essential for seizure freedom. Therefore, sparing of the subcortical white matter may reduce the surgical risk of encroaching on relevant fiber tracts. In addition, these findings give an interesting insight into the epileptogenic propensity of different parts of these lesions.     

Epilepsy surgery in children with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD): results of long-term seizure outcome

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of epilepsy surgery on seizure outcome in children and adolescents under 18 years with intractable epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia. We analysed clinical data, such as age at seizure onset, epilepsy course, localisation of focus from presurgical evaluation, MRI, tissue pathology and seizure outcome in 68 patients 6 months to 9 years after epilepsy surgery. Seizure outcome was classified according to the Engel classification. Mean age at seizure onset was 7 months, ranging from the first days of life to 7 years. All patients had medically intractable epilepsy. Localisation of the lesion was predominantly extratemporal: posterior (uni- or multilobar) 43 %, frontal without central region 26 %, multilobar involving central area 19 % and temporal in 12 %. MRI signs typically seen in cortical dysplasia (FCD) such as localised blurring of gray-white matter junction was found in 68 %, dysgyria in 62 %, thickening of the cortical ribbon in 46 % and T2 signal elongation of the subcortical white matter in 40 % of the patients' MRI. Age at surgery ranged from 5 months to 16 years; 14 patients were under 2 years when operated on. In 34 patients (6 patients under 3 years) subdural grid electrode evaluation was performed prior to surgery. Pathology revealed focal cortical dysplasia without balloon cells (type I) in 60 %, FCD of the balloon cell subtype (type II) in 40 % of the specimens. Postoperative complications were subdural hygroma in 5 and an increased motor deficit in 2 patients. Up to two years after epilepsy surgery 50 % of the children were seizure free (Engel class I), 10 % Engel class II, 33 % Engel class III and 7 % unchanged (Engel class IV). Long-term seizure outcome (> 3 years post surgery) in 32 patients showed similar results (class I 50 %, class II 19 %, class III 28 %, class IV 3 %). Complete resection of the dysplastic lesion was significantly correlated with favorable seizure outcome, whereas seizure outcome was not significantly different in patients with mild (type I) or balloon cell (type II) FCD. Children operated after 6 years of age had no better outcome than children operated in infancy or at preschool age. Epilepsy surgery resulted in good (class I and II) seizure control in 60 % of children with intractable epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia.     

颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者的脑电图特征及手术疗效

目的探讨颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者的脑电图癫痫样放电的分布特征及手术疗效。方法回顾性分析31例颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者术前脑电图及术后随访资料,其中囊性占位7例,海绵状血管瘤6例,胶质瘤16例,其他病变2例;均行病变完全切除术,大部分包括前颞叶及内侧结构切除。结果术前癫痫发作间期脑电图癫痫样波分布与病变位置关系：仅出现在病变侧颞叶12例（38．7％）,超出病变侧颞叶14例（45．2％）,完全不在病变侧颞叶3例（9．7％）;脑电图正常2例（6．4％）。监测中出现癫痫发作的17例患者中,病变侧颞叶起源12例（70．6％）,双侧颞叶起源1例（5．9％）,对侧颞叶起源1例（5．9％）,不确定起源位置3例（17．6％）。术后随访12～56个月,平均28个月,按Engel分级,Ⅰ级25例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级2例;失随访2例。结论颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者发作间期癫痫样波不仅仅局限于同侧颞叶,发作期脑电与病变有很好的相关性,该类患者应尽早手术切除治疗,可取得很好的疗效。     

神经节细胞胶质瘤相关癫痫的外科治疗

目的 探讨神经节细胞胶质瘤（GG）相关癫痫手术治疗方法及效果。方法 2015年1月至2018年12月前瞻性收集GG相关癫痫共21例。根据癫痫病史、神经心理评估、长程视频脑电监测、头颅MRI及PET-CT等多模态Ⅰ期评估,15例在术中皮层脑电图（ECoG）监测下行裁剪式切除,6例行长程视频立体定向脑电图（SEEG）颅内深部电极植入术Ⅱ期评估后再行裁剪式切除术。结果 21例中,肿瘤等同于癫痫灶14例,肿瘤及边缘组织共为致痫灶5例,肿瘤周边组织为致痫灶2例。21例术后病理均为GG,合并局灶性皮质发育不良Ⅲb型7例（6例位于肿瘤边缘,1例位于肿瘤后缘2.6 cm处）。术后随访6~42个月,中位数为24个月,Engel分级Ⅰ级20例,Ⅱ级1例。结论 GG相关癫痫,肿瘤并不等同致痫灶。正确认识肿瘤与致痫灶的关系,致痫灶并肿瘤切除术是有效的手术方法。     

皮层脑电图监测在颅脑病变伴发癫(癎)手术中的应用

目的 探讨皮层脑电图监测在颅脑病变伴发癫(癎)手术中的应用价值.方法 回顾分析58 例皮层脑电监测下手术切除病变及致(癎)灶患者临床资料.结果 所有患者在切除病变后复查皮层脑电图仍有(癎)样放电,其中37 例行扩大皮层切除,18 例加行皮层热灼术,3 例加行MST.术后1 /2 ～6 年随访发现癫(癎)控制达到EngelⅠ级32 例,EngelⅡ12 例,Engel Ⅲ级3 例,Engel Ⅳ 11 例,术后癫(癎)控制有效率为84.48%.结论 对于颅脑病变伴发癫(癎)的患者,应在皮层脑电图监测下进行手术,且在切除病变的同时一并将致(癎)灶切除.