急性心肌梗死溶栓后心电图ST段回降幅度与预后的关系

目的研究急性心肌梗死(AMI)溶栓后心电图抬高ST段的回降与患者预后的关系.方法对38例AMI溶栓后ST段的回降幅度进行分级分组(平均回降幅度A组≤30%,B组31%～69%,C组≥70%)比较各组发病后第2周和第3个月心绞痛发作和心功能情况.结果溶栓后2h心电图ST段回降幅度越大,患者发病第2周和第3个月心绞痛发生率越低.心肌梗死后2周和3个月超声心动图检查,C组射血分数和左室短轴缩短率均明显高于A组(P＜0.05),B组第3个月射血分数也高于A组(P＜0.05).结论对AMI溶栓后心电图ST段回降的幅度进行分级,可能有益于急性心肌梗死患者中远期预后的判断.     

急诊溶栓后心电图ST段回降与中远期预后的关系

目的　探讨急诊溶栓后心电图抬高ST段的回降与急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者中远期预后的关系。方法　对 35例AMI急诊溶栓后ST段的回降幅度进行分级分组 (平均回降幅度A组≤ 30 %,B组 31 %～ 6 9%,C组≥ 70 %) ,比较各组发病后第 2周和第 3个月心绞痛发作和心功能情况。结果　溶栓后 2h心电图ST段回降幅度越大 ,患者发病第 2周和第 3个月的心绞痛发生率越低。心肌梗死后 2周和 3个月超声心动图检查 ,C组射血分数和左室短轴缩短率均明显高于A组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,B组第 3个月射血分数也高于A组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　对AMI溶栓后心电图ST段回降的幅度进行分级 ,可能有益于急诊溶栓患者中远期预后的判断。     

溶栓后梗死相关导联ST段压低在急性心肌梗死中的预后价值

目的探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死溶栓治疗后2小时梗死相关导联ST段压低与30天死亡率的关系。方法 726例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死,于尿激酶溶栓前及溶栓治疗后2小时分别记录心电图。同时对所有患者30天死亡率进行随访。结果根据ST段抬高最明显的导联溶栓治疗前后ST段改变的类型,将所有患者分别四组,ST段进一步抬高、ST段部分回落(ST段回落≤50%)、ST段完全回落(ST段回落≥50%)、ST段压低。各组30天死亡率分别为12.0%、9.4%、5.6%、10.7%;ST段压低组死亡率明显高于ST段完全回落组(P0.01)。结论与ST段完全回落相比,梗死相关导联ST段压低患者有更高的30天死亡率,提示此类患者可能需更积极的介入治疗。     

急诊介入治疗中AMI患者早期ST段下降幅度的临床意义

目的观察经皮冠脉内介入治疗(PCI)达TIMI血流3级的急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的早期ST段下降幅度与梗死面积度及左室功能(LVEF)的相关性。方法经急诊PCI且TIMI血流3级的86例首次ST段抬高AMI患者,测量并比较PCI术前、术后2小时梗死相关导联ST段下降幅度,以∑St段下降>50%为A组,<50%为B组,应用心电图记分法和超声心动图分别测量两组梗死面积、LVEF。结果急诊PCI的AMI患者早期ST段下降幅度较TIMI血流更能反映心肌灌注和LVEF的改善状况,系观察PCI早期疗效的又一直观、简易、可靠性强的床边诊断指标。     

急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后早期ST段回落程度的临床价值

目的 探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者接受急诊冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后心电图ST段的回落程度与早期预后的关系.方法 连续收集80例首次急性STEMI患者,于发病12h内接受PCI,测量并比较PCI前及PCI后1h心电图ST段抬高振幅总和(ΣSTE),计算其下降幅度百分比,PCI后按TIMI分级记录并比较梗死相关动脉血流的恢复情况,80例患者中剔除10例术前已发生ΣSTE回落≥30％的患者,将其余70例患者依据PCI后心电图ΣSTE回落百分比分为ΣSTE回落≥50％41例(A组)和ΣSTE回落＜50％29例(B组),比较两组患者住院期间左室射血分数(LVEF)、严重心脏不良事件(MACE,包括再次心肌梗死或再次血运重建、恶性心律失常、心力衰竭和死亡)发生情况.结果 A组术后1周LVEF[(51.90±5.06)％]明显高于B组[(46.87±4.01)％],A组住院期间MACE发生率[7.3％(3/41)]显著低于B组[24.1％(7/29)],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 急性STEMI患者接受急诊PCI后早期ST段回落程度能更好地反映血管再通后心肌组织灌注水平,能够间接预测心脏收缩功能和住院期间MACE发生情况,可以作为早期预后的评估指标.     

急性心肌梗死患者溶栓治疗后心电图早期T波倒置、BNP变化对左室重构的意义

目的观察急性心肌梗死患者接受静脉溶栓治疗后心电图T波倒置、血浆中BNP的水平变化与左室重构之间的关系,探讨T波倒置、BNP对左室重构的预测价值。方法首次急性心肌梗死患者共54例,溶栓治疗后持续24h监测心电图,A组(溶栓治疗后24小时出现T波倒置,n=38)与B组(溶栓治疗后24小时T波仍直立,n=16)于治疗前及治疗后第7天,采用电化学发光法对血浆BNP水平进行检测,并随访复查急性心肌梗死后2~3天及第3个月超声心动图。结果溶栓治疗后BNP水平,A组明显小于B组;A组内治疗前后BNP比较,治疗后明显减小;B组治疗后BNP水平明显增加。A组患者溶栓治疗后2~3天及3个月时LVEDD比较,差异无显著性;B组患者溶栓治疗后3个月时LVEDD明显增大,B组左室重构发生率明显高于A组。结论急性心肌梗死患者溶栓治疗后心电图早期T波倒置和BNP水平降低对于预测左室重构有重要意义。     

心室晚电位对糖尿病合并高血压的早期心肌病变预测价值探讨

目的探讨心室晚电位(VLP)对老年糖尿病心肌病的早期预测价值.方法对无临床心脏病症糖尿病(A组)、高血压病(B组)、糖尿病合并高血压(C组)的老年患者及健康老年人(D组)进行VLP、左室功能和动态心电图检测.结果VLP阳性率从高到低排列顺序为C组＞A组＞B组＞D组.A、B和C组均有不同程度的左室收缩和舒张功能减退,以后者更明显.左室功能减退的发生率在VLP阳性者高于VLP阴性者.随访发现,A组5.6%,B组16.0%,C组26.7%发生过室性心律失常,以室性心动过速居多,主要发生于VLP持续阳性者,并伴左室功能进一步减退.结论VLP对老年糖尿病心肌病的发生、发展和预后有较好的预测价值.     

心室晚电位对糖尿病合并高血压的早期心肌病变预测价值探讨

目的探讨心室晚电位(VLP)对老年糖尿病心肌病的早期预测价值.方法对无临床心脏病症糖尿病(A组)、高血压病(B组)、糖尿病合并高血压(C组)的老年患者及健康老年人(D组)进行VLP、左室功能和动态心电图检测.结果VLP阳性率从高到低排列顺序为C组＞A组＞B组＞D组.A、B和C组均有不同程度的左室收缩和舒张功能减退,以后者更明显.左室功能减退的发生率在VLP阳性者高于VLP阴性者.随访发现,A组5.6%,B组16.0%,C组26.7%发生过室性心律失常,以室性心动过速居多,主要发生于VLP持续阳性者,并伴左室功能进一步减退.结论VLP对老年糖尿病心肌病的发生、发展和预后有较好的预测价值.     

直接PCI与溶栓后即刻和补救PCI对AMI患者近期心功能的影响

目的　评价直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI)与小剂量rt -PA溶栓后即刻和补救PCI对急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者的有效性和安全性 ,并观察其对近期左室重构及功能的影响。方法　对初次发病、发病 6h内且无溶栓禁忌症的AMI患者随机给予直接PCI或小剂量rt -PA溶栓加即刻和补救PCI治疗 ,于术后 3、3 0、90d行二维超声心动图检查并记录有关心脏事件。结果　共入选63例患者 ,随机分为直接PCI组 (对照组 ,A) 3 2例 ,溶栓加补救PCI组 (观察组 ,B) 3 1例。依据首次造影血流是否达TIMI 3级将所有病人再分为两组。术后 3、3 0、90d两组间左室收缩末期容积指数 (ESVI)、左室舒张末期容积指数 (EDSI)、左室射血分数 (EF)和室壁运动指数 (WMSI)均无显著差异 ( P >0 0 5 ) ;各组内 3 0d、90d与 3d比较均有显著差异 ;首次造影血流达TIMI 3级组与未达TIMI 3级组 3 0、90d各指标均显著改善。结论　直接PCI与小剂量rt -PA溶栓后即刻和补救PCI同样安全有效 ,改善左室功能并降低心脏事件的发生。     

急性心肌梗死静脉溶栓治疗的进展

急性心肌梗死(AMI)溶栓治疗是近几年AMI治疗的重大进展.80年代初开展了AMI冠脉溶栓治疗,随后静脉溶栓治疗在世界各地普遍开展.AMI静脉溶栓治疗是在AMI发生后迅速经静脉注射溶栓剂,使引起心肌梗死的冠脉内血栓溶解,阻塞的动脉重新开放,恢复血液灌注,从而挽救一部分濒死的心肌,缩小梗死面积,维护心脏功能,降低AMI病死率及改善预后.此疗法方便、及时,现已成为AMI的经典疗法.本文就近几年国内外有关AMI静脉溶栓治疗研究进展介绍如下.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.