超声造影对正常动脉检测能力的实验研究

目的研究生理状态下彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)对不同深度血管血流的显示能力以及彩色多普勒超声造影(以下简称彩超造影)与实时灰阶谐波超声造影(以下简称谐波造影)的表现。方法动物选择普通家犬5只。使用意大利百胜Technos DU8超声诊断仪及SonoVue超声造影剂。二维超声分别显示犬的髂总动脉、髂外动脉、髂内动脉、股动脉及腋动脉,并测量内径,脉冲多普勒测量收缩期峰值流速(PSV)。人为增加血管深度,CDFI检查记录该深度状态的血流强度。至CDFI不能清晰显示血流时,分别利用彩超造影与谐波造影两种方法再次检测。彩超造影检测时记录血流强度及PSV。结果随着深度增加CDFI观察到的血流信号减弱,造影后血流信号均明显增强;造影后在同一部位检测到的PSV增加36.1%,两组数据比较有显著性差异;谐波造影显示注射造影剂后动脉管腔内回声迅速增强,能够清晰显示血管管壁与管腔的分界。结论造影剂的应用可明显提高CDFI对深部血流信号的检出,而谐波造影能更直观、准确地显示血管壁及流道的轮廓。     

Comparison of flow disturbances in small carotid atheroma using a multi-gate pulsed Doppler system and Doppler color flow imaging.

The capacity of a multi-gate pulsed Doppler (MPD) system and Doppler color flow imaging (DCFI) for the evaluation of flow patterns was studied in 14 patients with 17 nonstenotic carotid plaques (luminal narrowing less than 40%). Plaque morphology was assessed by means of a high-resolution B-mode system with subsequent three-dimensional reconstruction of the lesion surface. MPD velocity profiles obtained proximally, centrally and distally to the plaque (51 analyses) were normal in 31 sites corresponding to 28 undisturbed and 3 turbulent flow patterns assessed by Doppler color flow imaging (90% specificity). Of the 10 irregular MPD flow profiles, DCFI detected turbulence in 7 (70% sensitivity). 10 asymmetric MPD waveforms without irregularities were normal in 7 and turbulent in 3 DCFI studies. These results suggest, that MPD is superior to DCFI for the detection of nonturbulent flow asymmetry nearby small carotid plaques. However, DCFI displays turbulence with a high specificity and reasonable sensitivity and visualizes the morphologic-hemodynamic interaction in carotid atherosclerosis simultaneously.     

颈动脉体瘤的彩色多普勒超声诊断

用彩色多普勒超声对２６例共２７个颈动脉体瘤进行了研究分析，结果显示颈动脉体瘤在Ｂ型超声上主要表现为有管道的低回声，位于颈动脉分叉处，颈内外动脉间距增大，但其诊断符合率仅为７４％。彩色多普勒应用则显示瘤体内有丰富彩色血流，呈分枝、网状，脉冲多普勒显示多为动脉血流，呈低速低阻型频谱，诊断符合率可达９６％。因此，彩色多普勒超声对颈动脉体瘤的诊断有很大实用价值。     

Ultrasonic features of extracranial carotid dissections: 47 cases studied by angiography.

The purpose of this prospective study was to assess the value of continuous wave Doppler velocimetry, standard duplex scanning and color Doppler flow imaging in the diagnosis of carotid dissections. From 1975 to 1993, 42 patients (mean age, 44 +/- 14 years) were admitted to the University Hospital of Angers for a carotid dissection studied first by ultrasonography, then defined by angiography. Five cases were bilateral. Continuous wave Doppler examination revealed signs of severe obstruction of the carotid arteries in 96% of the cases (occlusion, extensive submandibular tight stenoses, significant slowdowns in the carotid and ophthalmic vessels, retrograde ophthalmic blood flow). Standard duplex scanning suggested dissection in 72% of the cases (tapering stenoses or occlusion, segmental ectasis, tubular vessel, peripheral residual channel, or rare irregular "membrane"). Color Doppler flow imaging suggested a dissection in 82% of the cases. This method has the advantage of underlining the peripheral channel, the double lumen, and the dissecting hematoma, which often is hypoechoic. The ultrasonic methods (continuous wave Doppler combined with color Doppler flow imaging) failed only when they are performed late and when moderate or segmental intrapetrosal dissections were present. These ultrasonic investigations would thus appear to be useful for early diagnosis of carotid dissections.     

Color digital echo/Doppler image presentation

Arterial occlusive disease in peripheral blood vessels can be evaluated with an ultrasound scanning system designed to generate real-time cross sectional tissue images and to assess the character of blood flow at any point using multi-gate Doppler methods. A new-generation echo/Doppler system. Duplex scanner IV, incorporates digital display technology to store both echo target location and flow velocity parameters for color composite imaging. Many display formats are possible. In B-mode format echographic tissue images are supplemented with flow information acquired at a specific point in time over 20–30 cardiac cycles by a slow spatial sweep of the Doppler beam in the region of interest. Image storage also makes possible a novel M/Q-mode presentation wherein anatomical interfaces and flow velocities are detected along a single line of sight and displayed as a function of time.     

彩色多普勒超声显像对下肢皮瓣移植选择的应用

目的应用彩色多普勒血流成像技术（CDFI）对下肢皮瓣移植术前供区血管进行检测,掌握血管的来源走行、分布规律、体表的定位及血流动力学特点,为皮瓣设计提供依据。方法 2005年1月-2009年7月,采用CDFI技术对38例下肢皮瓣内深部动脉干及其肌皮穿支动脉血管的数目、内径、走行方向及分布范围等形态学表现进行检测和血流动力学定量分析。结果检出供区皮瓣内深部动脉干38条,肌皮穿支动脉72条。手术所见与此一致。38例皮瓣全部成活。结论 CDFI显像客观,简便易行,判断血管走行及功能可靠,能够准确测定下肢血管穿出部位和血管内径,对临床皮瓣设计,具有重要参考价值。     

Color coded ultrasonic differential velocity arterial scanner (Echoflow)

A scanning system is described which is capable of making a two dimensional display of the blood flowing in arteries. It has been especially designed for display of the carotid bifurcation but can be adapted for other blood vessels.Normally it uses continuously generated energy and detects the Doppler shifted signals from the blood flowing in the arteries at peak velocity as the arterial pulse propagates through the segment of vessel being scanned. The system is directional so that flow in only a single direction with reference to the beam is displayed at any one time. The Doppler shifted signals reflected by the blood flowing at peak velocity are detected by filters with varying frequency ranges. Signals from each filter activated are color-coded. The color display is made from the filter activated by the highest Doppler frequency shifted signals. Thus the arteries are displayed by colors corresponding to the highest peak velocities in their segments. Stenotic areas where peak velocities will be greater than in non-stenosed regions will thus be displayed by colors differing from that used to represent normal peak velocities.These regions of increased peak velocities correlate reliably in 95% of cases with arterial stenoses occluding more than 74% of the arterial diameter. Occluded vessels which do not appear at their appropriate position on the image are also reliably displayed in 95% of cases. The display of normal carotid bifurcations by normal colors in the Doppler scan is also reliable in 93% of cases but the display of slightly increased velocities may result from haemodynamic causes as often as from localized small stenoses.     

多发性大动脉炎外周血管的超声诊断

目的 探讨多发性大动脉炎外周血管病变的超声表现。方法 采用美国GE公司生产的VIVID3彩色多普勒超声诊断仪。探头频率7.5MHz，对10例多发性大动脉炎患行二维及多普勒超声检查。结果 大动脉炎患受累血管分布为头臂动脉9例，其中锁骨下动脉9例，颈总动脉8例；腹主动脉5例，肾动脉3例，肺动脉1例，病变血管壁厚度2．0～5.0mm，管腔不同程度狭窄、闭塞及出现盗血现象。结论 超声诊断可较全面显示多发性大动脉炎形态学改变并可了解其血流动力学改变，应作为临床诊断多发性大动脉炎常规方法。     

二维血流显像技术与彩色多普勒在颈动脉疾病诊断中的应用比较

目的比较二维血流显像技术（B-Flow）与彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）和能量多普勒（PDI）在颈动脉疾病诊断中的应用价值。方法对160例颈动脉疾病患者分别进行CDFI、PDI及B-Flow技术检查,对比分析。其中41例患者进行了数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查。结果B-Flow技术是一种新型血管疾病影像学检查方法,具有更高帧频、高分辨率和全景显像功能,能同时显示血流和背景组织结构,B-Flow与CDFI、PDI结合使用,可提高异常图像显示率;对于颈动脉狭窄和闭塞的判断与DSA结果比较,B-Flow技术与DSA相关性明显高于后两者。结论B-Flow显像技术较CDFI及PDI显像在颈动脉疾病中的应用范围更广,可以弥补CDFI、PDI显像上的不足。     

无名动脉与右锁骨下动脉扩张的超声表现

目的分析探讨老年动脉硬化导致无名动脉与右锁骨下动脉改变的超声声像图与临床意义。方法经二维超声和彩色多普勒检查26例无名动脉与右锁骨下内径及血流速度、血管走行、有无斑块形成。并设立36例正常对照组,测量无名动脉与右锁骨下动脉内径。结果老年动脉硬化,可导致无名动脉及右锁骨下动脉延长、扩张,使右锁骨下动脉分叉点抬高,血管扭曲,由无名动脉向右锁骨下动脉的血流角度发生改变,血液运行不畅,局部斑块形成。结论超声可以通过测量血管内径、观察有无斑块形成、对血管走行及血流动力学观测而对老年性右颈部搏动性包块性质做出判别。     

三种超声技术检测颈动脉血流量的比较研究

目的探讨CDFI、能量多普勒成像(PDI)及B-flow三种技术在颈动脉血流量检测中的差异,推举三者中最佳的检查方案。方法使用CDFI、PDI及B-flow分别观测35例健康志愿者颈总动脉、颈内动脉及椎动脉内径、收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张末期流速(EDV)、阻力指数(RI)、时间平均血流速度(TAMEAN)及血流量,比较三者所测血流量的差异。结果 CDFI、PDI及B-flow检测颈总动脉、颈内动脉及椎动脉PSV、EDV、RI及TAMEAN之间的差异均无统计学意义;检测颈总动脉、颈内动脉及椎动脉内径和血流量之间的差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05),其中PDI检测数值最大,其次为CDFI,B-flow检测数值最小。结论颈动脉内径的检测对于准确检测血流量至关重要。三种超声技术在检测颈动脉内径及血流量中,PDI检测数值最大,其次为CDFI,B-flow无血流外溢,检测的内径及血流量应较为准确。     

彩色多普勒超声对颈动脉体瘤的诊断价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声在颈动脉体瘤诊断中的应用价值.方法 回顾分析11例患者颈动脉体瘤的声像图表现.结果 颈动脉体瘤声像图表现为颈动脉分叉处见实质性低回声肿块,边界清楚、边缘较规则、无明显包膜.肿瘤较小时,多位于颈总动脉分叉处,使颈内、外动脉间距增大;肿瘤较大时,常围绕血管生长.CDFI显示肿瘤内较丰富的血流信号,以动脉为主;用彩色多普勒能量图更能清晰地显示肿瘤内血流与颈动脉的关系;频谱多普勒显示:肿块内以动脉为主,为低速低阻型血流.结论 彩色多普勒超声是诊断颈动脉体瘤具有较大实用价值的首选方法.     

颈动脉血流的三维彩色多普勒成像研究

目的 探讨三维彩色多普勒超声进行颈动脉血流立体成像及在颈动脉粥样硬化血流显像方面的特征。方法 健康志愿者30例；颈动脉粥样硬化患者30例。选用仪器为Acuson X／P 128彩色多普勒超声诊断仪，L5／7MHz线阵探头；TomTec三维彩色多普勒成像系统(Ecohscan 4．2)。三维图像采集方法选用自由臂方式。脱机进行血流的三维重建与显示。结果 颈动脉血流的三维彩色多普勒图像能够连续、完整地显示出颈总动脉、颈内动脉、颈外动脉内的血流空间走行。粥样斑块形成的颈动脉三维图像可以直观立体地显示出管腔内血流束的立体变化特征。结论 三维彩色多普勒超声成像是一项新的无创性的血流立体成像技术，对于颈动脉血流观察及病变的影像学诊断具有重要的临床价值和应用潜力。     

彩色多普勒超声对多囊肾患者肾脏血流的研究

目的　为了探讨常染色体显性多囊肾病 (autosomal dominantpolycystic kidney disease,ADPKD)对患者肾脏血流的影响 ,采用彩色多普勒超声测定血管的平均峰值流速 (Vmax、 Vmin)、阻力指数 (RI) ,确定肾脏血流与肾功能的关系以及囊肿大小与肾脏血流的关系。方法　选取 4 2例 ADPKD患者 ,以 4 5例正常人作为对照组。彩色多普勒超声测定双侧肾动脉 ,囊肿周边叶间动脉的最大、最小峰值流速和阻力指数。常规测定受试者的血清肌酐、尿素氮以及肌酐清除率。结果　 (1)多囊肾病组 (包括肾功能正常和异常组 )肾动脉平均峰值流速低于正常对照组 ,两者相比有明显差异 (P<0 .0 1) ;(2 )肾功能正常的多囊肾病组 RI较正常对照组升高 ,且具有统计学意义 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;(3)肾功能异常的多囊肾病组 RI较正常对照组升高 ,两者相比有明显差异 (P<0 .0 1) ;(4) RI与患者的肾功能呈正相关。结论　彩色多普勒超声检测能提示 ADPKD患者的肾脏血流情况 ,较肾功能测定更为敏感 ,为临床评价肾血流状态及疾病的转归、疗效的判定提供了一种新方法。     

多发性大动脉炎肾动脉狭窄的彩色多普勒血流显像与X线造影比较研究

目的　应用彩色多普勒血流显像技术结合X线血管造影 ,探讨多发性大动脉炎肾动脉狭窄患者的彩色多普勒血流显像特征。方法　患者组 2 3例 ,病变血管 3 9条。二维超声观察肾形态大小 ,彩色多普勒血流显像观察狭窄肾动脉血流形态 ,多普勒血流频谱观察肾动脉最大血流速度 (Vmax)、最小血流速度 (Vmin)、阻力指数(RI)、加速度 (ACC)和加速时间 (TA) ,并与X线血管造影结果及正常对照组结果比较。结果　 2 3例大动脉炎肾动脉狭窄患者的肾体积均较对照组偏小 ,肾动脉内径两者间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。多发性大动脉炎肾动脉狭窄患者的彩色多普勒血流形态及狭窄类型与X线肾动脉血管造影高度一致。多发性大动脉炎肾动脉狭窄的Vmax、Vmin、RI、ACC和TA与对照组比较差异均有显著性意义。结论　彩色血流束形态与肾动脉狭窄类型有关 ,多普勒血流频谱参数具有明显特征性的血流动力学异常。     

彩色多普勒超声检测颈部动脉227例的结果分析

目的:通过彩色多普勒超声检测颈部动脉结果分析探讨其临床诊断价值。材料与方法:利用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对227例患者进行颈总动脉、颈内动脉、椎动脉检查,观察血管壁结构、有无斑块、斑块的大小、类型、管腔狭窄率及血管走行情况。结果:227例患者颈部血管B超检测异常率为84.58%,且与患者年龄增长呈正相关,与性别无明显性差异。颈动脉系统血管病变主要为颈动脉粥样硬化及颈动脉狭窄,而椎动脉则主要为走行迂曲或内径变细,二者的动脉损害是有一定差异的。结论:在临床对脑血管病进行病理生理诊断时,应常规做颈部血管彩色B超,除进行中风筛查外,并根据检查结果及早采取防治措施,尤其重视颈椎病的防治。     

经腹壁超声多普勒技术对恶性滋养叶肿瘤诊断的价值

本文12例恶性滋养叶肿瘤,采用超声多普勒技术观察子宫动脉、肿瘤病灶内新生血管和滋养层周围性血流。45例正常和异常早孕作为对照组。结果表明脉冲多普勒在彩色多普勒引导下,能较容易地显示血流频谱,本组资料采用阻力指数(RI)作为判断依据,如RI<0.40则考虑为恶性滋养叶肿瘤(P<0.01),其诊断准确性显著优于二维超声,因而,可作为二维影象诊断的补充。     

三维彩色多普勒超声成像在诊断颈动脉粥样硬化中的应用研究

目的：探讨颈动脉粥样硬化的三维超声成像特征及其价值。方法：健康志愿者32例；颈动脉粥样硬化患者30例，均经二维超声证有1处以上的粥样斑块形成，应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪及三维彩色多普勒超成像系统，三维图像采集方法选用自由臂方式，扫描过程包括血管长轴扇形扫描和血管短轴平行扫描，脱机进行血管壁，管腔血流的三维重与显示。结果：正常颈动脉的三维重图像能够连续，完整地同颈总动脉，颈内动脉，颈外动脉的空间走行，可见其管壁内膜面光滑平整，管腔通畅，血流充填完满，粥样斑块形成的颈动脉三维重建图像可直观显示斑块的立体形状，表面特征，确切部位，血管腔大小及血流的空间走行情况，结论。三维彩色多普勒超声成像对于颈动脉粥样硬化的影像诊断具有 临床价值和应用潜力。     

高血压病患者颈动脉改变的彩色多普勒超声特点

目的　探讨高血压病患者颈动脉彩色多普勒变化特点。方法　应用彩色多普勒超声仪对比分析 96例高血压患者和 5 0例正常人双侧颈动脉形态学改变和血流动力学变化。结果　 ( 1)高血压组颈动脉壁增厚 ,斑块检出率明显高于正常人组 ,两组对比有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。 ( 2 )高血压组收缩期峰值流速 (SPV )、舒张期末流速 (EDV)较正常人组降低 ,血流动力学变化以流速减慢为主。 ( 3)颈动脉血管病变彩色多普勒多有相应特征性变化。结论　彩色多普勒超声能直观、准确、实时反映颈动脉硬化程度。     

Current applications of duplex and color Doppler ultrasound imaging: carotid and peripheral vascular system

Recent advances in ultrasound technology have made possible the development of diagnostic instruments that combine cross-sectional imaging and Doppler analysis. These instruments have expanded the role of diagnostic ultrasonography to the assessment of carotid and peripheral vascular disease. The current applications of duplex Doppler and color Doppler imaging in evaluating the extracranial carotid arteries, vertebral artery, peripheral venous system, and peripheral arterial system are reviewed. The indications for and limitations of these examinations, as well as the potential future uses, are discussed.